ENDAPAN MINERAL BIJIH: KLASIFIKASI, GENESA, MODEL ENDAPAN SERTA

ASOSIASI MINERAL DAN KOMPOSISI KIMIANYA

ENDAPAN VMS
ENDAPAN SEDEX dan MVT
(Major Pb-Zn-Cu Suppliers)

MATA-KULIAH
Permodelan Sumberdaya Mineral
(2 SKS)

Arifudin Idrus
Program Studi Magister Teknik Pertambangan
Program Pascasarjana
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional (UPN) Veteran
Yogyakarta

Stolberg, Germany, 2005

 RUANG LNGKUP BAHASAN

Pengantar

Metalogenesis: pembentukan endapan logam

Klasifikasi endapan mineral bijih

Endapan magmatik (kromit, nikel dan PGM)

Endapan hidrotermal I: epitermal dan porfiri

Endapan hidrotermal II: skarn dan mesotermal

Endapan hidrotermal III: VMS

Endapan SEDEX dan MVT

Endapan residual (kimiawi)

Endapan sedimenter (placer)

Evaluasi: Tugas dan ujian

KLASIFIKASI ENDAPAN BIJIH
Endapan bijih magmatik-hidrotermal
Endapan liquid magmatik (Cr pada ofiolit atau intrusi berlapis dengan
produk sampingan Pt, Fe/Ti dan Ni)
Pegmatit (Sn, Nb/Ta, Li, Be, etc).
Endapan hidrotermal: Cyprus-type (VMS); skarn (W, Sn, Cu, etc), porfiri
(Cu, Mo, Sn, etc); endapan urat (Sn, W, U); endapan epitermal Au-Ag; BIF
(Algoma type)

Endapan hidrotermal-metamorfik
Urat kuarsa pada batuan metamorf (Au) atau lode gold.

Endapan hidrotermal-diagenetik
Tipe Kupferschiefer (Cu, Pb, Zn) SEDEX
Tipe Mississippi (MVT): Pb-Zn-Ba-F pada karbonat laut

Endapan hasil pelapukan (kimia)

Endapan sisa: bauksit dan Fe-laterit
Sisa pelarutan: endapan Ni dan Au laterit; pengkayaan Mn, Fe, Cu, Ag

Endapan bijih sedimenter (mekanik)

Endapan placer aluvial dan laut (Au, Sn, Ti, REE)
ENDAPAN SULFIDA MASIF VOLKANIGENIK
(VOLCANIGENIC MASSIVE SULPHIDES)
 Terminologi
Massive Sulphide deposits ada 2:
1. Volcanic-dominated marine succession
= Volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits
Mineral deposits formed from mid-ocean ridge
volcanism

2. Pelites Semipelites (shale-hosted)

= Sedimentary Exhalative (SEDEX) deposit

VMS & SEDEX are major suppliers for Cu and Pb-Zn,

w/ by product Au & Ag
VMS
Klasifikasi VMS
Tectonic setting VMS
Mineralogy

Main minerals: Pyrite, Pyrrhotite, Sphalerite,

Galena, Chalcopyrite, Chalcosite, Bornite

Minor minerals: Arsenopyrite, Tetrahedrite,

Tennantite

Gangue: Quartz, Carbonates, Chlorite,

Sericite
 Arsitektur endapan VMS

Endapan ini mengandung lensa konkordan dari

sulfida masif, yang tersusun atas 60% atau lebih
mineral sulfida.

Secara stratigrafi ditutupi oleh stokwork diskordan

dari urat-urat mineralisasi sulfida yang terdapat
pada batuan yang mengalami alterasi hidrotermal.

Kontak bagian atas dari lensa sulfida masif dengan

batuan batuan samping biasanya tajam, tetapi
pada bagian bawah biasanya gradasional.
 Arsitektur endapan

Pada endapan VMS (seperti tipe Kuroko), logam-logam dasar (base

metals), e.g. Cu, Zn dan Pb akan membentuk zonasi-zonasi tertentu.
Alterasi hidrotermal
Model tipe kuroko
Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh
Model pembentukan
Tahapan pembentukan
Proses akumulasi sulfida
Sumber logam
VMS in Indonesia (e.g. P. Wetar)
Kali Kuning, P. Wetar
 Evolution of the Wetar deposits

ENDAPAN SEDIMENTARY
EXHALATIVE (SEDEX)

The Wetar deposits initiated as typical volcanogenic massive sulfides with

a zoned footwall alteration predominantly propylitic to argillic in
character (Kuroko like).
The barite deposits originate as a peripheral vent system, with fluids circulating
through the sulfide mound and undergoing significant mixing of seawater. As the
system evolves conductively cooled hydrothermal fluids circulate beneath the
massive sulfide mound generating the alteration and reflecting the passage of more
oxidized and acidic fluids. This results in the argillic to advanced argillic alteration
observed. This is also the major Au-precipitation phase.
The sulfide and barite system is preserved beneath limestones and lahars,
prior to exhumation from the ocean floor, due to continued collision of the
Australian continental margin and the Outer Banda Arc
ENDAPAN SEDIMENTARY
EXHALATIVE (SEDEX)
 What are SEDEX Deposits?

Sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) is a type of

massive sulphide deposit associated with
sedimentary rocks

SEDEX deposits consist of layers of massive

sulphide (a rock composed of at least 60% sulphide
minerals) interbedded with layers of sedimentary
rock.

The term "sedimentary exhalative" reflects the

current thinking that the massive sulphides
precipitated from hydrothermal fluids exhaled or
vented on to the seafloor.
 What are SEDEX Deposits?

Generally tabular bodies composed of Zn, Pb and

Ag (Sph, Gal); barite may be common gangue

Contain 50-60% of worlds reserves of these metals

in a few very large deposits (e.g., Red Dog, Broken
Hill, Mt. Isa)

Zn-Pb sulphides occur interbedded with iron

sulphides and seafloor sedimentary rocks

Mineralization formed from venting of metal-

bearing hydrothermal fluids into reduced
sedimentary basins in continental rifts

Fluids are saline (20-30 wt.% NaCl equiv.) and high

T (>200-250C)
 ENDAPAN SEDEX

Some of the worlds most important ores of lead,

zinc, and copper occur in sedimentary rock;

The ore mineralsgalena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite,

and pyriteoccur in such regular, fine layers that
they look like sediments.

The sulfide mineral layers are enclosed by and

parallel to the sedimentary strata in which they
occur.
For this reason, they are also called stratabound
mineral deposits.
TEKTONIK VS MINERALISASI
SEDEX (e.g. Sullivan, Canada)
 ENDAPAN SEDEX

Sulphide mineral layers are enclosed by and parallel to the

sedimentary strata.
SEDEX Dairi Project-Sopokomil
Anjing Hitam prospect
 SEDEX Sokopomil resources
Zone Resource Tonnes Zinc Lead Zinc Silver
Category (millions) (%) (%) Equiv. (g/t)
(%)
Anjing Hitam Measured 7.1 16.6 10.2 22.4 13
JSZ &
Indicated
Anjing Hitam Inferred 0.9 9.8 5.6 12.9 10
JSZ
Basecamp JSZ Inferred 0.8 7.2 4.3 9.6 5
Lae Jehe JSZ Inferred 8.2 7.7 4.1 9.9 6

JMVT Inferred 7.3 3.1 0.3 3.3 9

JVT Inferred 0.9 1.0 1.7 2.3 75

 ENDAPAN MVT
(MISSISSIPPI VALLEY-TYPE)
 ENDAPAN MVT
Endapan MVT adalah endapan Pb-Zn yang terbentuk
dalam batuan karbonat (umumnya dolomit) pada T
dan P yang relatif rendah.

Fluida bergerak dalam cekungan sedimen, baik

selama pembentukan maupun setelah pembentukan
cekungan, yang dipacu oleh hydrostatic gradients
yang dipengaruhi oleh kompaksi, thermal gradients
(25OC/km), topographic relief, deformation dan
sebagainya. Kondisi ini mampu mentransport dan
mendeposisi logam-logam dasar.

Locations: East and central Tennessee, Southeast

Missouri, Tri-state area (Missouri, Oklahoma dan
Kansas) dan Wisconsin (Upper Mississippi River
Valley)
MVT-DEPOSITS
GEOLOGIC SETTING
Carbonate rocks mainly dolomite

OCCURRENCES
Sedimentary basins of Proterozoic (ca. 2500 Ma)
to Cretaceous (ca. 150 Ma) age

DEPOSITS ARE FOUND

At or near the edges of basins (in breccia or karst structures

In platform carbonates or fold and thrust belts

In district of hundres of square kilometres

Host carbonates are unmetamorphosed

No local igneous activity

MINERALOGY
Galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and/or marcasite
Very minor chalcopyrite

DEPOSIT SIZE
Generally > 20 Mio tonnes at 4% Zn and 1% Pb
MVT (Mississippi Valley-Type)
METAL TRANSPORT AND ORE DEPOSITION
Pb and Zn saline brines (5-10 times salinity of seawater, 3.5%
equi. NaCl) mixed with hydrocarbons (bitumen, petroleum)

TEMPERATURES: low T (80-200OC), low pressure (<500 brs)

ORIGIN OF METALS AND FLUIDS:

METALS: Leached from shales and/or evaporites

FLUIDS: From in- and outside the basin (orogeny/gravity

drive), complex mixtures of seawater and meteoric water
modified by rock-water interaction within the basin.

DEPOSITION: pH change, cooling, dilution, etc.

STRUCTURAL TRAP
Solution and collapse of carbonates (breccia and karst
features) and faulting.

STRATIGRAPHIC CONTROL
Flanks of large, deep basins, dolomitized sequences,
carbonaceous matter