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Pemilihan parameter-paramter geomotri

FURNACE
INTRODUCTION

A furnace is a device used for heating. An industrial furnace or

direct fired heater is equipment used to provide heat for a process
or can serve as reactor which provides heats of reaction. Furnace
designs vary as to its function, heating duty, type of fuel and
method of introducing combustion air. However, most process
furnaces have some common features
DESCRIPTION OF FURNACE

Schematic Diagram of an Industrial Process Furnace

Electric Arc Furnace
An Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) is a furnace that heats charged
material by means of an electric arc
Blast Furnace
A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for
smelting to produce industrial metals, generally iron.
 Basic Oxygen Furnace
Basic oxygen also known or the oxygen converter process is a method
of primary steelmaking in which carbon-rich molten pig iron is made
into steel. Blowing oxygen through molten pig iron lowers the carbon
content of the alloy and changes it into low-carbon steel. The process
is known as basic due to the type of refractories—calcium oxide and
magnesium oxide—that line the vessel to withstand the high
temperature of molten metal.
 Ketersediaan Panas Pada Tungku
     
Q fu  mc LHV  QCO  QC  Q slag  Q ai


• Rugi-rugi karena pembakaran tidak sempurna
Q CO

• QC Rugi-rugi karena karbon tidak terbakar

• Q slag Rugi-rugi karena terak (slag)

• Q ai Energi terbawa dalam preheated air & bahan bakar.

• Sebagaian dari total panas ini musti diserap dalam tungku.

• Perancang harus melengkapi sebuah lingkunagan unuk hal sama.
 Laju Panas Per Satuan Volume, qv
• Jumlah panas yang dihasilkan oleh pembakaran bahan bakar dalam
satuan volume efektif tungku.

mc LHV
qv  kW / m3
V
Dengan, mc = Design fuel consumption rate, kg/s.
V = Volume tungku, m3
LHV= Nilai kalor bahan bakar, kJ/kg.

• Sebuah pemilihan laju volumetrik pelepasan panas

memastikan waktu tinggal kritik (critical fuel residence
time). mc LHV
qv  
t r  t burning
*

Vtr

• Partikel-partikel bahan bakar terbakar sempurna.

• Gas cerobong didinginkan untuk mendapatkan suhu yang aman..
 Laju Pelepasan Panas Per Luas Penampang, qa

• Jumlah panas yang dilepaskan per luas penampang dalam tungku.

• Juga disebut sebagai (Grate heat release rate).

m c LHV
qA  kW / m 2
Agrate

• Agrate luas penampang atau luas grate dari tungku, Sq. m.

• Ini menunjukan level suhu dalam tungku.
• Peninkatan qa, mengakibatkan kenaikan suhu pada wilayah burner.
• Hal ini akan menolong kesetabilan flame.
• Kemungkinan peningkatan terak (slagging)
A
 Laju Pelepasan Panas Per Luas Dingding Pada Wilayah
Burner
• Wilayah burner dari tungku merupakan zona panas paling inten.
• Jumlah panas yang dilepaskan per satuan luas dinding dalam wilayah
burner.

m LHV
qb  kW / m2
2 a  b H b

• a dan b adalah lebar dan dalam tungku, and Hb adalah tinggi wilayah
burner.
• Representasi level sushu dan fluks panas dalam wilayah burner.
• Digunakn untuk mengukur kondisi umum di wilayah burner.
• Nilai ini tergantung pada karakteristik penyulutan bahan bakar,
karakteristik abu, metode pembakaran dan susunan burner.
 Selection of Furnace Design Parameters

• A suitable value for ;

• the rate of heat generated by combustion of fuel in a unit
effective volume of the furnace, qv.
• the rate of heat released per unit cross section of the
furnace, qA.
• The rate of heat released per unit wall area of burner
section of the furnace, qb.
 General Guide Lines for Design

• The furnace should provide the required physical environment and the
time to complete the combustion of fuel.
• The furnace should have adequate radiative heating surfaces to cool
the flue gas sufficiently to ensure safe operation of the downstream
convective heating surface.
• Aerodynamics in the furnace should prevent impingement of flames on
the water wall and ensure uniform distribution of heat flux on the
water wall.
• The furnace should provide conditions favoring reliable natural
circulation of water through water wall tubes.
• Furnace should proved an exit and path for free fall of ash, without
major heat loss.
• The configuration of the furnace should be compact enough to
minimize the amount of steel and other construction material.
Basic Geometry of A Furnace

mc LHV
V
qv

mc LHV
Agrate  a  b 
qA


2 a  b H b 
mc LHV
qb
Any limit on minimum height of furnace?

Any limit on depth of furnace C.S.?

 Furnace Depth & Height
• Depth (a) to breadth (b)ratio is an important parameter from both
combustion and heat absorption standpoint.
• Following factors influence the minimum value of breadth.
– Capacity of the boiler
– Type of fuel
– Arrangement of burners
– Heat release rate per unit furnace area
– Capacity of each burner
• The furnace should be sufficiently high so that the flame does not hit
the super heater tubes.
• The minimum height depends on type of coal and capacity of burner.
• Lower the value of height the worse the natural circulation.
Modfications in Geometry of A Furnace
 Boiling process in Tubular Geometries
Steam

Partial Steam Generation

Complete or Once-through
Steam Generation

Heat Input
Water
Heat Input

Water Water
Further Geometrical Details of A Furnace
 Determination of Furnace Size

• What is the boundary of a furnace?

• The boundary of a furnace is defined
by
– Central plane of water wall and roof
tubes
– Central lines of the first row super
heater tubes.
•  = 30 to 50O
•  > 30O
•  = 50 to 55O
• E = 0.8 to 1.6 m
• d = 0.25 b to 0.33 b
 Heat Transfer in A Furnace

• The flame transfers its heat energy to the water

walls in the furnace by Radiation.
• Convective Heat Transfer < 5%.
• Only Radiation Heat Transfer is Considered!
• Complexities:
• Non uniform temperature of tubes.
• Fouling of surfaces of tubes.
• Variation of furnace temperature along its
– Height
– Width
– Depth.
Non uniform Heat Flux !!!!!
 Simplified Approach

• Emitted Radiation heat flux of flames: J fl   flT fl4 kw/ m2

• Emitted Radiation = Available Heat

• Heat flux absorbed by walls : qabs  y J fl

• Thermal efficiency factor, y.


• The rate of heat absorption Q abs  y A flT fl4 kW

 
 
Q abs  Qrad  A eff T fl4  Twa4 kW  y A flT fl4
 Coal fired furnace
*www.directindustry.com

• Two functions of coal fired

Furnace Exit
furnace:
Structure of
 Release of chemical energy by Hot Exhaust gases
water walls*

combustion of fuel
 Transfer of heat from flame to
Heat Radiation
water walls & Convection
Flame
• Combustion space
surrounded by water walls Burner