DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ..................................................................................... i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .......................................................................... ii
KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................... iii
DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................. v
DAFTAR GAMBAR ..................................................................................... x
DAFTAR TABEL ......................................................................................... xiii

BAB I RESERVOIR
1.1. Karakteristik Batuan Reservoir ............................................ 1
1.1.1. Komposisi Kimia Batuan Reservoir ............................. 2
1.1.2. Sifat Fisik Batuan Reservoir ......................................... 2
1.2. Karakteristik Fluida Reservoir ............................................... 12
1.2.1 Komposisi Kimia Fluida Reservoir .............................. 12
1.2.1.1. Komposisi Kimia Hidrokarbon ...................... 12
1.2.1.2. Komposisi Kimia Non-Hidrokarbon .............. 14
1.2.1.3. Komposisi Kimia Air Formasi ....................... 15
1.2.2 Sifat Fisik Fluida Reservoir .......................................... 15
1.2.2.1. Sifat Fisik Minyak .......................................... 16
1.2.2.2. Sifat Fisik Gas ................................................ 21
1.2.2.3. Sifat Fisik Air Formasi ................................... 25
1.3. Kondisi Reservoir ................................................................. 26
1.3.1. Tekanan Reservoir ........................................................ 27
1.3.1.1. Tekanan Hidrostatis ........................................ 28
1.3.1.2. Tekanan Overburden ...................................... 29
1.3.1.3. Tekanan Rekah ............................................... 30
1.3.1.4. Tekanan Normal ............................................. 30
1.3.1.5. Tekanan Subnormal ........................................ 31

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 1.3.1.6. Tekanan Abnormal ......................................... 31
1.3.2. Temperatur Reservoir ................................................... 31
1.4. Jenis-jenis Reservoir ............................................................. 32
1.4.1. Berdasarkan Perangakap Reservoir .............................. 33
1.4.1.1. Perangkap Struktur ......................................... 33
1.4.1.2. Perangakap Stratigrafi .................................... 33
1.4.1.3. Perangakap Kombinasi ................................... 34
1.4.2. Berdasarkan Fasa Fluida Hidrokarbon ......................... 34
1.4.2.1. Reservoir Minyak ........................................... 36
1.4.2.2. Reservoir Kondensat ...................................... 40
1.4.2.3. Reservoir Gas ................................................. 42
1.4.3. Berdasarkan Mekanisme Pendorong ............................ 45
1.4.3.1. Water Drive Reservoir .................................... 45
1.4.3.2. Gas Cap Drive Reservoir ................................ 47
1.4.3.3. Solution Gas Drive Reservoir ......................... 49
1.4.3.4. Sergregation Drive Reservoir ......................... 51
1.4.3.5. Combination Drive Reservoir......................... 53
1.5. Penentuan Cadangan ............................................................. 55
1.5.1. Metoda Volumetrik ....................................................... 57
1.5.2. Metode Material Balance .............................................. 59
1.5.3. Metoda Decline Curve .................................................. 60
1.5.4. Simulasi Reservoir ........................................................ 61
1.6. Uji Sumur ............................................................................... 69

BAB II TEKNIK PEMBORAN

2.1. Teknik Pemboran .................................................................. 72
2.1.1. Tujuan Pemboran ......................................................... 72
2.1.2. Rig Pemboran .............................................................. 73
2.2. Sistem Peralatan Pemboran ................................................... 77
2.2.1. Sistem Angkat ............................................................... 77
2.2.2. Sistem Putar ................................................................. 78
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 2.2.3. Sistem Sirkulasi ........................................................... 80
2.2.4. Sistem Pencegahan Semburan Liar .............................. 82
2.2.5. Sistem Tenaga............................................................... 84
2.3. Lumpur Pemboran .................................................................. 84
2.3.1. Fungsi Lumpur Pemboran ........................................... 84
2.3.2. Jenis-Jenis Lumpur Pemboran ..................................... 85
2.3.3. Sifat Fisik Lumpur Pemboran ....................................... 88
2.3.4. Komposisi Lumpur Pemboran ..................................... 93
2.4. Well Control .......................................................................... 95
2.4.1. Sebab Terjadinya Kick ................................................ 95
2.4.2. Indikasi Adanya Kick .................................................. 97
2.4.3. Metode Penanggulangan Well Kick ............................ 98
2.5. Casing ................................................................................... 100
2.5.1. Fungsi Casing .............................................................. 100
2.5.2. Klasifikasi Casing ........................................................ 101
2.6. Semen Pemboran ................................................................... 102
2.6.1. Funsi Penyemenan ....................................................... 102
2.6.2. Macam-macam Penyemenan ....................................... 103
2.6.3. Klasifikasi Semen Pemboran ....................................... 105
2.6.4. Komposisi dan Pembuatan Semen ............................... 106
2.6.5. Sifat Fisik Semen Pemboran ........................................ 112
2.6.6. Additif Penyemenan .................................................... 115
2.7. Masalah-masalah Pemboran ................................................. 118
2.7.1. Shale Problem .............................................................. 118
2.7.2. Pipa Terjepit (Pipe Stuck) ............................................ 120
2.7.3. Lost Circulation ............................................................ 124

BAB III TEKNIK PRODUKSI

3.1. Inflow Performance Relationship .......................................... 127
3.1.1. Productivity Index ........................................................ 127
3.1.2. Inflow Performance Relationship ................................. 128
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 3.1.3. Peramalan Inflow Performance Relationship ............... 134
3.1.4. Inflow Performance Gas ............................................... 135
3.2. Aliran Multifasa pada Pipa..................................................... 136
3.3. Sistem Analisa Nodal ............................................................. 136
3.4. Permasalahan Produksi .......................................................... 138
3.5. Metode Produksi .................................................................... 142
3.5.1 Sembur Alam (Natural Flow) ....................................... 142
3.5.1.1. Peralatan Sembur Alam .................................. 143
3.5.2 Metoda Sembur Buatan ................................................ 145
3.5.2.1. Gas Lift ........................................................... 145
3.5.2.2. Pompa Sucker Rod ......................................... 151
3.5.2.3. Electrick Submersible Pump (ESP) ................ 157
3.6. Definisi dan Konsep Dasar EOR ........................................... 163
3.6.1 Faktor Utama Yang Mempengaruhi Efektivitas EOR .. 165
3.6.2 Efisiensi Pendesakan .................................................... 165
3.6.3 Pola Sumur Injeksi-Produksi ........................................ 168
3.6.4 Metode-metode Enhnaced Oil Recovery (EOR) .......... 170
3.6.4.1.Injeksi Tak Tercampur (Immiscible Flood) ...... 170
3.6.4.2.Injeksi Tercampur (Miscible Flood) ................. 172
3.6.4.3.Thermal Flood ................................................... 175
3.6.4.4.Chemical Flood ................................................. 180

BAB IV PENILAIAN FORMASI

4.1 Tujuan Penilaian Formasi ...................................................... 186
4.2 Metode Penilaian Formasi ..................................................... 186
4.2.1 Mud Logging ................................................................ 187
4.2.2 Corring .......................................................................... 188
4.2.3 Measurement While Drilling (MWD) .......................... 188
4.2.4 Testing .......................................................................... 188
4.3 Logging .................................................................................. 189
4.3.1 Alat Logging ................................................................. 189
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 4.3.1.1. Jenis Log Listrik atau Elektrik ....................... 190
4.3.1.2. Jenis Log Radioaktif ....................................... 192
4.3.1.3. Log Akustik atau Sonic Log ........................... 194
4.3.1.4. Caliper Log ..................................................... 195
4.3.2 Penentuan Volume Shale (Vsh) .................................... 195
4.3.3 Penentuan Saturasi Air (Sw)......................................... 195
4.3.3.1. Metode Archie ................................................ 195
4.3.3.2. Metode Simandonx ......................................... 196
4.3.3.3. Metode Indonesia ........................................... 197
4.3.4. Ketebalan Formasi ........................................................ 197
4.3.5. Perhitungan Cadangan Minyak Secara Volumetrik ..... 198

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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