POWER AND POLITICS

A DEFENITION OF
POWER
Kekuasaan (Power)

Sebuah kemampuan untuk mempengaruhi tingkah laku (kebiasaan)

sejalan dengan keinginannya

“A capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in

accordance with A’s wishes”.

Ketergantungan (Dependency)

Kondisi B berhubungan dengan A ketika A berposisi sesuai keinginan B

“B’s relationship to A when A possesses something that B requires”.

Contrasting Leadership and Power
Leadership (Kepemimpinan)
• Focuses on goal achievement (Fokus kepada tujuan
organisasi )
• Requires goal compatibility with followers (Fokus
Sesuai keinginan pengikut )
• Focuses influence downward (Fokus pengaruh ke
bawah).
Research Focus
Leadership styles and relationships with followers
(Gaya kepemimpinan dan hubungannya dengan
pengikut)
Power (Kekuasaan)
• Used as a means for achieving goals (Digunakan
sesuai dengan tujuan pimpinan)
• Requires follower dependency (Bergantung
kepada permintaan pengikut)
• Used to gain lateral and upward influence
(Digunakan untuk melawan pengaruh dari
samping dan bawah)
Research Focus
Power tactics for gaining compliance (Taktik
kekuasaan digunakan untuk menambah pelaksanaan)
Dari mana datangnya
kekuasaan?

Apa yang menyebabkan

kelompok/individu
memiliki pengaruh
kekuasaan terhadap pihak
lain?
 Terjadi karena posisi individu di organisasi,
menampilkan kecakapan untuk memaksa
atau memberi penghargaan, dari kewibawaan
formal atau kontrol informasi.

• Coercive Power : Kekuasaan karena

rasa takut
• Reward Power : Terjadi karena
penghargaan yang didistribusikan atas
dasar kebijakan atau nilai
• Legitimate Power : Kekuasaan yang
diterima seseorang karena hasil posisinya
secara hirarki formal di organisasi.

Bases of Power : Formal Power

Bases of Power :
Personal Power

Expert Power
Berdasar pengaruh atas
keterampilan khusus atau
pengetahuan.
Referent Power
Berdasar pengaruh dari posisi
seseorang atau keterkaitan
dengan sesuatu.
Which Bases of
Power Are Most
Effective?

“ Research suggests pretty clearly

”
that the personal sources of power are most effective .
Preferred Power Tactics by Influence Direction
Bagaimana individu
menggunakan
kekuasaannya?

Cara apa saja yang dapat dilakukan

individu untuk mempengaruhi orang
lain agar orang lain mau
melaksanakan apa yang di
inginkannya?
Power Tactics
Cara bagaimana individu
menerjemahkan dasar-dasar kekuasaan
ke suatu tindakan yang spesifik
Influence Tactics:
• Legitimasi
• Pendekatan Rasional
• Inspirasi
• Konsultasi
• Pertukaran
• Pendekatan Personal
• Tanda terima kasih
• Tekanan
• Koalisi
HOW POWER AFFECTS PEOPLE

Power leads people to place Powerful people react

their own interests ahead of (especially negatively) to any
others threat to their competence

The toxic effect of power There are positive effects of

depend on one’s personality power
 POLITICS:
POWER IN ACTION
• Definition of Organizational Politics
“Political behaviour in organizations consists of activities
that are not required as part of an individual’s formal role
but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution
of advantages and disadvantages within the organization.”

• The Reality of Politics

 Politics is a necessary evil
 Differences and limited resources
 The “facts” used to allocate the limited resources are
open to interpretation
CAUSES AND • Factors Contributing to Political
Behaviour
CONSEQUEN
• How Do People Respond to
CES OF Organizational Politics
POLITICAL • Impression Management
BEHAVIOUR
Factors Contributing
to Political Behaviour

• Individual Factors
• Organizational Factors
How Do People Respond to Organizational Politics
 • The process by which individuals attempt to control the impression others form of them

Impression • Researchers have compared applicants who use two distinct approach in job interviews
Management • Self Promotion
• Ingratiation
 No clear-cut ways to differentiate ethical from
THE ETHICS unethical politicking

OF BEHAVING
POLITICALLY Outright lies may be an attempt at impression
management. Is it worth the risk?

Often difficult to weigh the costs and benefits of

political in action – need to consider equity and
fairness

Powerful people can persuasively argue that unfair

actions are really fair and just, or in the best
interests of the organization
MAPPING
YOUR
POLITICA
L CAREER
 Effective leaders use expert
and/or referent power.

To maximize your power,

SUMMARY increase others’ dependence
on you

Politics in inevitable; managing

politics well is a skill
Terimakasih