Kuliah 4 - 5

Audit Responsibilities

2015 FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN 4-1

Topik Bahasan
1 Tanggungjawab atas Laporan Keuangan
Tanggungjawab Auditor Dalam Audit
2
Laporan Keuangan
3 Pemerolehan Keyakinan Memadai

4 Kesalahan Penyajian Material

5 Skeptisme Profesional

6 Kepatuhan Terhadap Peraturan

7 Laporan Auditor

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Tujuan Pembelajaran
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa diharapkan mampu:
1. Membedakan tanggung jawab manajemen atas laporan keuangan
dan tanggung jawab auditor dalam audit atas laporan keuangan;
2. Menjelaskan konsep keyakinan memadai (reasonable assurance)
dan hubungnnya dengan risiko audit;
3. Menjelaskan pengertian kesalahan penyajian material (material
misstatements), jenis kesalahan penyajian dan penyebab terjadinya
kesalahan penyajian;
4. Menjelaskan tanggung jawab auditor dalam mengungkap kesalahan
penyajian material dan perlunya menerapkan skeptisme profesional;
5. Menjelaskan garis besar laporan auditor

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Tanggungjawab atas
Laporan Keuangan Auditan

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Tanggungjawab Manajemen

Laporan keuangan yang diaudit adalah milik entitas, yang

disusun oleh manajemen entitas dengan pengawasan dari
pihak yang bertanggung jawab atas tata kelola.
Manajemen bertanggung jawab menerapkan kebijakan
akuntansi yang tepat, menyelenggarakan pengendalian internal
yang memadai, dan menyusun laporan keuangan yang wajar.
Kesimpulan :
Tanggung jawab atas laporan keuangan terletak pada
manajemen dan pihak yang bertanggung jawab atas tata
kelola.

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Tanggungjawab Manajemen

Standar Audit & peraturan OJK mengharuskan auditor meminta

manajemen membuat pernyataan tertulis yang menegaskan
tanggung jawabnya atas laporan keuangan yang dipublikasikan
(surat pernyataan/representasi manajemen),
The SarbanesOxley Act (USA) requires the CEO and the CFO
of public companies to certify the quarterly and annual
financial statements submitted to the SEC.

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Tanggungjawab Auditor

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Tanggungjawab Auditor

Tujuan keseluruhan auditor dalam audit laporan keuangan :

a) Memperoleh keyakinan memadai tentang apakah laporan
keuangan secara keseluruhan bebas dari kesalahan
penyajian material, baik disebabkan oleh kecurangan (fraud)
maupun kesalahan, dan oleh karena itu memungkinkan
auditor untuk menyatakan suatu opini tentang apakah
laporan keuangan disusun, dalam semua yang material,
sesuai dengan kerangka pelaporan keuangan yang berlaku,
dan
b) Melaporkan atas laporan keuangan & mengomunikasikannya
sebagaimana ditentukan oleh SA berdasarkan temuan audit.
(SA 200)

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Tanggungjawab Auditor

1. Memperoleh keyakinan memadai

2. Mendeteksi kesalahan penyajian
Tanggungjawab 3. Bersikap skeptisme profesional
Auditor 4. Menilai kepatuhan terhadap peraturan
5. Menilai going concern
6. Menerbitkan laporan audit

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Keyakinan Memadai (Reasonable Assurance)

Basis untuk opini auditor

Keyakinan memadai dicapai melalui perolehan bukti audit
yang cukup dan tepat (sufficient appropriate audit evidence)
Keyakinan memadai vs. keyakinan absolut
Dalam audit laporan keuangan, auditor tidak diharapkan
untuk memperoleh keyakinan absolut :
Terdapat keterbatasan inheren dalam audit bukti audit
banyak yang bersifat persuasif, bukan konklusif.
Laporan keuangan memuat estimasi2 yang kompleks.
Fraud dalam laporan keuangan sulit untuk terdeteksi.

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Keyakinan Memadai (Reasonable Assurance)

assurance

Uncertainty
reasonable (audit risk)
assurance

no evidence = Sufficient Evidence = cost

no assurance appropiate
evidence

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Kesalahan Penyajian (Misstatements)

Suatu selisih atas angka, klasifikasi, penyajian, atau

pengungkapan suatu pos laporan keuangan, antara yang
dilaporkan dalam laporan keuangan dengan yang
seharusnya menurut kerangka pelaporan keuangan yang
berlaku.
Penyebab :
Kecurangan (fraud),
Kesalahan (error).

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Kesalahan Penyajian (Misstatements)

Kesalahan Penyajian

Error Fraud
1. Fraudulent Financial
Kesalahan penyajian jumlah
Reporting
atau pengungkapan dalam
laporan keuangan yang
2. Misappropiation of
tidak disengaja.
Assets

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Kesalahan Penyajian (Misstatements)

Fraudulent Financial Reporting

Salah saji atau penghilangan secara sengaja jumlah atau
pengungkapan dalam laporan keuangan untuk mengelabui
pengguna laporan.
Manipulasi, pemalsuan, penggelapan data akuntansi
Representasi yang salah atau dihilangkannya peristiwa,
transaksi, informasi signifikan
Penerapan salah prinsip akuntansi yang disengaja.

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Kesalahan Penyajian (Misstatements)

Misappropiation of Assets
Salah saji yang timbul dari perlakuan tidak semestinya
terhadap aset entitas yang mengakibatkan laporan keuangan
tidak disajikan sesuai kerangka akuntansi keuangan yang
berlaku.
Penggelapan tanda terima barang/uang
Pencurian aset
Tindakan yang menyebabkan entitas harus membayar atas
harga barang yang tidak diterima.

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Kesalahan Penyajian (Misstatements)

Tanggungjawab Auditor
Auditor bertanggungjawab untuk merencanakan dan
melaksanakan audit guna memperoleh keyakinan memadai
bahwa laporan keuangan terbebas dari kesalahan penyajian
material (material misstatement).
Fokus pada pendeteksian kesalahan penyajian material
(risk-based).
Kesalahan penyajian dipandang material jika berpengaruh
terhadap keputusan pengguna
Auditor tidak bertanggung jawab untuk mendeteksi
kesalahan penyajian yang tidak material.

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Kesalahan Penyajian (Misstatements)

Responding to the Risk of Fraud

Risk Assessment
Bersikap professional skepticism,
Menilai risk of material misstatement (RMM) akibat fraud,

Risk Response
Mempertimbangkan risiko tsb didalam merancang auditnya :
Menyesuaikan kemampuan & pengalaman staff audit,
Mempertimbangkan untuk tidak mengandalkan kepada
internal control,
Merancang & melaksanakan prosedur audit untuk
mengidentifikasi risiko fraud.

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Professional Skepticism
Sikap yang mencakup pikiran yang selalu mempertanyakan,
waspada terhadap kondisi yang dapat mengindikasikan
kemungkinan kesalahan penyajian, baik karena kecurangan
maupun kesalahan.
Komponen utama professional scepticism :
1. A questioning mindset
2. A critical assessment of the audit evidence

Sikap skeptisme profesional harus diterapkan baik dalam

perencanaan maupun pelaksanaan audit dan perumusan
kesimpulan (opini).

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Professional Skepticism

Karakteristik skeptisme profesional :

1. Questioning mindset
2. Suspension of judgment
3. Search for knowledge
4. Interpersonal understanding
5. Autonomy
6. Self-esteem

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Ketidakpatuhan Terhadap Peraturan

Tindakan penghilangan atau tindakan kejahatan oleh entitas,

disengaja atau tidak disengaja, yang bertentangan dengan
peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
Dapat mengakibatkan dampak material terhadap laporan
keuangan.
Tidak termasuk kesalahan pribadi (yang tidak berkaitan dengan
aktivitas bisnis entitas) oleh pihak yang bertanggung jawab atas
tata kelola, manajemen, atau karyawan.

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Ketidakpatuhan Terhadap Peraturan

Kategori dampak peraturan perundang-undangan terhadap

laporan keuangan :
1. Ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berdampak
langsung terhadap jumlah & pengungkapan dalam laporan
keuangan
Contoh :
Ketidakpatuhan terhadap UU/peraturan pajak penghasilan
mengakibatkan kesalahan penyajian pada jumlah beban
pajak penghasilan (laporan laba-rugi) dan utang pajak dan
aset/kewajiban pajak tangguhan (laporan posisi keuangan)

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Ketidakpatuhan Terhadap Peraturan

2. Peraturan perundang-undangan lain yang harus dipatuhi

entitas namun tidak berdampak langsung terhadap laporan
keuangan (ketentuan ijin usaha, UU lingkungan hidup,
keselamatan kerja, etc).
Ketidakpatuhan terhadap peraturan tersebut dapat
menimbulkan akibat hukum yang dapat berdampak pada
kemampuan entitas untuk melanjutkan usaha atau dikenai
sangsi berat.
Potensi terjadinya akibat hukum karena ketidakpatuhan
entitas merupakan contingent liability yang harus
diungkapkan dalam laporan keuangan.

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Ketidakpatuhan Terhadap Peraturan

Respons Terhadap Risiko Ketidakpatuhan

Memperoleh pemahaman umum tentang kerangka peraturan
perundang-undangan yang berlaku bagi entitas, & bagaimana
entitas mematuhi kerangka tersebut.
Untuk kategori 1 memperoleh bukti yang cukup & tepat
terkait kepatuhan entitas terhadap peraturan yang berdampak
langsung terhadap laporan keuangan,
Untuk kategori 2 melaksanakan prosedur audit tertentu yang
dapat membantu mengungkapkan ketidak patuhan terhadap
peraturan yang mungkin berdampak material terhadap laporan
keuangan.

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Going Concern
Penyajian yang wajar dari laporan keuangan auditan tidak
menjamin kelangsungan hidup suatu entitas
Standar akuntansi keuangan mengasumsikan bahwa operasi
entitas akan berlanjut tanpa batas waktu
Auditor mempunyai tanggungjawab untuk menilai apakah
terdapat kesangsian besar terhadap kemampuan entitas
dalam mempertahankan kelangsungan hidupnya dalam
periode tidak lebih dari satu tahun kedepan
. Auditor harus mengungkapkannya dalam laporan auditor bila
diyakini terdapat masalah going concern berkaitan dengan
entitas kliennya.

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Audit Report - Overview

The audit report is the culminating step Unmodified

opinion
in the audit process, and expressing an
audit opinion is the auditors overriding
goal.

An opinion cannot be expressed unless the auditor has

obtained reasonable assurance about whether the financial
statements as a whole are free from material misstatement,
whether due to fraud or error.

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Audit Report - Overview

Types of Audit Report

1. Report with Unmodified (Unqualified) Opinion
2. Report with Modified Opinion
a. Report with Qualified Opinion
b. Report with Adverse Opinion
c. Report with Disclaimer of Opinion

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Audit Report - Overview

Audit Report with Unmodified Opinion

The auditor expresses an unmodified opinion when the
auditor concludes that the financial statements are prepared,
in all material respects, in accordance with the applicable
financial reporting framework.

Financial Reporting
Framework

Fair Presentation Compliance

Framework Framework

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Audit Report - Overview

Financial Reporting Framework

General purpose financial statements financial
statements prepared in accordance with a general
purpose framework.
General purpose framework - a financial reporting
framework designed to meet the common financial
information needs of a wide range of users.

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Audit Report - Overview

The applicable financial reporting framework :

1. Fair Presentation Framework
General purpose framework
Example : IFRS, US GAAP, SAK, SAK ETAP, SAP
2. Compliance Framework
Financial statements required by law or regulation

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Audit Report - Overview

Audit Report with Unmodified Opinion

Consists of :
1. Introductory paragraph
Identify the entity whose financial statements have been
audited;
State that the financial statements have been audited;
Identify the title of each statement that comprises the
financial statements;
Refer to the summary of significant accounting policies and
other explanatory information; and
Specify the date or period covered by each financial
statement comprising the financial statements.

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Audit Report - Overview

Audit Report with Unmodified Opinion

2. Managements responsibility for the financial statements.
Describes the responsibilities of those in the organization that
are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements.
3. Auditors Responsibility.
State that the responsibility of the auditor is to express an
opinion on the financial statements based on the audit in
order to contrast it to managements responsibility for the
preparation of the financial statements,
The reference to the standards used conveys to the users of
the auditors report that the audit has been conducted in
accordance with established standards (ISAs/SA)
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Audit Report - Overview

Audit Report with Unmodified Opinion

4. Scope of audit,
5. Auditors Opinion Paragraph
Express an auditors opinion as the conclusion of the audit :
... the financial statements present fairly, in all material
respects, in accordance with [the applicable financial
reporting framework]; or
the financial statements give a true and fair view of in
accordance with [the applicable financial reporting
framework].
6. Signature of the auditor and date of the auditors report

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Audit Report - Overview
Audit Report with Unmodified Opinion
Illustration 1 : Fair Presentation Framework

INDEPENDENT AUDITORS REPORT

[Appropriate Addressee]
(Introduction paragraph)
We have audited the accompanying financial statements of ABC
Company, which comprise the statement of financial position as
at December 31, 20X1, and the statement of comprehensive
income, statement of changes in equity and statement of cash
flows for the year then ended, and a summary of significant
accounting policies and other explanatory information.

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Audit Report - Overview
Audit Report with Unmodified Opinion
Illustration 1 : Fair Presentation Framework
(paragraph 2)
Managements Responsibility for the Financial Statements
Management is responsible for the preparation and fair
presentation of these financial statements in accordance with
International Financial Reporting Standards, and for such
internal control as management determines is necessary to
enable the preparation of financial statements that are free
from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

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Audit Report - Overview
Audit Report with Unmodified Opinion
Illustration 1 : Fair Presentation Framework
(paragraph 3)
Auditors Responsibility
Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial
statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in
accordance with International Standards on Auditing. Those
standards require that we comply with ethical requirements and
plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance
about whether the financial statements are free from material
misstatement.

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Audit Report - Overview
Audit Report with Unmodified Opinion
Illustration 1 : Fair Presentation Framework
(paragraph 4 audit scope)
An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence
about the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements.
The procedures selected depend on the auditors judgment,
including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of
the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In
making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal
control relevant to the entitys preparation and fair presentation
of the financial statements in order to design audit procedures
that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the
purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the
entitys internal control.

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Audit Report - Overview
Audit Report with Unmodified Opinion
Illustration 1 : Fair Presentation Framework
(paragraph 4 cont)
An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of
accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting
estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the
overall presentation of the financial statements.
We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient
and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.

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Audit Report - Overview
Audit Report with Unmodified Opinion
Illustration 1 : Fair Presentation Framework
(par 5 - conclusion)
Opinion
In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all
material respects, the financial position of ABC Company as at
December 31, 20X1, and (of) its financial performance and its
cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with
International Financial Reporting Standards.
[Auditors signature]
[Date of the auditors report]
[Auditors address]

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Audit Report - Overview
Audit Report with Unmodified Opinion
Illustration 2 : Compliance Framework
(paragraph 2)
Managements Responsibility for the Financial Statements
Management is responsible for the preparation of these
financial statements in accordance with XYZ Law of
Jurisdiction X, and for such internal control as management
determines is necessary to enable the preparation of financial
statements that are free from material misstatement, whether
due to fraud or error.

Note:
Introduction , 3rd & 4th same as stated in fair presentation framework)

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Audit Report - Overview
Audit Report with Unmodified Opinion
Illustration 2 : Compliance Framework

(par 5 - conclusion)
Opinion
In our opinion, the financial statements of ABC Company
for the year ended December 31, 20X1 are prepared, in
all material respects, in accordance with XYZ Law of
Jurisdiction X.
[Auditors signature]
[Date of the auditors report]
[Auditors address]
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Audit Report - Overview

Circumtances When Modification of the Auditors

Opinion is Required
1. The auditor concludes that, based on the audit
evidence obtained, the financial statements as a
whole are not free from material misstatement;
OR
2. The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient
appropriate audit evidence to conclude that the
financial statements as a whole are free from
material misstatement.

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Audit Report - Overview

Types of Modified Opinion

1. Report with qualified opinion

2. Report with adverse opinion
3. Report with disclaimer of opinion

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Audit Report - Overview

Qualified Opinion
The auditor shall express a qualified opinion when:
a. The auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit
evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or in
the aggregate, are material, but not pervasive, to the
financial statements;
Or
b. The auditor is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit
evidence on which to base the opinion, but the auditor
concludes that the possible effects on the financial
statements of undetected misstatements, if any, could be
material but not pervasive.

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Audit Report - Overview

Adverse Opinion
The auditor shall express an adverse opinion when the
auditor, having obtained sufficient appropriate audit
evidence, concludes that misstatements, individually or
in the aggregate, are both material and pervasive to the
financial statements

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Audit Report - Overview

Disclaimer of Opinion
The auditor
is unable to obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence
on which to base the opinion
concludes that the possible effects on the financial
statements of undetected misstatements, if any, could
be both material and pervasive.
concludes that it is not possible to form an opinion on
the financial statements due to the potential interaction
of the uncertainties and their possible cumulative effect
on the financial statements.

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Audit Report - Overview

Auditor Opinion and Materiality

Auditors Judgment about the
Pervasiveness of the Effects or
Possible Effects on the
Financial Statements
Nature of Matter Giving Material but Material and
Rise to the Modification Not Pervasive Pervasive
Financial statements are Qualified Adverse
materially misstated opinion opinion
Inability to obtain
Qualified Disclaimer of
sufficient appropriate
opinion opinion
audit evidence

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End

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