• Sumber stimulasi yang penting dari pusat muntah adalah chemoreseptor trigger zone
( CTZ) yang terdapat pada daerah postema.
• CTZ bisa distimulasi oleh toksin atau obat dalam sirkulasi darah karena CTZ tidak
dilindungi oleh sawar darah-otak.
1. Korteks limbik yang betanggung jawab pada kejadian mual karena bau,
penglihatan.
2. Medula spinalis (serabut sponoretikular) yang terlibat dalam keadaan trauma fisik
• Pusat muntah berjalan ke syaraf vagus dan ke neuron motorik spinalis yang
mempersarafi otot abdomen.
• Peristaltik terbalik memindahkan isi usus halus bagian atas ke dalam lambung ,
kemudian glotis menutup, nafas di tahan, sfingter esofagus dan sfingter gaster
relaksasi dan akhirnya otot abdomen berkonstraksi mengeluarkansisi lambung.
Terapi
Pengobatan mual dan muntah sangat bervariasi, tergantung pada kondisi yang berkaitan
• Patients who are experiencing simple nausea and vomiting may use various
antacids.
• In this setting, single or combination nonprescription antacid products, especially
those containing magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, and/or calcium
carbonate, may provide sufficient relief, primarily through gastric acid neutralization.
• Common antacid regimens for the relief of acute or intermittent nausea and
vomiting include one or more 15 to 30 mL doses of single- or multiple-agent
products. Potential adverse effects from antacids are usually related to the
presence of magnesium, aluminum,or calcium salts.
• Specifically, osmotic diarrhea from magnesium and constipation from aluminum or
calcium salts may be of concern to patients, particularly those self-medicating with
high or frequently administered antacid doses. Generally, however, when used
occasionally for acute episodic relief of nausea and vomiting, antacids do not produce
serious toxicities.
H2-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
• Also,as doses are increased or are more frequently administered, patients with
narrow-angle glaucoma, prostatic hyperplasia, or asthma are at greater risk of
complications from the anticholinergic effects of these drugs.
• Antihistamin adalah zat-zat yang dapat mengurangi atau menghalangi efek
histamin terhadap tubuh dengan memblok reseptor –histamin
agents and appear to block dopamine receptors, most likely in the CTZ.
• Phenothiazines are marketed in an array of dosage forms, none of which appears to be more
efficacious than another. These agents may be most practical for long-term treatment and are
inexpensive in comparison with newer drugs. Rectal administration is a reasonable alternative
in patients in whom oral or parenteral administration is not feasible.
• Phenothiazines are most useful in adult patients with simple nausea and vomiting. Intravenous
prochlorperazine provides quicker and more complete relief with less drowsiness than
intravenous promethazine in adult patients treated in an emergency department for nausea and
vomiting associated with uncomplicated gastritis or gastroenteritis. There are numerous
potential side effects with these medications, including extrapyramidal reactions,
hypersensitivity reactions with possible liver dysfunction, bone marrow aplasia
BUTYROPHENONES
• Two butyrophenone compounds that have antiemetic activity are haloperidol and
its congener droperidol; both block dopaminergic stimulation of the CTZ.
• The current labeling of droperidol recommends that all patients should undergo a
12-lead electrocardiogram prior to administration, followed by cardiac monitoring
for 2 to 3 hours after administration because of the possibility of the development
of potentially fatal QT prolongation and/or torsade depointes.
CANNABINOIDS
Cannabinoids adalah kelas senyawa kimia yang bertindak pada reseptor sel
cannabinoid yang dapat menekan pengeluaran neurotransmitter di otak
CORTICOSTEROIDS
•Mekanisme kerja
1.penurunan produksi mediator inflamasi yang diketahui bekerja pada area CTZ
2.perbaikan fungsi sawar otak.
3.Penurunan 5- hydroxytryptopan di syaraf
4.menurunkan serotonin
5.meningkatkan sensitifitas reseptor antimual.
•Corticosteroids have demonstrated antiemetic efficacy since the initial recognition that patients who
received prednisone as part of their Hodgkin disease protocol appeared to develop less nausea and
vomiting than did those patients who were treated with protocols that excluded this agent.
•Methylprednisolone has also been used as a component of an antiemetic regimen, but the majority of
trials have included dexamethasone.
•Dexamethasone has been used successfully in the management of chemotherapy-induced and
postoperative nausea and vomiting, either as a single agent or in combination with selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
• Aprepitant is the first substance P/NK1 receptor antagonist in clinical use; others
are in development. The efficacy of aprepitant was demonstrated in patients
receiving highdose cisplatin-based chemotherapy1 and in patients receiving
doxorubicin and cycophosphamide,20 a regimen of moderate emetic risk.
SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS
• SSRIs block presynaptic serotonin receptors on sensory vagal fibers in the gut
wall, effectively blocking the acute phase of CINV.
• These agents do not completely block the acute phase of The most common
side effects associated with these agents are constipation, headache, and
asthenia. Safety and efficacy in children younger than 2 years old have not
been established.
PUD
(Peptic Ulcer Disease)
Etiologi
NSAID’s
H. Pylori Infection
Acid Hypersecretion
↑ produksi toksin
Mengivasi epitel
dan amoniak → gastritis
mukosa
kerusakan sel
PENCEGAHAN
gram negatif GEJALA GEJALA INFEKSI
PPI :
- Omeprazole or other bid
3. Antasida
• Surface agent : sukralfat (menciptakan pertahanan yang
menhalangi cedera mukosa akibat asam lambung)
• Prokinetik agent : metoclopramide, cisapride
• Penguat katup sfringter : Baclofen
Kasus 1
• Pasien Tn LH 50 th, BB 80 kg datang ke klinik dengan keluhan
nyeri di bagian perut. Tn LH juga mengalami mual dan muntah
serta rasa tidak nyaman di lambung. Setelah dilakukan
penelusuran riwayat, diketahui jika Tn. LH sering
mengkonsumsi NSAID sejak 5 tahun yang lalu untuk mengobati
penyakit sendinya. Hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium menyatakan
jika Tn.LH positif terinfeksi H.Pylori, dan oleh dokter di
diagnose mengalami PUD (Peptic Ulcer Disease).
Kasus 2
• Pasien perempuan usia 20 th bernama Nn. SH datang ke IGD
dengan keluhan nyeri dibagian ulu hati, dan dadanya terasa
panas seperti terbakar, mual dan ingin muntah. Keluhan yang di
rasa sudah sejak 3 hari yang lalu, pasien sudah mengkonsumsi
antasida tapi tidak kunjung membaik. Diketahui pasien memiliki
riwayat sering telat makan, dan stress karna sedang menghadapi
ujian. Selain itu pasien juga sering makan pedas, dan rutin
mengkonsumsi asam mefenamat saat nyeri haid. Oleh dokter
pasien di diagnose mengalami GERD.
TERIMAKASIH….