Deformasi Strain Stress

KARAKTERISTIK DEFORMASI
Strain dan Stress

HERI ANDREAS
Mahasiswa Program Doktor
Prodi Geodesi dan Geomatika ITB
E-mail : heri@gd.itb.ac.id
September 2007
1. Pengertian Deformasi
Deformasi adalah perubahan bentuk, dimensi dan posisi dari
suatu materi baik merupakan bagian dari alam ataupun buatan
manusia dalam skala waktu dan ruang
2. Penyebab Deformasi
Bila dikenai Gaya (Force) maka benda/ materi akan terdeformasi
3. Objek dari Deformasi
tektonik lempeng
pasut
atmosferik
proses hidrologi
ocean loading
proses geologi lokal
rotasi bumi
Alam
Manusia
pelapukan
erosi
abrasi
subsidence
longsoran
tsunami
Fenomena lain
D. Sarsito, 2006
3. Objek dari Deformasi
S AMP No rt h
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
35.000
35.040
35.080
35.120
35.160
35.200
35.240
35.280
35.320
35.360
35.400
35.440
35.480
35.520
35.560
35.600
35.640
35.680
35.720
35.760
35.800
35.840
35.880
35.920
35.960
36.000
36.040
36.080
36.120
36.160
36.200
36.240
36.280
36.320
36.360
36.400
36.440
36.480
36.520
36.560
22 /9/ 06 -1 24 /9/ 06 -13 26 /9/ 06 -1 27 /9/ 06 -13 29 /9/ 06 -1 30 /9/ 06 -13 2/10 / 06 -1 3/10 / 06 -13 5/10 / 06 -1 6/10 / 06 -13 8/10 / 06 -1 9/10 / 06 -13 11 /10 /06 -1 12 /10 /06 -13 13 /10 /06 -19 15 /10 /06 -7 16 /10 /06 -16 18 /10 /06 -4 19 /10 /06 -16 21 /10 /06 -4 22 /10 /06 -16 24 /10 /06 -4 25 /10 /06 -16 27 /10 /06 -4 28 /10 /06 -16 30 /10 /06 -4 31 /10 /06 -16 2/11 / 06 -4 3/11 / 06 -16 5/11 / 06 -4 6/11 / 06 -16 8/11 / 06 -4 9/11 / 06 -16 11 /11 /06 -4 12 /11 /06 -16 14 /11 /06 -4 15 /11 /06 -16 17 /11 /06 -4 18 /11 /06 -16 20 /11 /06 -4 21 /11 /06 -16 23 /11 /06 -4 24 /11 /06 -16
Tgl/Bln/Thn-Jam
Height (m)
4. Jenis dari Deformasi
Deformasi dapat dibagi menjadi 2 jenis yaitu Deformasi Statik dan
Deformasi sesaat
Deformasi statik bersifat permanen
Deformasi sesaat bersifat sementara / dinamis
5. Parameter Deformasi
Deformasi dari suatu benda/ materi dapat digambarkan secara
penuh dalam bentuk tiga dimensi apabila diketahui 6 parameter
regangan (normal-shear) dan 3 parameter komponen rotasi
Parameter deformasi ini dapat dihitung apabila diketahui fungsi
pergeseran dari benda tersebut persatuan waktu
Normal strain Shear strain
6. Model dan pengamatan Deformasi
Secara praktis survey deformasi akan terpaut pada titik-titik yang
bersifat diskrit, dengan demikian deformasi dari benda harus
didekati dengan model.
Fungsi dari deformasi dinyatakan oleh persamaan dalam bentuk
matrik :
d = B c
Dimana :
B, adalah matrik deformasi yang elemennya merupakan fungsi dari
posisi dari titik yang diamati, serta waktu
C, vektor yang koefisiennya akan diketahui
6. Model dan pengamatan Deformasi
Survey deformasi: penentuan perubahan posisi, jarak, sudut,
regangan : teknik geodetik, geofisika, dan lain-lain
7. Analisis Deformasi
Analisis Geometrik :
Bila kita hanya tertarik pada status geometrik (ukuran dan
dimensi) dari benda yang terdeformasi
Analisis Fisis :
Bila kita bermaksud untuk menentukan status fisis dari benda yang
terdeformasi, regangan, dan hubungan antara gaya dengan
deformasi yang terjadi
8. Analisis Deformasi aspek fisis
Dalam analisis fisis deformasi, hubungan antara gaya dan
deformasi dapat dimodelkan dengan menggunakan metoda
empiris (statistik), yaitu melalui korelasi antara pengamatan
deformasi dan pengamatan gaya
Metoda lain dalam analisis fisis yaitu metoda deterministik, yang
memanfaatkan informasi dari gaya, jenis material dari benda, dan
hubungan fisis antara regangan (strain) dan tegangan (stress)
pada benda
9. Normal strain :perubahan panjang
- Change of length proportional to length
- cxx, cyy, czz are normal component of strain
nb : If deformation is small, change of volume is cxx + cyy + czz (neglecting quadratic terms)
SEAMERGES GPS COURSE, 2005
10. Shear Strain : perubahan sudut
cxy = -
1
/
2
(u1 + u2) =
1
/
2
(
de
y
/
dx
+
de
x
/
dy
)
cxy = cyx (obvious)
11. Stress dalam 2 Dimensi
- Force = ox surface
- no rotation =>
oxy = oyx
- only 3 independent
.components :
..oxx , oyy , oxy
12. Applied Forces
Normal forces on x axis :
= oxx
(x)
.
oy
oxx
(x+ox)
.
oy
=
oy
|oxx
(x)
. oxx
(x+ox)
|
=
oy
do
xx
/
d
x
. ox (1)
Shear forces on x axis :
= oyx
(y)
.
ox
oyx
(y+oy)
.
ox
=
ox
do
yx
/
d
y
. oy (2)
Total on x axis = (1)+(2)
|
do
xx
/
d
x
+
do
yx
/
d
y
|
ox oy
=
13. Forces Equilibrium
Total on x axis = |
do
xx
/
d
x
+
do
yx
/
d
y
|
ox oy
Total on y axis = |
do
yy
/
d
y
+
do
yx
/
d
x
|
oy ox
|
do
yy
/
d
y
+
do
yx
/
d
x
|
= 0
|
do
xx
/
d
x
+
do
yx
/
d
y
|
= 0
Equilibrium =>
14. Solid elastic deformation
Stresses are proportional to strains
No preferred orientations
oxx = (+2G) cxx + cyy + czz
oyy = cxx + (+2G) cyy + czz
ozz = cxx + cyy + (+2G) czz
and G are Lam parameters
The material properties are such that a principal strain component c
produces a stress (+2G)c in the same direction
and stresses c in mutually perpendicular directions
Inversing stresses and strains give :
cxx =
1
/
E
oxx -
v
/
E
oyy -
v
/
E
ozz
cyy = -
v
/
E
oxx +
1
/
E
oyy -
v
/
E
ozz
czz = -
v
/
E
oxx -
v
/
E
oyy +
1
/
E
ozz
E and vare Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio
a principal stress component oproduces
a strain
1
/
E
o in the same direction and
strains
v
/
E
oin mutually perpendicular directions
14. Solid elastic deformation
15. Elastic deformation across a locked fault
What is the shape of the accumulated deformation ?
Formula matematis
Formula matematis
Symetry => all derivative with y = 0
cyy = 0
No gravity => ozz = 0
What is the displacement field U in the elastic layer ?
Elastic equations :
(3) + ozz = 0 => cxx + czz = -2G czz
and (2) => oyy = cxx + czz = -2 G czz
(1) oxx = (+2G) cxx + czz
(2) oyy = cxx + czz
(3) ozz = cxx + (+2G) czz
oxy = 2G cxy oxz = 2G cxz
oyz = 2G cyz
=> cxx = - (2G + )/ czz
and (1) => oxx = [-
(
+2G)
2
/
+ ] czz
_________________________
Formula matematis
Force equilibrium along the 3 axis
(x) doxx / dx + doyx / dy + doxz / dz = 0
_________________________
(y) doxy / dx + doyy / dy + doyz / dz = 0
(z) doxz / dx + doyz / dy + dozz / dz = 0
x
x
x x
Derivation of eq. 1 with x and eq. 3 give :
d
2
oxx / dx
2
= 0
equation 2 becomes : doxy / dx + doyz / dz = 0
Formula matematis
Formula matematis
relations between
stress (o) and displacement vector (U)
oxy = 2G cxy = 2G [dUx / dy + dUy / dx] .
1
/
2
_________________________
oyz = 2G cyz = 2G [dUz / dy + dUy / dz] .
1
/
2
x
d/dx[dUx/dy + dUy/dx] + d/dz[dUz/dy + dUy/dz] = 0
d
2
Uy / dx
2
+ d
2
Uy / dz
2
= 0
Using doxy / dx + doyz / dz = 0 we obtain :
x
Formula matematis
What is U
y
, function of x and z, solution of this equation ?
d
2
Uy / dx
2
+ d
2
Uy / dz
2
= 0
Guess : U
y
= K arctang (
x
/
z
) works fine !
Nb.
d
atan(o)
/
do
=
1
/
(1+o2 )
dUy/dx=
K
/z(1+x
2
/z
2
) =>
d
2
Uy/dx
2
= -2Kxz/(z
2
+x
2
)
dUy/dz=
-Kx
/z
2
(1+x
2
/z
2
) =>
d
2
Uy/dz
2
= 2Kxz/(x
2
+z
2
)
Formula matematis
Boundary condition at the base of the crust (z=0)
U
y
= K arctang (
x
/
z
)
U
y
= K . H/2 if x > 0 = K . H/2 if x < 0
=> K = 2.
V
0 /
H
And also :
U
y
= +V
0
if x > 0 = V
0
if x < 0
Formula matematis
at the surface (z=h)
U
y
= K arctang (
x
/
z
)
U
y
= 2.
V
0 /
H
arctang (
x
/
h
)
16. Arctang Profiles
U
y
= 2.
V
0 /
H
arctang (
x
/
h
)
17. Deeping Fault
18. Elastic Dislocation (Okada, 1985)
Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half space, BSSA vol75, n4, 1135-1154, 1985.
The displacement field u
i
(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
)
due to a dislocation A u
j
(
1
,
2
,
3
)
across a surface E in an isotropic
medium is given by :
Where o
jk
is the Kronecker delta,
and are Lams parameters, v
k
is
the direction cosine of the normal to
the surface element dE.
u
i
j
is the i
th
component of the
displacement at (x
1
,x
2
,x
3
) due to the
j
th
direction point force of magnitude
F at (
1
,
2
,
3
)
(1) displacements
For strike-slip For dip-slip For tensile fault
Where :
19. Case : Sagaing Fault Nyanmar
20. Case : Palu Koro Fault
20. Case : Palu Koro Fault (more complex)
21. Case : Sumatra subduction zone
Triyoso, 2005
Natawijaya, 2007
Segmen Mentawai-Pagai belum sepenuhnya terpatahkan ??? !!!
22. Strain rate and rotation rate tensors
2. Compute strain rate and rotation rate tensors
1. Look at station velocity residuals
Velocity mm/yr
Strain =
_______
=
_____
= % / yr
Distance km
Matrix tensor notation : S
i
j
= d(V
i
) / d(x
j
) =
d(V
x
) / d(x) d(V
x
) / d(y)
d(V
y
) / d(x) d(V
y
) / d(y)
Theory says : [S] = [E] + [W]
Symetrical Antisymetrical
Strain rate rotation rate
To asses plate deformation :
[E] has 2 Eigen values : c
1
, c
2
c
1
and c
2
are extension/compression along principal direction defined
by angle u (defined as angle between c
2
direction and north)
[E] =

([S] + [S]
T
) =
E
11
E
12
E
12
E
22
[W] =

([S] - [S]
T
) =
0 W
-W 0
c
1
= E
11
cos
2
u + E
22
sin
2
u 2 E
12
sinu cosu
c
2
= E
11
sin
2
u + E
22
cos
2
u 2 E
12
sinu cosu
Therefore we can compute strain rate and rotation rate within any
polygon, the minimum polygon being a triangle
Minimum requirement to compute strain and rotation rates is :
3 velocities (to allow to determine 3 values c
1
, c
2
, and W)
No deformation compression rotation
Strain and rotations are unsensitive to reference frame
23. Case : Strain & Rotation on GEODYSSEA network
Strains :
extension/compression/strike-slip
Rotations :
Anti-clockwise/clockwise
24. Case : intensity of strain in GEODYSSEA network
25. Case : Strain & Rotation in Nyanmar

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