SUMMARIZING

AND PRESENTING DATA

drg. Rosa Amalia, M.Kes, Ph.D

FKG UGM
 Elements of Statistics

Generalizing
Collecting Summarizing Presenting Analyzing
Data

Semua pengamatan subjek dalam suatu penelitian akan dievaluasi

pada skala pengukuran → penentuan bagaimana pengamatan harus
diringkas, ditampilkan, dan dianalisis.
SKALA DATA
 Specifications of the tactile sensor model 5051 from
Tekscan.

Published in Sensors 2017

Novel Tactile Sensor Technology and Smart Tactile Sensing Systems: A ReviewL.
Zou, Chang Ge, Z. Wang, E. Cretu, X. Li
PRESENTATION
• Penyajian tekstual
• Penyajian semi-
tabular
• Penyajian tabel
• Penyajian grafik dan
diagram
PENYAJIAN DATA
TEKSTUAL
• Data/fakta dijadikan satu dalam teks
• Bersifat Naratif
• tidak direkomendasikan untuk data hasil
pengukuran yang sifatnya besar
PENYAJIAN Digunakan pemisah pada teks
SEMI
TABULAR
Pemisah digunakan untuk memasukkan
hitungan atau ringkasan informasi yang
dikehendaki
Ex: ‘Di antara 103 subjek penelitian, 100
orang diantaranya telah menikah, perincian
menurut lamanya menikah adalah sebagai
berikut:
<3 tahun 50 orang
3-5 tahun 20 orang
>5 tahun 30 orang
 Jenis Penyajian TABEL DAN GRAFIK
data

Tabel Grafik
.

Kuantitatif Kualitatif

Frequency
Bar graph Scatter plot Box plot
diagram

Histogram Line diagram Pie graph Spot maps

 TABEL
Salah satu cara paling efisien untuk menyajikan sejumlah besar informasi
adalah dengan mengumpulkannya dalam sebuah tabel.
Tabel, yang menampilkan daftar angka atau teks dalam kolom berlabel,
umumnya digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan hasil analisis statistik dan data
kuantitatif terkait lainnya.

• Anderson, G., (2004). Almost Everything You Wanted to Know about Making Tables and Figures. Retrieved October
1, 2011 from http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/writing/HTWtablefigs.html.
• San Francisco Edit. Twelve Steps to Developing Effective Tables and Figures. Retrieved October 1, 2011
from http://www.sfedit.net/tabfig.pdf
• Angeli, E., et all. (2011). APA Tables and Figures. Retrieved October 1, 2011
from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/19/
• United Nations Editorial Manual Online http://dd.dgacm.org/editorialmanual/ed-guidelines/format/tables.htm
 ANATOMI TABEL
Caption/column title

stub

Body/sel
footnote
1. Sederhana
2. Independent and Self Explanatory
• Judul harus singkat dan jelas
• Simbol,kode,singkatan → catatan kaki
• Baris dan kolom harus ber-label
• Satuan data harus jelas
3. Sumber referensi harus dicantumkan
4. Dasar klasifikasi → kualitatif, kuantitatif atau keduanya
JENIS TABEL MENURUT
JUMLAH
KARAKTERISTIK
 GRAFIK DAN DIAGRAM
Definisi: metode yang menunjukkan data kuantitatif
menggunakan sistem koordinat

Sumbu x → variabel bebas (horisontal, independent variable),

Sumbu y → variabel bergantung (vertikal,dependent variable)

Tujuan:
Pros
Mempermudah, memahami atau memberi arti penyajian
dan memberikan daya tarik
Menemukan pola yang tersembunyi, memungkinkan
penelitian yang lebih mendalam dari data
Cons
Mengaburkan fakta, membelokkan hasil penelitian
Essential rules : Choosing the Right Graph
1. Simple and clear Type of Graph Variables Purpose
2. Self-explanatory
3. Simple and clear title. Position may
be above or below graph Bar graph Qualitative Relative or absolute
4. Appropriate scales (Nominal, frequency
5. Label for axes, scales and legend Ordinal) qualitative category
6. Unit of measurement
7. Vertical axes : start from “0” point Histogram Quantitative Frequency Distribution
8. Reference (sources of data) (Ratio, Interval) of a continuous variable
Frequency Quantitative Frequency Distribution
diagram (Ratio) of a discrete variable
Line graph Quantitative Trend data by time
Effective Graphs : (Ratio, Interval) series
Pie graph Qualitative Relative frequency of a
Choose the right graph for the right data (Nominal) qualitative category
Use one graph to get one idea across Scatter plot Quantitative Correlation between two
Eliminate distracting, non-essential elements. (Ratio, Interval) quantitative variables
e.g. secondary axis, gridlines, 3-D effects, bordering lines, etc.
 BAR GRAPH
A bar diagram is an effective graph to visually display the magnitude of each sub-category of a
variable

Batang horizontal → klasifikasi bukan bilangan melainkan karakter

Batang vertikal → menampilkan distribusi frekuensi
-- bervariasi
HISTOGRAM
Grafik merepresentasikan
distribusi frekuensi untuk
variabel kuantitatif,
kontinyu
 Poligon
Frequency polygons are a graphical device for
understanding the shapes of distributions. They serve
the same purpose as histograms, but are especially
helpful for comparing sets of data.

A frequency polygon is a line graph of class frequency

plotted against class midpoint. It can be obtained by
joining the midpoints of the tops of the rectangles in
the histogram MID POINT !!
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/mathematics/fre
quency-polygon

The frequency polygons not only help to make sure

that the data is sorted out and represented, they
are also going to make it easier for the people to
compare and contrast all the results
Advantage of a Frequency Polygon compared with a
histogram, is that you can superimpose. two or
more frequency polygons on the same axes and
make comparisons between the sets of data.
 60

LINE DIAGRAM
50

40

cases
30

Used for presenting data 20

measured on a continuous 10

interval or ratio scale 0

Menunjukkan kecenderungan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7
0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3

variabel atas waktu week

A useful way to visually present

the changes of a long term
trends of a phenomenon
e.g. : trends in birth rates or
changes in population size
Waktu diplot pada aksis
horizontal, sedangkan variabel
pada aksis vertikal
 SCATTER PLOT
Effective to show how one variable changes in
relation to a change in the other variable
Data for both variables must be measured
either on interval or ratio scales and needs to
be available in absolute values for each
observations
Data for both variables are taken in pairs and
displayed as dots in relation to their values on
both axes
 • Pie diagram is another way to present data graphically
PIE DIAGRAM in the form of a circle
• The circle or pie (360o) represent 100% population
which is divided into section in accordance with the
magnitude of each sub-category of a frequency
distribution
• Digunakan untuk tujuan perbandingan