Name : Mariana sopiatun

Nim : E1E017079

Class : SHM-23

Embrance

UNIT 2

Study skill focus: vocabulary I

1. Find definitions from clues

It is posibble to determine the meaning of a word in the reading section because (1) the passage
provides information about the word, and (2) there are clues to tell you that the definition of a
word is included in the passage.

For example :
Customs are ways of acting and living-learned and followed by a great many people that
have come down from generation to generation.
The dsah punctuation (-) indicates that a definition or further information about customs is going
to follow. In the information following the dash, you should see that customs are also learned and
followed by great many people that have come down from generation

2. Determine meanings fromword parts

When there is a long word that you do not know the meaning in the reading section, it is
sometimes possible to determine the meaning of the word by studying the word parts.

For example :
Superstitions are unscientific beliefs that certain actions will cause good luck happines, bad
luck, death, pain, or other eventes.
In this sentence, notice that the word unscientific contains the word part- secientific, which
means related to science. Therefore, unscientific probably means not related to science.

Exercise
Write down the meaning of the underlined words in bahasa indonesia by studying the cluse and
the word parts

1. A supernova occurs when all of the hydrogen in the core of a huge star is
transformed to iron and explodes.
 2. The teddy bear is child’s toy, a nice sfot stuffed animal suitable for cuddling. It is,
however , a toy with an interesting history behind it.
3. Nanonecthology is the engineering of materials on the otomic level,buildingnew
materilas from the bottom up by manipulating atoms and molecules.
4. Liquids do not keep their shape. A liquid can be poured into a container and will
take the container’s shape. Some examplesof liquids water in milk.
5. It’s bullying when someone uses words or action to hurt or harm someone else
and that person has a hard time defending himself or herself.
6. Accidents from the misues and careless handing of explosives are unfortunately
too frequent in mines
7. We are suitably impressed that Da vinci sketched a design for a submarine which
can dive in the sea.
8. People at the memorial servie had contradictory stories and when Howies
pressed them, no one seemed to have any real facts.
9. The terrain was rough, covered with brush choked ravines and sharp granite
bluffs.
10. His ego and sense of dominance over her wouldn’t let him allow her to be the
one walking away.

Grammar skill: sentence structure

There are differences between simple sentences, compound sentences,complex sentences
and compund-complex sentences. So, before you go any futrher, make sure you
understand what clauses are by looking at the previous lesson.
There are four types of sentence:
1. Simple sentence
2. Compound sentence
3. Complex sentence
4. Compound-complex sentence

However, this unit only explains the simple sentence and the compound sentence. The
complex sentence will be discussed in the next unit.

1. Simple sentence
A. Simple sentence is one clause with a subject and verb
1. Subject and 1 verb:

Computers are important in the modern world.

Formula = SV

Furthermore, it can have more than one subject and verb:

 2. Subjects:

Computers and other techonolgical devices are important in the modern world.

Formula =SSV

1. Subject and 2 verbs:

I search for information and play games on my computer.

Formula=SVV

2. Subject and 2 verbs:

My brother and I serach for information and play games on our computers.

Formula =SSVV

3. Compound sentences

A compound sentence consists of 2 or 3 clauses. It is when simple sentences are joined

together. In this sentence structure, the clauses are joined with the following coordinating
conjunctions: FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). The word ‘fanboys’ is an easy way
to remember the different conjunctions that make up compound sentences. Obviously the
most common are ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘or’, ‘so’.

Here are some examples of compound sentence structure:

Computures are important, but they can be dangeraous too.

Formula = SV but SV
Computurs are important, but they can be dangerous too, so we must be careful.

Formula = SV but SV so SV

Avoid writing too many clauses as the sentence my get difficult to follow, and you cannot us
each one more than once in a sentence to join clause.

Tis is wrong:

Computers are used widely in most countries now, and they are a sign of progress, and we
must ensure everyone has access to them.
 Incorret formula = SV and SV and SV. X

Two possible corrected versions:

Computers are used widely in most countries now, and they are a sign of progress, and we
must ensure everyone has access to them.

Formula = SV and SV.SV

Computers ae used widely in most countries now, and they are a sign of progress. We must
ensure everyone has access to them.

Formula =SV anad SV so SV

Using semicolons

There is an instance when you can have a compound sentence structure without a coordinating
conjunction, and this is when you join two clauses with a semicolon. It is used when to ideas are
related.

For example:
computers are used widely in most countries; they are a sign of progress.

Exerices
Identify what type of sentence each is.

1. We are on for the class.

a. Simple sentence b. compound sentence
2. She passed the exams and she won the scholarship too.
a. Simpe sentence b. compound sentence
3. People are doing little to overcome the global warming.
a. Simple sentence b. compound sentence
4. Animals should not be killed for their fur, but this is till occouring, so action must
be taken.
a. Simple sentence b. compound sentence
5. The man and the researcher obtained the data and finished the expriments .
a. Simple sentence b. compound sentence
 UNIT 3

Study skill focus: vocabulary II

1. Use context to determine meanings of difficult words.

Guessing meaning from context is an important technique that will improve your reading
skills and the speed with which you can read. In an exam,obviously you do not have a dictinory
so there are likely to be a lot of words from the reading text that you do not understand and you
cannot check.

Therefore, guessing meaning from context is necessary. This means work out what it means (or
have a good guess at least) from the words that are around it and from the topic of the paragraph.

Take a look at this example:

It had been raining through the night so the ground was saturated.
What does ‘saturated’ mean?

You may already know, but if you do not, you should be able to have a good guess from the rest
of the sentence.

It had been raining which means the ground must be wet. It was raining’hard’ so this means
the ground is probably very wet.
Saturated = completely wet

By doing this you are guessing meaning from context and you should try and use this technique
for words you do not know, it may not always be clear from the actual sentence and you may
have to look at other sentence around the word.

However, only do this for words that seem important for an understanding of the text. If it
looks like they are not, then leave it and move on with the reading. You probably won’t have
time to do it with every word, especially if you are at a lower reading level.

Grammar skill: complex sentences

In order to understand a complex sentence, you need to understand independent and dependent
clauses.
What are independent and dependent clauses?

A clauses is a group of words with a subject and verb. This ia a dependent clauses:

...because it was raining so hard.

If something or someone is ‘dependet’ then it needs or realies on something else for aid, support,
life etc. for example, a baby is dependet on its mother. Without the mother the baby cannot
survive.

In a similar way, a dependent clause cannot ‘survive’ on its own. It relies on something else. The
clause above’’….because it was raining so hard’’ cannot be used on its own as a sentence
because it does not make sense.

In order to function, it needs an independent clause. An independent clause can function on its
own as a sentence:

I took my umbrella.

This has meaning so is ok on its own. It makes a simple sentence.

If we now join this independent clause with the dependent clause, we have a complex sentence
that has meaning:

I took my umbrella because it was raining so hard.

Complex sentences have theree types:

1. Noun clauses
2. Relative clauses
3. Adverbal caluses

However, the leassons axplaining them in more detail will be explained the following units.

Exerices
Determine the independent clause in each sentence.

1. Although we know the benefits of exercies, most of us don’t know that a brisk
after-dinner stroll can help with digestion .
a. Although we know the benefits of exercies
b. Most of us don’t know that a brisk after-dinner stroll can help with digestion
2. People need to be able to share their fears, frustrations, and joys, so it’s important
for us to develop a network of people we can share our feelings with.
 a. People need to be able to share their fears, frustrations, and joys
b. So it’s important for us to devolop a network of people we can share our feelings
with
3. Whereas learning about nutrition is not difficult, having the discipline to make
wise food choices is often a problem.
a. Whereas learning about nutrition is not difficult
b. having the discipline to make wise food choices is often a problem.
4. Even tough you can’t always control your time, it will help priorites and make a
daily To Do list
a. Even tough you can’t always control your time
b. it will help priorites and make a daily To Do list
5. Unless you are willing to let others your time, you must learn to politely sy no to
other people’s request.
a. Unless you are willing to let others your time
b. you must learn to politely sy no to other people’s request
6. Change your negative inner dialogue whenever you realize you are being too hard
on yourself.
a. Change your negative inner dialogue
b. whenever you realize you are being too hard on yourself
7. so that you fell less strees and enjoy life more, develop your sense of humor.
a. so that you fell less strees and enjoy life more
b. your sense of humor
8. your self wirrying over one. sit down with a piece of paper and create a plan for
solving the problem when your self worrying over one
a. your self wirrying over one. sit down with a piece of paper and create a plan for
solving the problem
b. when your self worrying over one
9. while there are many relaxation techniques, sitting quietly with your eyes closed
and taking a few deep breaths will quickly calm you.
a. while there are many relaxation techniques
b. sitting quietly with your eyes closed and taking a few deep breaths will quickly
calm you.
10. Cultivate a positive attitude, because it enables you to enjoy life more.
a. Cultivate a positive attitude
b. because it enables you to enjoy life more