DISTILASI

Referensi
SeaderdanHenley,SeparationProcessPrinciples

DisarikandariCatatanKuliah
CharlesMusgrave
ChemicalEngineeringDepartment,StanfordUniversity

MetodeMcCabeThiele(1)
Distillation

Totalcondenser
Overheadvapor
Refluxdrum

1
Rectifyingsectionstages
Feed

2
f

Reflux

Distillate

FeedStage

Strippingsectionstages
Boilup

N
Partialreboiler
Bottoms

MetodeMcCabeThiele(2)
Aliranberlawananarahbanyaktahapdalamkolomdistilasibinerdiperlihatkansebagaiberikut.
(a) KolomdenganNjumlahtahapteoritik
(b) Kondensortotalyangmenghasilkancairanrefluksyangbertindaksebagaiabsorbentdancairan
distilat
(c) Reboilerparsialyangmenghasilkanuapboilupyangbertindaksebagaistrippingagentdan
produkbawah
(d) Tahapumpanberadaditengah.

Konfigurasiinimenghasilkanpemisahantajam,kecualiadaazeotropdengan
konsentrasidistilatdekatdengantitikazeotrop.

Tujuandistilasiadalah
memperolehdistilat
yangkayakomponen
kunciringandan
produkbawahyang
kayakomponenkunci
berat.

Distillation

Totalcondenser
Overhead
vapor

Rectifyingsectionstages
Feed

Refluxdrum

1
2
f

Strippingsectionstages

Reflux

Distillate

FeedStage
Boilup
Partialreboiler
Bottoms

MetodeMcCabeThiele(3)
Komposisiumpandinyatakanolehfraksimolkomponenringan(LK),ZF.Padasuhudantekananumpandapat
berwujudcair,uap,ataucampuranuapcair.Komposisidistilatdinyatakanolehfraksimolkomponenringan(LK),
XD,dankomposisiprodukbawahXB.
Tingkatkesulitandalam
memperolehpemisahan
ditentukanolehnilairelative
volatility,antaraLK
(index1)danHK(index2).

1, 2

Overheadvapor

Rectifyingsectionstages

Jikaduakomponen
membentuklarutanideal,
sehinggaHukumRaoultdapat
diterapkan:
o

Pi
P

Relativevolatilityadalah
perbandingantekananuap
murni:

1, 2

Totalcondenser

K1
K2

Ki

Distillation

P1

P2

Feed
FraksimolLKzF

2
f

Refluxdrum
Reflux

Distillate
FraksimolLKxD

FeedStage

Strippingsectionstages

JikaTnaik,berkurang
hinggamencapaisatu
yangberartitidakterjadi
pemisahan.
HanyatergantungT

Boilup

N
Partialreboiler
Bottoms
FraksimolLKx
B

MetodeMcCabeThiele(4)
Relativevolatilitydapatdituliskan:

1, 2

K1
y /x
y1 / x1
y 1 x1
1 1
1
K 2 y 2 / x 2 1 y1 / 1 x1 x1 1 y1

Untuksuhudidihyangberdekatan,makahampirkonstansepanjangkolom.
Penyelesaianuntukfraksimolringandalamuapmenghasilkan:
1,2 x1
y1
1 x1 1,2 1
Untukkomponenyangmemilikititikdidihtidakberdekatan,akanberubahtergantung
padakomposisinya.
Kurva
Keseimbangan
y1

Kenaikanrelative
volatility

y1
Garis45

Garis45

x1

x1

MetodeMcCabeThiele:Spesifikasi(5)
Spesifikasi

Lajuumpantotal(F)
Fraksimolumpan(zF)
Tekananoperasikolom(P)
Kondisifaseumpan.
Kurvakeseimbanganuapcair
Jeniskondensor(totalatauparsial)
Fraksimoldistilat(xD)
Fraksimolprodukbawah(xB)
Rasiorefluxterhadaprefluksminimum(R/Rmin)

Hasil

Lajudistilat(D)
Lajuprodukbawah(B)
Jumlahtahapminimumtahapkeseimbangan(Nmin)
Refluxratiominimum,Rmin=Lmin/D
Refluxratio,R=L/D
Boilupratio,R=V/B
Jumlahtahapkeseimbangan(N)
Lokasiumpanoptimal
Komposisiuapdancairtiaptahap

MetodeMcCabeThiele:NeracaMassa(6)
NeracaMassa(dalamkomponenLK):

FzF x D D x B B

Neracamassatotal:

F D B

Diperoleh:

z x
B
D F F

x D x B

1
2

JikaD,F,zFdiketahui,maka
xDatauxBdapatdihitung.

Feed
F,zF

Reflux

Distillate
D,xD

f
N

Boilup

Bottoms
B,xB

McCabeThieleMethod:RectifyingSection(7)
Rectifyingsectiondimulaidaritahap1hinggatahapdiatasumpan
Jikadibuatneracamassakomponenringan(lightkey)
disekitartahapnbagianrectifyingsectiontermasukkondensor.

Vn1y n1 Ln x n Dx D

Yangdapatdisusunmenjadi:

Ln
D
yn1
xn
xD
Vn1
Vn1

n
f

Feed(L/V)
ZF

Reflux Distillate
L,xD=x0 xD
Boilup

JikaLdanVtetapsepanjangkolom,maka
persamaandiatasberupagarislurus.

Bottoms
xB

Reflux Distillate
L0,xD=x0 xD

L
xn

V
yn+1

McCabeThieleMethod:LimpahanMolarTetap(8)
y n 1

Ln
D

xn
xD
Vn 1
Vn 1

JikaLdanVkonstan,makapersamaandiatasberupagarislurus.
Inimensyaratkan:
(a) Duakomponenmemilikientalpipenguapansamadan
tetap.
(b) Perubahankapasitaspanasdiabaikandibandingpanas
penguapan.
(c) Kolomterisolasisempurnahinggatidakadakehilangan
panas.
(d) Tekanandalamkolomserbasama.
Kondisiinidisebutconstantmolaroverflow.

Untukkondisiinijumlahuapyangdipindahkanke
alirancairdalamtiaptahapsamadenganjumlahcairan
yangdipindahkankealiranuap.Sehinggalajualiruap
dancairankonstansepanjangbagian.

1
Feed(L/V)
ZF

n
f

Reflux

Distillate

L,xD=x0 xD
Boilup

N
Bottoms

xB

McCabeThieleMethod:RectifyingSectionOperatingLine
yn1

Ln
D
xn
x
Vn1
Vn1 D

Inthecaseofconstantmolaroverflow
wecanthendropthestagesubscripts:

L
D
x xD
V
V

Wedefinethisequationasthe
operatinglineoftherectifying
section.

1
Feed(L/V)
ZF

n
f
N

TheliquidenteringstageoneistherefluxLanditsratiotothedistillateL/D
istherefluxratioR.Ifwehaveconstantmolaroverflow,thenRisaconstantand

L
L
L/ D
R

V L D L / D D / D R 1
and

D
D
1

V L D R 1

Reflux

Distillate

L,xD=x0 xD
Boilup

Bottoms
xB

McCabeThieleMethod:OperatingLine
Wecanthenrewrite:

as

L
D
x xD
V
V

R
1
x
x
R 1
R 1 D

1
n

IfRandXDarespecifiedthenwecangraphthelineshowninthe
followingplot.
L,xn

Reflux

xD=x0

Distillate

xD

V,yn+1

y1
y2
y

1
x
R 1 D

RectifyingSectionOperatingline
Slope=L/V=R/(R+1)<1

Equilibrium
curve

45line

x1

x0=xD

McCabeThieleMethod:StrippingSection
ThestrippingsectionextendsfromthestagejustbelowthefeedstagetothebottomstageN.
Ifweperformamaterialbalanceinthelightkeyaroundthebottomstagesoftherectifyingsection
includingthecondenserwehave:

Lx m Vym 1 Bx B
Whichwecanrearrangeandusetheconstantmolaroverflowassumptiontofind:
1

L
B
y x xB
V
V
Feed(L/V)

Wedefinethisequationastheoperatingline
ofthestrippingsection.
Since:

zF

Distillate
Reflux
L,xD=x0 xD

n
f

Boilup

L V B

Bottoms
xB

Then

L V B VB 1

V
V
VB

VBiscalledtheboilupratio.

VB

V
B

L
xm

V
ym+1

m+1
and

VB 1
1
x
x
VB
VB B

Thisisalsotheoperatinglineof
thestrippingsection.

N
L,xN

Boilup

V,yB
Bottoms
B,xB

McCabeThieleMethod:StrippingSection
L
xm

V 1
1
y B
x
x
VB
VB B

V
ym+1

m+1
IfVBandXBarespecifiedthenwecangraphthisasthelineshowninthe
followingplot.

Boilup

N
L,xN

Ym+1
Equilibrium
curve

y
yN

StrippingSectionOperatingLine
Slope=L/V=(VB+1)/VB

yB

45line

x
B

xm

xN
x

VB 1
1
x
x
VB
VB B

V,yB
Bottoms

B,xB

FeedStageConsiderations
Indeterminingtheoperatinglinesfortherectifyingandstrippingsectionsweneededthebottomsand
distillatecompositionsandrefluxandreboilratios.Thecompositionscanbeindependentlyspecified,but
RandVBarerelatedtothevaportoliquidratiointhefeed.

SubcooledLiquid
L

PartiallyVaporized

BubblePointLiquid

VV

V V

L FL V
DewPointVapor

LFL
V F V

L L LF

SuperheatedVapor

V F V

LL

V VF V

LL

FeedConditions
Considerthecaseswherethefeedisnotasupercooledliquidorasuperheatedvapor:

Massbalancearoundthecolumn:

L B V
V D L
VF LF D B

Vaporenteringtherectifyingsection:

V V VF

Liquidenteringthestrippingsection:

L L LF

Massbalancearoundthereboiler:
Massbalancearoundthecondenser:

Substitutethisintothecolumnbalance: VF L L D B
Substituteinthereboilerbalance:

VF L L D L V
V L D VF

Inotherwords,thevapor
enteringtherectifyingsection
isthevaporenteringthecondenser
minusthefeedvaporflowrate.

Soexceptinthecaseswherethefeedisasupercooledliquidorsuperheated
vaportheboilupisrelatedtotherefluxbythematerialbalance:

V L D VF
DividingbyBgivestheboilupratio:

VB

V L D VF

B
B

Distillationoperationscanbespecifiedbytherefluxratioorboilupratio
althoughtherefluxratio(orR/Rmin)ismostoftenspecified.

Theqline
q

LL
F

yV Lx Dx D

minus

First,wedefinetheparameterqby:

Subtractingthetwooperatinglines:

Gives:

yV Lx Bx B

yV V L Lx Dx D BxB

UsingamaterialbalanceintheLK:

Dx D Bx B Fz F

yV V L Lx Fz F
Usingamaterialbalancearoundthefeedstagetoelminatevaporflowrates:

F V L V L
V V F L L

yF L L L Lx Fz F

Simplifyingandusingthedefinitionofqresultsintheqline:

q
z F
y
x

q 1
q 1

x zF y z F

Theqlinehasslopeq/(q1)
andinterceptsthe45degree
lineaty=zF

ConstructionLinesforMcCabeThieleMethod

y
Equilibrium
curve

yN

qline

q
z
y
x F
q 1
q 1

RectifyingSection:
Operatingline
Slope=L/V=R/(R+1)<1

StrippingSection:
Operatingline
Slope=L/V=(VB+1)/VB

45line

yB
xB

L
D
x xD
V
V

x=zF

xD

L
B
x xB
V
V

FeedStageLocationUsingMcCabeThiele
Equilibrium
curve

Equilibrium
curve

1
y

2
3

yN

yB

yN

yB

xB

x=zF

Feedstagelocatedonetraytoolow.

xD

4
5

xB

x=zF

xD

Feedstagelocatedonetraytoohigh.

ConstructionLinesforMcCabeThieleMethod
Equilibrium
curve
1
y

yN

4
yB
xB

x=zF

xD

Summary
Thislecture:
Weextendedtheanalsisusedforadsorptionandstrippingtobinarydistillation.
Wedescribedatypicalbinarydistillationconfiguration.
Wemadedefinitionssuchasrefluxratio,constantmolaroverflow,etc.
Wedescribedoperatinglines.
Weplottedtheequilibriumcurve.
Westeppedthroughstagestoshowthechangeincompositionasyougothrough
thecolumn.

Nextlecturewellcontinueourdiscussionofbinarydistillationandthe
McCabeThielemethod.