Komputer Pertama
Komputer pertama
“difference enggine” dibuat
oleh Charles Babbage
tahun 1832.
Komputer Pertama (ENIAC) 1946
IC TRANSISTOR IC MONOLITIK
RADIO TABUNG
RADIO TABUNG
RADIO TRANSISTOR
RADIO TRANSISTOR
IC Monolitik Pertama (Motorola)
th 1960
Kawat Emas
Hukum Moore
1 Milyar
K Transistor
1,000,000
100,000
Pentium® III
10,000 Pentium® II
Pentium® Pro
1,000 Pentium®
i486
100 i386
80286
10 8086
Sumber: Intel
1
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Proyeksi
Perkembangan Ukuran Die
Die size (mm)
P6
486 Pentium ® proc
10 386
286
8080 8086
8085 ~7% growth per year
8008
4004 ~2X growth in 10 years
1
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
10000
Doubles every
1000
2 years
Frequency (Mhz)
100 P6
Pentium ® proc
486
10 8085 386
8086 286
1 8080
8008
4004
0.1
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
10
486
8086 286
386
8085
1 8080
8008
4004
0.1
1971 1974 1978 1985 1992 2000
Year
MODULE
+
GATE
CIRCUIT
DEVICE
G
S D
n+ n+
Evaluasi Chip
– Cost
– Reliability
– Scalability
– Speed (delay, operating frequency)
– Power dissipation
– Energy to perform a function
Biaya (Cost) Pembuatan IC
• Non Rercurrent Engineering (NRE) Cost
– design time and effort, mask generation
– one-time cost factor
• Recurrent Engineering(RE) Cost
– silicon processing, packaging, test
– proportional to volume
– proportional to chip area
Die Cost
Die tunggal
Wafer
defects per unit area die area
die yield 1
is approximately 3
Undefined
Region
V
IL
Slope = -1
V
“ 0” V OL
OL
V V V
IL IH in
Noise Margin
"1"
V
OH
NM H Noise margin high
V
IH
Undefined
Region
NM L V
V
OL
IL Noise margin low
"0"
M
N
Fan-out N Fan-in M
Gate Ideal
V out
Ri =
Ro = 0
Fanout =
g=
NMH = NML = VDD/2
V in
Disipasi Daya
Instantaneous power:
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = Vsupplyi(t)
Peak power:
Ppeak = Vsupplyipeak
Average power:
1 t T Vsupply t T
Pave p (t )dt isupply t dt
T t T t
Energi dan Delay Energi