Statistic Process Control

Week 3
Ananda Sabil Hussein,
SE, MCom
Latar Belakang

 Pertengahan tahun 80 an pangsa pasar

pager Motorola di rebut oleh produk-produk
Jepang seperti halnya NEC, TOSHIBA dan
Hitachi.
 Motorola melakukan perubahan radikal
dengan memperbaiki mutu, pengembangan
produk dan penurunan biaya yang berbasis
statistik
Statistical Process Control

 Teknik statistik yang secara luas digunakan

untuk memastikan bahwa proses yang
sedang berjalan telah memenuhi standar.
 Produce Good
Start
Provide Service
No
Assign.
Take Sample Causes?
Yes
Inspect Sample Stop Process

Create
Find Out Why
Control Chart
Variasi Alami dan Khusus

 Variasi alami adalah sumber-sumber variasi

dalam proses yang secara statistik berada
dalam batas kendali
 Variasi Khusus/dapat dihilangkan yaitu
variasi yang muncul disebabkan karena
peralatan yang tidak sesuai, karyawan yang
lelah atau kurang terlatih serta bahan baku
baru.
Diagram Pengendalian

Plot of Sample Data Over Time

80
Sample Value

Sample
60 Value
UCL
40
Average
20
LCL
0
1 5 9 13 17 21
Time
17 = UCL

16 = Mean

15 = LCL

| | | | | | | | | | | |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sample number
Konsep Rata-rata dan Jarak

Rata-rata
X
Z
x

Menentukan Batas Diagram Rata-rata

 Batas Kendali Atas (UCL) = X  Z x

 Batas Kendali Bawah (LCL) = X  Z x
 X = rata-rata dari sampel =
Z = Standar deviasi = 2 (95.5%) 3(99.7%)

x x
= Standar deviasi rata-rata sampel
n
Cara Lain

Batas Kendali Atas = X  A2 R

Batas Kendali Bawah X  A2 R

Dimana : R = rentangan rata-rata sampel

A2 = Nilai batas kendali

x = rata-rata dari sampel rata-rata

Batas Bagan Rentangan

UCLR  D4 R
LCLR  D3 R
 Bagan Rata-rata
(a)
These (Sampling mean is
sampling shifting upward but
distributions range is consistent)
result in the
charts below

UCL
(x-chart detects
x-chart shift in central
tendency)
LCL
UCL
(R-chart does not
R-chart detect change in
mean)
LCL
 (b)
Bagan Jarak
These
(Sampling mean
sampling
is constant but
distributions
dispersion is
result in the
increasing)
charts below

UCL
(x-chart does not
x-chart detect the increase
in dispersion)
LCL
UCL
(R-chart detects
R-chart increase in
dispersion)
LCL
Figure S6.5
Bagan Kendali Atribut

 Mengukur persentase penolakan dalam

sebuah sampel, bagan-p
 Menghitung jumlah penolakan, bagan-c
Control Charts for Attributes

 For variables that are categorical

 Good/bad, yes/no,
acceptable/unacceptable
 Measurement is typically counting defectives
 Charts may measure
 Percent defective (p-chart)
 Number of defects (c-chart)
 Control Limits for p-Charts

Population will be a binomial distribution, but

applying the Central Limit Theorem allows us to
assume a normal distribution for the sample
statistics
UCLp = p + zp^ p(1 - p)
p =
^
n
LCLp = p - zp^
p =mean fraction defective in the sample
z =number of standard deviations
p =standard
^ deviation of the sampling distribution
n =sample size
Contoh Soal

Jam Rata2 Jam Rata2 Jam Rata2

1 17.1 5 16.5 9 16.3

2 18.8 6 16.4 10 16.5

3 14.5 7 15.2 11 14.2

4 14.8 8 16.4 12 17.3

 Ditanyakan : Batas
kendali proses 9 boks
yang mencakup 99.7%
 Jawab :
 1 
UCLx = X  Z x = 16 + 3  
 9
 1 
LCLx = X  Z x = 16 - 3  9 
 
Setting Control Limits

Process average x = 16.01 ounces

Average range R = .25
Sample size n = 5
Setting Control Limits

Process average x = 16.01 ounces

Average range R = .25
Sample size n = 5

UCLx = x + A2 R
= 16.01 + (.577)(.25)
= 16.01 + .144
= 16.154 ounces
From
Table S6.1
Setting Control Limits
Process average x = 16.01 ounces
Average range R = .25
Sample size n = 5

UCLx = x + A2R UCL = 16.154

= 16.01 + (.577)(.25)
= 16.01 + .144 Mean = 16.01
= 16.154 ounces

LCLx = x - A2R LCL = 15.866

= 16.01 - .144
= 15.866 ounces
Contoh Soal
Sample Number Fraction Sample Number Fraction
Number of Errors Defective Number of Errors Defective
1 6 .06 11 6 .06
2 5 .05 12 1 .01
3 0 .00 13 8 .08
4 1 .01 14 7 .07
5 4 .04 15 5 .05
6 2 .02 16 4 .04
7 5 .05 17 11 .11
8 3 .03 18 3 .03
9 3 .03 19 0 .00
10 2 .02 20 4 .04
Total = 80
80 (.04)(1 - .04)
p= = .04 p^ = = .02
(100)(20) 100
p-Chart for Data Entry
UCLp = p + zp^ = .04 + 3(.02) = .10
LCLp = p - zp^ = .04 - 3(.02) = 0
.11 –
.10 – UCLp = 0.10
.09 –
Fraction defective

.08 –
.07 –
.06 –
.05 –
.04 – p = 0.04
.03 –
.02 –
.01 – LCLp = 0.00
.00 – | | | | | | | | | |
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Sample number
p-Chart for Data Entry

UCLp = p + zp^ = .04 + 3(.02) = .10

Possible
LCLp = p - zp^ = .04 - 3(.02) =assignable
0
causes present
.11 –
.10 – UCLp = 0.10
.09 –
Fraction defective

.08 –
.07 –
.06 –
.05 –
.04 – p = 0.04
.03 –
.02 –
.01 – LCLp = 0.00
.00 – | | | | | | | | | |
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Control Limits for c-Charts
Population will be a Poisson distribution,
but applying the Central Limit Theorem
allows us to assume a normal distribution
for the sample statistics

UCLc = c + 3 c LCLc = c - 3 c

c =mean number defective in the sample

c-Chart for Cab Company

c = 54 complaints/9 days = 6 complaints/day

UCLc = c + 3 c 14
UCL = 13.35
14 – c

Number defective
=6+3 6 12 –
= 13.35 10 –
8 –
6 – c= 6
LCLc = c - 3 c 4 –
=3-3 6 2 – LCLc = 0
0 – | | | | | | | | |
=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Day