ANTICIPATORY IT

Kapan kita memakai struktur anticipatory it?

1. Ketika To inf menjadi subject.
Seperti kita ketahui bahwa salah satu komponen pengisi subject adalah “To Inf”. Nah, sebagai
alternatif dari struktur to in inf sebagai subject, kita bisa memindahkan to inf ke belakang dan
kemudian mengisi subject yang hilang dengan “it”.
Contoh :

To speak English is easy = It is easy to speak English.

To meet you is a blessing = It is a blessing to meet you.

To see my students coming lateupsets me = It upsets me to see my students coming late.

2. Ketika gerund menjadi subject

Seperti to inf,gerund juga bisa menjadi subject. Nah, kita juga bisa memindahkan gerund sebagai
subject ke belakang dan mengisi subject kosong dengan “it”.
Contoh :
Seeing you was nice = it was nice seeing you.
Going to the zoo is fun = it is fun going to the zoo.

3. Ketika NC menjadi subject.

Kita bisa meletakkan NC di posisi subject. Nah, dalam hal ini, kita juga bisa meletakkan NC di
belakang dan mengisi subject yang kosong dengan “it”.
Contoh:
That we will be late is probable = it is probable that we will be late

Waht you think does not interest me = it does not interest me what you think.

That money can’t guarantee happiness is true = it is true that money can’t guarantee happiness

4. Ketika NC dengan conjunction that terdiri sebagai subject dan diikuti verb passive.

NC dengan conj that + V passive = It + V passive + NC dengan that

S
That he has saved his money in a

bank abroad is believed by many people.

It is believed by many people that he has saved his money in a bank abroad.

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5. Ketika kita ingin memberi penekanan pada S, O, atau Adverb of time /place.
Dalam bahasa lisan, kita bisa menggunakan penekanan intonasi ketika ingin menekankan sesuatu.
Tapi, dalam bahasa tulis, kita tidak bisa menggunakan intonasi. Karena itulah, kita menggunakan
anticipatory it untuk menekankan suatu unsur kalimat.
A. Memberi penekanan pada subject / object

It + is / was + point yang ditekankan + AC ( who / that )

It + is / was + point yang ditekankan + AC ( who / that )

My mother took peter

It was my mother who / that took peter ( kalimat ini menekankan bahwa ibu sayalah yang jemput
Peter, bukan orang lain ).

It was Peter that my mother took ( kalimat ini menekankan pada Peter. Peter lah yang ibuku
jemput ).

B. Memberi penekanan pada adverb of time atau adverb of place

It + is / was + adverb of time / place + that + S V

He died 2 years ago.

It was 2 years ago that he died ( Kalimat ini menekankan pada 2 tahun lalu. 2 tahun lalu, bukan
setahun lalu, dia meninggal ).

Miss June Learned basic grammar in Semarang.

It was in Semarang that Miss June Learned basic grammar dasar, ( kalimat ini menekankan pada
“di Semarang”. Di Semarang lah Miss June belajar grammar dasar, bukan di tempat lain ).

6. Ketika mengatakan berapa lama waktu yang di butuhkan untuk melakukan sesuatu.

It takes / took........................................+ to inf

Waktu yang dibutuhkan

Jika ingin disebutkan siapa yang membutuhkan waktu untuk melakukan to inf makaaka rumusnya

It takes/took + object.......................................+ to inf

Waktu yang dibutuhkan

Dia membutuhkan waktu 2 hari untuk mengerjakan project itu.

He needed 2 days to work on the project.
He took 2 days to work on the project.
It took him 2 days to work on the project.

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 People take two hours to go from Pare to Malang.
It takes two hours to go from Pare to Malang.

7. Ketika empty subject.

Dalam konteks khusus, memang ada kasus di mana pelaku dari verb itu tidak ada (empty subject).
Dalam hal ini kemudian dihadirkan subject “it”. Kasus empty subject ini terjadi dalam :

A. Waktu
It is Sunday.
It is 9 o’clock.
It is January.

B. Cuaca/Suhu
It is cold
It is sunny.
It rains.
It snows.
It is 190 C.

C. Jarak
It is 5 miles from the library to my house.
It is a-5 minute walk to my house.

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 PERINGKASAN AC ( lanjutan )

Sebagaimana kita ketahui, bahwa AC dengan conj RPS bisa dihilangkan (dengan syarat-syarat tertentu)
1 RPS yang diikuti modal, will dan would tidak bisa di hilangkan
2 RPS yang diikuti keluarga have + V3 bisa di hilangkan tapi keluarga have setelahnya harus
dijadikan “having”
The document which has been edited will be sent to the manager.
Having been edited
The staff who has worked there for more than 3 years will be promoted
Having worked
3 RPS yang diikuti is/am/are/was/were bisa dihilangkan tapi is/am/are/was/were setelahnya ikut
hilang
Eiffel tower which is located in Paris was designed by Gustave Eiffel
Located
The students who are preparing for the exam look nervous.
Preparing
I admire the names which are on the list.
On the list
4 RPS yang tidak diikuti sala satu dari tiga hal di atas bisa dihilangkan tapi verb setelahnya harus
diubah jadi V-ing.
The students who cheats on the exam will not be tolerated.
Cheating
Hitler who killed thousand of jewish people did not have sense of humanity.
killing

Hasil peringkasan AC yang berupa V-ing atau V3 bisa di letakkan di dua tempat :

1. Diletakkan setelah noun-nya seperti AC bentuk utuhnya ( sebagaimana dalam contoh di table di atas )
2. Diletakkan sebelum noun-nya.

The king who was ruling prohibited the people to trase with people from other countries.

The king ruling prohibited the people to trade with people from other countries.

The ruling king prohibited the people to trade with people from other countries.

I am checking the stuff which were purchased.

I am checking the stuff purchased.

I am checking the purchased stuff.

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Jika verb dalam AC tersebut memiliki object , maka jika peringkasan AC nya diletakkan sebelum nounnya
maka object verb dalam AC tersebut lebih dulu sebelum V-ing.

The animal which eats meat is called carnivorous.

The animal eating meat is called carnivorous.
Me meat eating animal is called carnivorous.

My brother works is the company which makes cars.

My brother works in the company making cars.
My brother works in the car – making company.

Jika setelah verb dalam AC tersebut ada adverb, maka adverbnya di letakkan sebelum V-ing atau V3 jika
peringkasannya diletakkan sebelum nounnya.

The dancer who dancer beautifully attracs the audience.

The dancer dancing beautifully attracts the audience.
The beautifully dancing dancer attracts the audience.

I sleep in the room which is arranged neatly.

I sleep in the room arranged neatly.
I sleep in the neatly – arranged room

Jika adverbnya berupa preposional phrase, maka jika peringkasan Acnya diletakkan sebelumnya maka N
setelah preposisi di letakkan sebelum V-ing atau V3 dan preposisinya tidak di tulis.

The products which are solid in the store have good quality
The products solid in the store have good quality
The store-solid products have good quality

The girl who stays in the room is no sociable

The girl staying in the room is no sociable
The room staying girl is not sociable

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Bentuk lain yang perlu anda kenali

Akhiran -ed biasanya dilekatkan ke kata kerja, tapi akhiran -ed juga bisa di lekatkan ke noun dan jika di
terjemahkan ke Bahasa Indonesia menjadi “ber-N” dan kelas katanya menjadi adjective.

N + ed = ber- N
Beard = N = jenggot
Bearded = Adj = berjenggot

A bearded guy = seorang pria berjenggot

Adj noun

The cold – blooded killer = pembunuh berdarah dingin

The broken heardted girl = gadis berhati patah / gadis yang patah hati / gadis galau

The bad tempered girl = gadis yang bertempramen buruk

A Long haired girl = seorang gadis berambut panjang

The blue eyed kid = Anak bermata biru

Maustache = kumis (n)

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 PERINGKASAN NOUN CLAUSE ( Lanjutan )

Di program sebelumnya di jelaskan bahwa dari 12 conjunction NC ( who, whom, which, that, whose,
when, where, why, what, if, whether, dan now )yang bisa di hilangkan hanya conjunction that yang jatuh
setelah verb dan penghilangnya tidak merubah struktur setelahnya.

I know that I can always rely on you = I know I can always rely on you

Selain penghilangan conjunction that seperti di atas, NC dengan conjunction ( who, whom, which, now,
what, whose, when, where, whether bisa di ringkas dengan cara mempertahankan conjunctionnya tapi
subject setelah conjunction tersebut di hilangkan dan verb setelahnya di ubah jadi to inf.

I don’t know what I should do = i don’t know what to do

She cannot decide whether she should go or stay home = she cannot decide whether to go ot ( to ) stay
home
Plese tell me now I can get to the bus station = please tell mw now to get to the bus station
Jim told us where we could buy the book = Jim told us where to buy the book.
He had trouble in deciding which shoes he should buy = He had trouble in deciding which shoes to buy

Catatan khusus : Jika ada conjunction who, whom, when, where, which, now, what, whose, dan whether
diikuti to inf, maka sebenarnya struktur tersebut berasal dari peringkasan NC.

We have no decide when to leave = we have not decided when we should leave.
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CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Dalam bahasa inggris, conditional sentence di bedakan menjadi tiga tipe dan masing-masing tipe memiliki
pola tersendiri.

Tipe If Clause Main Clause

1 S. Present S. Future
2 S. Part Past Future
3 Past perfect Past future perfect

Kapan kita perlu memakai tipe 1, 2 dan 3 ? perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini!

Tipe 1

Conditional sentence tipe 1, merupakan pengandaian tentang masa yang akan datang, yang masih mungkin
terjadi bila syaratnya terpenuhi.
Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikan percakapan berikut :

Rita : bisa ga kasih laporan ini ke pak Budi ?

Agus : nanti jam 1 aku bakal ke kantor beliau, Tar kalau aku ketemu beliau aku bakal kasihin ke beliau.
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Tipe 2

Kalimat pengandaian tipe 2 kita gunakan ketika kita berandai – andai tentang situasi saat ini sudah tidak
bisa di ubah lagi.

Perhatikan cerita di bawah ini!

Ron sedang jalan-jalan ke pameran komputer. Dia pengen banget beli Macbook tapi sayangnya dia
lagi gak punya duit. Kemudian dia berandai-andai : “ Seandainya saja aku sekarang punya uang,
aku akan membeli Macbook ini “.

Dari cerita di atas, kita menemukan bahwa tidaklah mungkin bagi Ron untuk membeli Macbook it saat ini
karena memang tidak punya uang. Pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi pada masa sekarang seperti
dalam contoh di atas dalam Bahasa Inggris dikategorikan ke dalam conditional sentence tipe 2. Jadi kalimat
di atas jika di terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris akan menjadi :

If I had money, I would buy this computer atau I would buy this computer If I had money.

Untuk lebih jelasnya perhatikan kembali cerita berikut ini :

Ana yang ngekost di Jogja sedang menelpon ibunya yang tinggal di Semarang. Ibunya mengeluh
tentang badannya yang pegel-pegel.
Ibu :” Ibu capek banget lho dik, badan ibu pegel semua”
Ana : “Kasian, kalau saja Ana ada di sana, Ana bakal mijetin Ibu”

Dari cerita di atas, tidak;ah memungkinkan bagi Ana untuk mijitin Ibunya karena Ana sedang di Jogja
sementara Ibunya ada di Semarang. Perkataan Ana “kalau saja Ana di sana, Ana bakal mijitin Ibu”
merupakan pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi. Pengandaian seperti ini juga masuk dalam kategori
Conditional sentence tipe 2. Jika diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris, kalimat di atas menjadi :

If I were there, I would give you massage atau I would give you massage If I were there.

Catatn : Be untuk semua subject dalam if clause pada conditional sentence tipe 2 ini adalah were,
sebagaimana yang terlihat dalam contoh di atas.

If I was / were there, I would give you massage.

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Tipe 3

Conditional sentence tipe 3 kita gunakan ketika kita berbicara tantang pengandaian di masa lalu
yang sudah tidak mungkin terjadi karena berkebalikan dengan fakta yang terjadi di masa lalu.

Perhatikan cerita berikut ini :

Dia nunggu kamu kemarin tapi kamu gak datang. Seandainya kamu kemarin datang, kamu akan
mendapat banyak oleh-oleh darinya. ( kenyataannya kamu tidak datang kemarin jadi kamu gak
dapat oleh-oleh darinya )

Cerita di atas berbicara tentang kejadian di masa lalu yaitu kejadian kemarin.’Seandainya kamu kemarin
datang, kamu akan mendapat banyak oleh-oleh darinya’. Merupakan pengandaian tentang masa lalu yang
jelas-jelas di masa lalu tidak terjadi. Pengandaian seperti ini dalam Bahasa Inggris di kategorikan ke dalam
tipe 3. Jika diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris, kalimat di atas menjadi.

If you had come yesterday, you would have got many presents from her.

Atau

You would have got many presents from her if you had come yesterday.

Perhatikan dialog di bawah ini!

Jane : “kenapa kamu gak datang ke pesta Marry tadi malam ?

Liz :”Mobilku rusak dan ayahku pergi jadi gak ada yang nganter aku ke rumah Marry”

Jane : “Kenapa kamu gak nelpon aku ? Kalau kamu nelpon aku, aku akan jemput kamu.

Perkataan Jane “Kalau kamu nelpon aku, aku akan jemput” merupakan pengandaian tentang masa lalu
yaitu kejadian tadi malam yang sudah tidak mungkin terjadi. Kenyataannya tadi malam Liz tidak menelpon
Jane jadi Jane juga tidak menjemput Liz. Pengandaian seperti ini termasuk dalam pengandaian tipe 3, Jika
diterjemahkan ke dalam Bahasa Inggris, kalimat di atas akan menjadi.

If you had phoned me last night, I would have picked you up

I would have picked you up if you had phoned me last night.

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KESIMPULAN

No. Tipe Makna Contoh

1 Tipe 1 Pengandaian yang masih mungkin Jika aku bertemu dengannya besok, aku
terjadi jika syaratnya terpenuhi akan menyampaikan pesanmu
2 Tipe 2 Pengandaian yang tidak mungkin Seandaianya ibu sekrang ada di rumah, kita
terjadi lagi karena bertentangan tidak akan repot begini. ( kenyataannya ibu
dengan kondisi saat ini ( saat sekarang tidak di rumah dan sekarang kita
pembicaraan terjadi ) menjadi repot )
3 Tipe 3 Pengandaian tentang masa lalu yang Seandainya kemarin kamu tidak berkata
sudah tidak mungkin lagi terjadi kasar, aku tidak akan memukulmu.
karena bertentangan dengan kondisi ( kenyataannya kamu kemarin berkata kasar
masa lalu. jadi aku memukulmu )

1. If I meet her tomorrow, I will tell her what you said

2. If this mom were home, we would not be bothered

, we would not be this bothered

This + adj  se................ini
That + adj  se................itu
e.g = this big  segede ini
= that big  segede itu

3. If you had not talked harshly, I would not have hit you.
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INVERSION
Normalnya kalimat memiliki susunan S V (O). Namun, dalam beberapa kasus, susunan tersebut harus
diubah menjadi V S (O). Pembalikan susunan S V menjadi V S tersebut di kenal dengan istilah inversi.
Struktur inversi diperlukan dalam beberapa kasus :
1. Dalam kalimat pertanyaan (interrogative sentence )
Dalam bahasa inggris, kalimat tanya di bentuk dengan kata tanya + aux + S V.
What are you doing?
Where did you learn it?
Atau, dalam hal yes/no question, kalimat tanya dibuat dengan aux + S V.
Do you miss me?
Will you marry me?
2. Ketika PP ( prepositional phrase ) yang menyatakan tempat berada di awal kalimat dan verb dalam
kalimat tersebut adalah verb intransitive.
In front of the house were some giant trees.
Beyond the mountain lies the town where you will live.

3. Setelah neither dan so dalam kasus elliptic.

Elliptic adalah penggabungan dua kalimat atau lebih dengan menghilangkan unsur-unsur yang sama.
I speak English. I speak Italian.
Dua kalimat ini bisa di gabung menjadi I speak English and Italian.

Struktur elliptic yang menuntut inversi

Ketika dua kalimat dielliptic dengan menggunakan so dan neither maka strukturnya harus diinversi.
Penggunaan so dan neither dalam kasus elliptic
So dan too dipakai jika dua kalimatnya positive
Kalimat pertama + so + auxiliary + subject
Kalimat pertama + subject + auxiliary + too
She took the class. I took the class.
She took the class / both she and I took the class / not only she but also I took the class.
She took the class, so did I
She took the class, I did too.

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My dad is interested in music. I am interested in music.
My dad and I are interested in music / both y dad and I are interested in music / not only my dad but also I
am interested in music
My dad is interested in music, so am I.
My dad is interested in music, I am too.

Neither dan either dipakai jika dua kalimatnya negative.

Kalimat pertama (negative) , neither + auxiliary (tanpa not ) + subject
Kalimat pertama ( negative ), subject + auxiliary + not + either

The teachers do not get the benefit from the policy. The students do not get benefit from the policy.
The teacher and the students do not get benefit from the policy.
Neither the teacher nor the students get benefit from the policy.
The teacher nor the students get benefit from the policy.
The teachers do not get benefit from the policy, neither do the students.
The teachers do not get benefit from the policy, the students don’t either.
The will not forgive you. I will not forgive you
They and I will not forgive you.
They will not forgive you, neither will I
They will not forgive you, I won’t either.

4. Dalam conditional sentence

Conditional sentense, baik tipe 1, tipe 2 maupun tipe 3 bisa di inversi dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut :
A. Conditional sentense tipe ( SC = simple present dan MC = simple future ) bisa di inversi dengan cara
menghilangkan if, kemudian meletakkan should sebelum subjectnya.
If you need my help, you can call me (normal)
Should you need my help, you can call me (inversi)

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 If you hell me, the mission will be accomplished quickly (normal)
Should you help me, the mission will be accomplished quickly ( inversi )

B. Conditional sentense Tipe 2 ( SC =simple past dan MC = simple past future) bisa di inversi dengan
cara membuang if dan meletakkan were sebelum subjectnya. Kalau dalam versi normalnya tidak
mengandung were, maka kita meletakkan should sebelum subjectnya.

If she were my kid, I would scold her. (normal)

Were she my kid, I would scold her. (inversi)

If you did the job seriously , it would come out rally well. (normal)
Should you do the job seriously, it would come out really well. (inversi)

C. Conditional Sentense Tipe 3( SC = past perfect dan MC = past future perfect ) bisa di inversi dengan
membuang if dan menggeser “had” le posisi sebelum subject.

If you had helped me, the mission would have been accomplished quickly. (normal)
Had you helped me, the mission would have been accomplished quickly. (inversi)

If I had been more patient, he would not have left me. (normal)
Had I been more patient, he would not have left me. (inversi)

Catatan :
Kalau ada ‘were / should / had’ di awal kalimat dan di akhir kalimat tidak ada tanda tanya,
maka sebenarnya kalimat tersebut adalah hasil inversi conditional sentence.
Were I you, I would be mad =

Had informed me, I would have helped you =

Should you need more information, kindly contact 081330045 =

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5. Ketika negative word berada di awal kalimat.
 Never, rarely, barely, seldom, scarcely, hardly ever, not until, nowwhere, on no account,
under no circumstances, no sooner...........than..........

Their secretary seldom makes such mistakes.

Seldom does their secretary make such mistakes.
The boy never wrote to his sister.
Never did the boy write to his sister.
 Not until

He came not until 7 PM.

Not until 7 AM did he come.

I realized my love for him not until he was gone.

Not until he was gone did I realize my love for him.

 Nowhere
Nowhere jika di terjemahkan ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia artinya DIMANAPUN / DI
MANA-MANA / KEMANAPUN / KEMANA-MANA, tapi verbnya kita terjemahkan
negative ( tidak /bukan ) walaupun struknya positive.

I work nowhere. (aku tidak bekerja di manapun / di mana-mana)

Nowhere do I work

I am going nowhere. ( aku tidak akan pergi ke manapun)

Nowhere am I going.

 On no account, under no circumstances

On no account / under no circumstances bermakna ‘ dalam situasi apapun’ tapi verbnya kita
terjemahkan negative (tidak / bukan) walaupun struknya positive.

I skipped my classes under no circumstances / on no account. (aku tidak bolos dalam situasi apapun).
On no account / under circumstances did I skip my class.

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  No sooner..............than.............
No sooner.....than..... kita pakai Ketika kita menceritakan dua kejadian di mana kejadian
pertama selesai kemudian langsung diikuti kejadian kedua. Kejadian pertama memakai
tenses present perfect atau past perfect sementara kejadian kedua memakai tenses simple
present atau simple past. No sooner bisa di letakkan antara keluarga have dan V3 atau di
awal kalimat.

We had no sooner arrived than there was a power cut.

No sooner had we arriver than there was a power cut.

They had no sooner started their walk than it started to rain.

No sooner had they started their walk than it started to rain.

6. Inversi karena only + adverb

Ketika only + adverb (adverb murni, preposional phrase / AVC) berada di awal kalimat , maka
struktur main clausenya harus diinversi.

I lied to you only yesterday.

Only yesterday did I lie.

Miss June teacher her students only during the day.

Only during the day does miss June teach her students.

Jika only diikuti AVC dan diletakkan di awal kalimat, maka di inversi adalah SV dalam main
clausenya, bukan SV dalam AVC.

She is punctual only when she takes my class.

Only when she takes my class, is she punctual.

I knew the meaning of loneliness only after my father died.

Only after my father died did I know the meaning of loneliness.

7. Setelah as..........as dalam positive dan setelah than dalam cpmparative degree. Struktur
positive degree =

.........as adj / /adv as + subject = IELTS is a difficult as IBT.

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.............as adj / adv as + Subject + aux = IELTS is as difficult as IBT is.
.............as adj / adv as + aux + Subject = IELTS is as difficult as is IBT.

Struktur comparative degree

.........more / -er than + Subject = she works more diligently than her sister.
.........more / -er than + Subject = she works more diligently than her sister does.
.........more / -er than + Subject = she work more diligently than does her sister.
8. Inversi karena compound conjunction ( not only........but......also....., neither.........nor....,nor......)

Jika tiga conjunction di atas menghubungkan kalimat dengan kalimat maka beberapa kalimatnya
harus di inversi.
Kalimat setelah not only diinversi sementara kalimat setelah also normal. Kalimat setelah neither di
inversi dan kalimat setelah nor juga di inversi. Jika nor menghubungkan kalimat dengan kalimat,
maka kalimat sebelum nor normal sementara nor di inversi.

Not only kalimat inversi ( V+S ) but also kalimat normal ( S+V )
Neither kalimat inversi (V S) nor kalimat inversi ( V S )
Kalimat normal ( S V ) nor kalimat inversi ( V S )

The goverment works well. The people obey the regulation

Not only does the goverment work well but also the people obey the regulation.

Dalam hal ini also bisa juga di letakkan setelah subject, atau di akhir kalimat. Jika di letakkan di
akhir kalimat, also bisa di ganti dengan as well. Also juga bisa di hilangkan.

Not only does the goverment work well but the people also obey the regulation.

Not only does the goverment work well but the people obey regulation also / as well

Not only does the goverment work well but the people obey the regulation.

He did not come. I did not wait for him.

Neither did he come nor did I wait for him.

He did not come nor did I wait for him.

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GERUND

Ada beberapa fungsi gerund yang perlu anda ketahui.

A. Ketika verb berdiri di tempatnya subject.
Sebagaimana kita ketahui, dalam bahasa Inggris verb yang berdiri di tempatnya subject harus di jadikan V-
ing atau to inf.

Thinking of you wates my time.

Meeting you is the greatest thing in my life.

Being with you calms my nerve.

Bahasa Indonesia memungkinkan kata sifat berdiri di tempatnya subject. Jika di terjemahkan ke dalam
Bahasa Inggris, maka adjective yang berdiri di tempatnya subject tersebut harus di ubah ke dalam bentuk
noun atau boleh tetap adjective tetapi di dahului kata ‘being’ atau ‘to be’

Marah tidak menyelesaikan masalah = angry does not solve any problem ( salah )

Anger does not solve any problem / being angry does not solve any problem.

B. Setelag certain verbs

Dalam Bahasa Inggris, jika ada dua verb berdampingan tanpa conjunction maka verb yang ditulis kedua
harus diubah menjadi gerund atau to inf tergantung verb yang di tulis pertama. Berikut ini adalah certain verb
yang diikuti gerund :

1. Admit 13. Finish 25. Recommend

2. Advise 14. Forget 26. Regret
3. Anticipate 15. Can’t Help 27. Remember
4. Appreciate 16. Keep 28. Resent
5. Avoid 17. Mention 29. Resist
6. Complete 18. Mind 30. Risk
7. Consider 19. Postpone 31. Stop
8. Delay 20. Practice 32. Suggest
9. Deny 21. Quit 33. Tolerate
10. Discuss 22. Recall 34. Understand
11. Dislike 23. Miss
12. Enjoy 24. Recollect

C. Setelah ‘be’ untuk mengatakan “..........adalah + verb”, misalnya “ pekerjaanku adalah masak”.
Tugasku adalah ngajar Bahasa Inggris = my duty is teaching English
Hobiku (adalah) berenang = my hobby is swimming.
Mimpiku adalah keliling dunia bersamanya = my dream is travelling around the world with him.
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D. Setelah Preposition
I am afraid of missing the train.
The child is keen on playing the game
Because of staying up all night , I have headache now.

E. Sebagai modifier ( penjelas bagi kata benda lainnya )

Dalam hal ini gerund bisa jatuh sebelum Noun dan bermakna ‘alat’ atau ‘untuk’.
Parking area = area untuk parkir
Praying mat = karpet untuk sholat ( sajadah )
Swimming pool = kolam untuk berenang
Drinking water = wair untuk minum
Learning method = metode untuk mengajar

F. Sebagai head ( inti frase )

Dalam hal ini gerund bermakna seperti Noun atau dalam Bahasa Indonesia ‘pe....an’
Grand opening
The meeting
Critical thinking
Language learning

G. Setelah No untuk menyatakan larangan.

No parking, No smoking, No littering, No dumping.

H. Setelah go dalam kegiatan yang bersifat rekreasi

Go hiking, go swimming, go sailing, go fishing.
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TO INFINITIVE
Dalam bahasa inggris to infinitive di gunakan dalam beberapa situasi berikut ini :
A. Ketika verb berdiri di tempatnya subject.
Sama seperti gerund, to inf juga kita pakai ketika verb berdiri di tempatnya subejct.
To think of you wastes my time

To meet you is the greatest thing in my life.

To be with you calms my nerve.

To be angry does not solve any problem.

B. Setelah certain verb.

Ketika ada dua verb berdampingan tanpa ada conjunction , maka verb yang ditulis belakangan harus
di ubah mejadi gerund atau to inf tergantung verb yang disebut sebelumnya. Berikut adalah verb-
verb khusus yang diikuti to infinitive :
1. Afford 14. Fail 27. Refuse
2. Agree 15. Forget 28. Regret
3. Appear 16. Hesitate 29. Remember
4. Arrange 17. Hope 30. Seem
5. Ask 18. Learn 31. Struggle
6. Beg 19. Manage 32. Swear
7. Care 20. Mean 33. Threaten
8. Claim 21. Need 34. Volunteer
9. Consent 22. Offer 35. Wait
10.Decide 23 Plan 36. Want
11.Demand 24. Prepare 37. Wish
12.Deserve 25. Pretend
13.Expect 26. Promise

C. Setelah adjective
Dalam bahasa Indonesia kadang kita punya struktur kalimat “S + adj + verb “ (aku seneng belajar
bahasa inggris ). Struktur seperti ini dalam bahasa Inggris, kita menggunakan struktur “S + be+ adj
+ to infinitive “= I am pleased to learn English.
Aku beruntung punya pacar kamu = I am lucky to have you as a boyfrien.

Aku siap berangkat sekarang = I am ready to leave.

Aku sedih mendengar kabar itu = I am sorry / sad to hear that.

 20
D. Bermakna passive
Adakalanya to inf bermakna passive walaupun strukturnya aktif. To infinitive ini di tandai dengan
ciri :
1. Jatuh setelah noun yang tidak bisa melakukan aktifitas to infinitive
2. Verb setelah kata “to” transitive tapi tidak diikuti object.
Ciri pertama boleh gugur tapi ciri kedua harus terpenuhi.

I am going to get something to eat.

I have nothing to say

I need someone to love

I have many shores to do.

E. Bermakna “yang”
To inf bisa di terjemahkan menjadi “yang” ketika to infinitive tersebut jatuh setelah noun yang di
dahului kata “the only (satu-satunya), the first, the second , the third, the last, the next, dan the
superlative”.
You are the only person to understand me.
You were the first man to break my heart.
He was the last runner to get to the finish line.
The next singer to perform impressed us.
He is the richest guy to date me.

My father was the man who funded my education = my father was the man funding my education
My father was the only man who funded my education = my father was the only man to fund
education

F. Menjadi adverb dan bermakna tujuan.

Bentuk to infinitive ini berasal dari peringatan AVC dengan conj “in order that” dengan subject yang
sama antara MC dengan SC.

I am saving my money in order that I can buy a house = I am sacing my money (in order) to buy a
house = (in order) to buy a house , I am saving my money.

I work hard in order that I can provide for my family = I work hard (in order) to provide for my
family = (in order) to provide for my family , I work hard.
 21
G. Setelah conj NC
To infinitive bisa jatuh setelah conjunction NC. Bentuk ini merupakan hasil dari abridgment NC
sebagaimana yang dibahas dalam BAB peringkasan NC.

I don’t know what to expect in this situation = I don’t what I can expect in this situation.

Where to go is the question = where we should go is the question.

The question is when to leave = the question is when we should leave.

I don’t know how to say that in English = I don’t know how I can say that in English.

H. Setelah be dalam kalimat nominal

Sebagaimana dengan gerund, to infinitive juga bisa di pakai untuk mengatakan “.......adalah + verb.

Pekerjaanku adalah ngajar bahasa Inggris = my job is to teach English.

Mimpiku adalah keliling dunia bersamanya = my dream is to travel around the world with him

Hobiku adalah berenang = my hobby is to swim.

Catatan tambahan :

To infinitive dan gerund bisa saling menggantikan dalam 3 hal :

1. Ketika menjadi subject

Swimming / to swim refreshes my mind

2. Setelah 9 certain verbs : love, like, hate, prefer, start, begin, continue, can’t stand, can’t bear.

I can’t stand living / to live here

3. Setelah “be” untuk mengatakan “subject adalah + verb”

Ambisiku adalah membeli rumah sebelum umur 30 = my ambition is buying / to buy a house before

30.
 22

AGATHA CHRISTIE

Deeply hurt by the death of her mother, thirty-five-year-old Agatha Christie was still trying to overcome her

grief when her husband of twelve years suddenly announced that he was in love with another woman and

wanted a divorce. The twin shock threw Agatha into a deep state of depression. Feeling that the best of life

was behind her, she saw little reason to go on living. Only concern for her seven-year-old daughter saved her

from suicide.

Born into an affluent English family in 1890, Agatha Miller was a precocious child who taught herself to met

Archie Christie, a dashing young pilot. The couple fell in love and were married on Christmas eve in 1914.

They spent most of the four next years separated by world waI, settling afterward in london.

Their only child, Rosalind, was born in 1919. By the time her marriage to Archie fell apart. Agatha had

published five well-received detective novels, but she could hardly have expected the success that awaited

her.

In time Agatha began to recover from the pain of her failed marriage. She resumed writing and , to boost her

spirits took trip on the Orient Express then in 1930, a friend invited her come along on trip to an

archaelogical dig in Iraq. There she met Max Mallowan , a promint archaelogist thirteen years her junior.

They fell in love and were married later that year, a happy marriage that would last until Agatha’s death 46

years later

At the end of 1926, Agatha Christie may have thought that her life was no longer worth living, but she was

entirely wrong about that. In the years that followed, she not only found the love of her life but also enjoyed

her greatest success, becoming the best-loved author on earth, with over 70 best-selling novels as well as the

longest-running play in history. Her husband Max was knighted in 1968 and three years later Agatha was

made a Dame of the British Empire.

 23

Agatha Mary Clarissa Miller Christie Mallowen died at age 85 on January 12, 1976. With over two billion

copies sold, she is the best-selling noverlist in history.

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 ABRIDGMENT OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Abridgment bisa di lakukan hanya jika Subject dalam MC sama dengan Subject dalam AVC
Jika verb dalam Conjunction AVC tetap dipertahankan sementara subject dan verb be dihilangkan
AVC mengandung Conj AVC subject be
‘be’ ( AVC passive,
continuous, atau
nominal )
Jika verb dalam Conjunction AVC tetap dipertahankan sementara subject dihilangkan dan verb setelahnya menjadi V-ing.
AVC tidak Conj AVC subject verb (verbnya berubah jadi V-ing)
mengandung ‘be’
Time Condition Contrast Cause Place Manner
AVC nominal When If Althought Since (karena) Where
While Unless Thought Wherever
Since (sejak) Whether
Until

AVC nominal After If Althought

Before Unless Thought
Since (sejak) Whether
When
While
Until

AVC passive Once If Althought Since (karena) Where AS

Until Unless Thought Wherever
When Whether
whenever

AVC of time

When / while I was a boy, I went to the lake every summer = when / while a boy, I went to the lake every summer.

When we are young, we are full of hopes = when young , we are full of hopes.

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When / while you are in the army, you must obey all commands = when / while in the army , you must obay all commands.

Vegetable loses its nutrient when it is cooked too long = vegetable loses its nutrient when cooked too long.

Since I was young , I have been working hard = since young, I have been working hard.

He worked until he was asleep = he worked until asleep

He was not willing to move until he was given money = he was not willing to move until given money.

Once he was informed about the death of his dad, he went home = once informed about the death of his dad he went home.

She turns on the radio when / while she is doing the chrores = she turns on the radio when / while doing the chores.

While he was still a boy, he wanted to be a doctor = while still a boy, he wanted to be a doctor.

After we finished breakfast, we went for a walk.

After finishing breakfast , we went for a walk.

Before he realized his mistake, he did not want to apologize = before realizing his mistake, he did not want to apologize.

AVC of condition

if it is a success, the experiment will lead to a great invention = if a success, the experiment will lead to a grat invention.

If he were diligent, he would succeed = if diligent, he would succeed.

If it is out of the topic, the essay will get low score = if out of topic , the essay will get low score.

If he is meeting with difficulties, he will abandon the project = if meeting with difficulties, he will abandon the project

If it is carefully done, the experiment will be very successful = if done carefully, the experiment will be very successful.

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AVC of Contrast

Although he is only a child, he works as hard as an adult = although only a child, he works as hard as an adult

Although he is very young, he works as hard as an adult = although very young, he works as hard as an adult

Although he was in a hurry , he stopped to help me = although in a hurry, he stopped to help me

Although he is working long hours, he manages to find time to relax = although working long hours, he manages to find time to relax.

Although he was hired as an editor, he also does secretarial work = although hired as an editor, he also does secretarial work.

AVC of cause

Her nasty remarks are more insulting since they are intentional = her nasty remarks are more insulting since intentional

Since it was agreed by the majority, this measure will be carried out = since agreed by the majority, this measure will be carried out.

AVC of place

Repairs will be made wherever / where they are necessary = repairs will be made wherever / where necessary.

He will work wherever he is sent by his company = he will work wherever sent by his company.

AVC of manner

Pajak harus digunakan untuk kemakmuran rakyat sebagaimana hal itu di atur dalam undang-undang

Tax should be spent for people’s prorperity as it is regulated in the institution.

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 REDUCING ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Selain bisa di ringkas dengan cara abridgment, AVC juga bisa di reducing dengan cara di hilangkan conjunctionnya dan subjectnya, kemudian verb
Setelahnya menjadi V-ing ketika aktif dan V3 ketika pasif. Peringkasan ini hanya boleh di lakukan jika subject dalam AVC sama dengan subject dalam
Main clausenya.
Conjunction AVC yang biasanya direducing adalah conj AVC of time ( when, while, after, before, then ), AVC of condition (if), AVC of cause (because,
as)
While / when he was walking down the street , he tripped and feel down = walking down the street, he tripped and fell down
After he went through many sad occorrences, he gets mature = going through many sad occurrences, he gets mature.
After I put down my newspaper , I walked over to the window = putting down my newspaper, I walked over to the window
After it had beed reviewed by the director, the document was sent to the client = having been reviewed by the director, the document was sent to the
client.
She tucked me in then / before she turned out the light = she tucked me in, turning out the light.
If it is used economically, one tin cal last for six weeks = used economically , one tin can last for six weeks.
Because he stayed up all night, he could not focus on his job this morning = staying up all night, he could not focus on his job this morning.
As I had failed my medical exams, I took up teaching = having failed my medical exams, I took up teaching.
Because he knew the betrayal of his wife, he did not will anything for her = knowing the betrayal of his wife, he did not will anything for her.
Because it was ignored by the owner, the dog looked sad = ignored by the owner, the dog looked sad.

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