1.

      Narrative
Teks Narrative adalah teks yang berisi tentang cerita hayalan, dongeng, ataupun kisah nyata
yang telah dilebih-lebihkan. Biasanya ada nilai moral yang bisa dipetik di akhir cerita.
Contoh narrative text bisa berupa cerita rakyat, cerita binatang, legenda, mitos, cerita pendek,
komik, cerita kartun, dan lain-lain. Tujuan dari narrative text adalah untuk menghibur
pembaca. Struktur dari narrative text
umumnya ada 3 yaitu

1)      Orientation: berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat, dan waktu. Orientation berada di awal cerita.
2)      Complication: sebuah masalah yang diangkat yang diikuti oleh masalah-masalah lain.
Complication berada di pertengahan cerita.
3)      Resolution: solusi/pemecahan dari masalah. Solusi berada di akhir cerita.

Struktur di atas merupakan struktur dasar dari teks narrative yang umumnya di pakai.
Serdangkan bentuk atau struktur yang lainnya bisa berbentuk:
1)      Orientation
2)      Complication
3)      Evaluation:
4)      Resolution atau juga biasa disebut solution
5)      Reorientation: penutup dari cerita
6)      Coda: perubahan yang terjadi pada tokoh dan pelajaran yang bisa dipetik dari cerita.
Juga kadang terdapat alur cerita yang pelik dan rumit, sehingga struktur ceritanya bisa
berbentuk:
Orientation à Major Complication à Resolution à Complication à Major Complication
Teks narrative menggunakan PAST TENSE.

Macam-Macam Narative Text:

A. Myth
  Myths terdiri cerita yang mencoba untuk menjelaskan bagaimana dunia kita bekerja dan
bagaimana kita
   harus memperlakukan setiap cerita. Biasanya diatur dalam waktu lama, sebelum sejarah seperti
yang kita
tahu itu ditulis.Dalam mitos lain, dewa atau "makhluk super" menggunakan kekuasaan mereka
untuk
membuat peristiwa. Atau cerita petualangan dewa, dewi, pria dan wanita. Mitos-mitos
menggambarkan hal-hal besar yang terjadi pada masyarakat dan pilihan yang mereka buat.

Example:
-          The Myth Of Malin Kundang

B. Legends
Legends juga cerita yang telah dibuat, tetapi mereka berbeda dengan mitos. mitos menjawab
pertanyaan tentang cara kerja alam, dan diatur dalam waktu panjang yang lalu, sebelum sejarah
ditulis.
   Legenda tentang orang-orang dan tindakan atau perbuatan. Orang-orang hidup di zaman yang
lebih baru
dan disebutkan dalam sejarah. Cerita disampaikan untuk tujuan dan didasarkan pada fakta-fakta,
tetapi
mereka tidak benar-benar ada.
 Example:
-          Story Of Lake Tobe

C. Fables
Fables adalah tentang binatang yang bisa berbicara dan bertindak seperti orang, atau tanaman
atau
kekuatan alam seperti petir atau angin.
Tanaman mungkin dapat bergerak dan juga berbicara dan kekuatan alam menyebabkan hal-hal
terjadi
dalam cerita karena kekuatan mereka.

Example:
-          THE WOLF AND THE HOUSE DOG

D. Fairy Tales
Fairy tales adalah cerita yang ditulis khusus untuk anak-anak, sering tentang karakter ajaib
seperti elf, peri, goblin dan raksasa. Kadang-kadang karakter binatang.

Example:
-          Snow White And The Seven Dwarf

2.      Recount
Recount merupakan jenis teks yang melaporkan peristiwa, kejadian, atau kegiatan yang
menimpa seseorang, atau berupa pengalaman seseorang. Contohnya bisa berupa diari ataupun
biografi seseorang. Tujuan dari recount dalah untuk menceritakan apa yang terjadi pada masa
lampau  sesuai dengan urutan waktu. Struktur teks recount, yaitu:
1)      Orientation: berisi tokoh/pelaku, tempat, dan waktu.
2)      Events: menceritakan apa yang terjadi di masa lampau sesuai rangkaian kejadian/peristiwa.

Struktur di atas merupakan struktur dasar dari teks recount yang umumnya di pakai.
Sedangkan untuk bentuk atau struktur teks recopunt yang berupa pengalaman pribadi diri
sendiri bisa berbentuk:
1)      Orientation
2)      Events
3)      Evaluation: komentar dari si penulis/pembicara mengenai pengalaman yang dia rasakan.
4)      Re-orientaton: kesimpulan dari pengalaman yang dirasakan.
Teks recount menggunakan PAST TENSE.

Example:

My Holiday Was Fantastic

Last summer I got a fantastic holiday. I visited some great places.
 I Went to an airport and was going to fly to Cleveland. I was spending there two days. I liked to see
some
Cleveland Cavaliers basketball matches.
Then I went to Hollywood. Hollywood is a famous district in Los Angeles, California, United States.
It had
become world-famous as the center of the film industry. Four major film companies – Paramount,
Warner Bros.,
RKO and Columbia – had studios in Hollywood. I did not want to leave but I had to.
After that, I went to New York city. I visited the Statue of Liberty. I went from the bottom of
Manhattan to the top
of the crown. That was very amazing.
The places made me feel at home but I have to go home. Next time I would return to them.

3.      Descriptive
Teks descriptive merupakan teks yang bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan sesuatu yang
spesifik/khusus: seseorang, binatang, suatu benda, suatu tempat. Struktur dari teks
descriptive, yaitu:
1)      Identification:
a.  Berisi nama, pekerjaan, profesi, dan karir (jika objeknya seseorang)
b. Berisi nama dari tempat yang akan dideskripsikan (jika objeknya suatu tempat)
2)      Description:
a. Berisi keterangan dari ciri-ciri fisik, cara dia/orang yang dideskribsikan berpakaian,
kepribadian si objek. (untuk objek orang)
b. Berisi kualitas, bagian-bagian, dan karakteristik/ciri-ciri. (untuk objek tempat atau benda)
Teks descriptive menggunakan PRESENT TENSE.

Example:

Borobudur Temple
Borobudur is Hindu - Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra
dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java,
Indonesia.

Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta
architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step
like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with
Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of
bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of
the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways.
The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at
Angkor, Cambodia.

4.      Report
Report juga disebut sebagai laporan hasil pengamatan. Report mendeskribsikan atau memberi
informasi tentang sesuatu berdasarkan fakta, hal ini bebeda dengan teks deskripsi yang
biasanya berisi pandangan/opini si penulis. Report mendiskripsikan sesuatu secara umum,
sementara teks descriptive mendiskripsikan sesuatu secara khusus. Contoh ketika contoh: ada
dua teks tentang komputer yitu “Computer” dan “My Own Computer”. Dari dua teks itu tentu
berbeda “Computer”: umum/report, sementara “My Own Computer: khusus 1
komputer/descriptive.
Struktur dari teks report, yaitu:
1)      General classification: berisi keterangan objek yang akan dideskripsikan dan
klassifikasinya
2)      Description: menjelaskan bagian-bagian , sifat-sifat, kebiasaan.
Teks descriptive menggunakan PRESENT TENSE.
Example:

Platypus
Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like duckbill. Platypus is a
native Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia.

Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45cm and covered with a
thick, and
woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and stirring up mud. Platypus' eyes and head are
small. It has no ears but has ability to sense sound and light.

Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. Female platypus usually dig burrows in the
streams or river banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from intruders and
flooding. In the other hand, male platypus does not need any burrow to stay.

5.      Procedure
Jadi, teks procedure merupakan teks yang berisi serangkaian instruksi atau petunjuk untuk
membantu kita melakukan sesuatu.
Struktur teks procedure, yaitu:
1)      Goal: tujuan.
2)      Materials: bahan-bahan, alat, perlengkapan/peralatan.
3)      Steps: langkah-langkah untu menjapai tujuan dari teks procedure.

Example:

How to Make Tomato Soup

To make a bowl of tomato soup, you must prepare all ingredients below:

 4 large tomatoes
 spices
 1 small onion
 ½ teaspoon of salt
 8 cups of water
 ¼ teaspoon of pepper
 small clove garlic
  ¼ teaspoon of butter

Here are the steps to make a bowl of tomato soup:

1. Cut tomatoes, onions, and garlic into small pieces.

2. Fry them in a pan with butter for five minutes.
3. Add water, spices, salt and pepper.
4. Heat until the water boils.
5. Turn down the heat and cover with lid. Cook gently for one hour.
6. Spoof
Disebutkan dalam Cambridge Advance Learner's Dictionary Online, ada dua makna spoof.
Pertama, sebagai kata benda, spoof bermakna, "a funny and silly piece of writing, music,
theatre, etc. that copies the style of an original work". Sedang kedua, spoof sebagai kata
kerja, bermakna, "to try to make someone believe in something that is not true, as a joke."
Dari kedua arti spoof di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengertian spoof text adalah sebuah
teks yang berisi tentang humor meski sebagian teksnya sudah dimodifikasi dari aslinya.
Generic Structure (Susunan umum) dalam spoof text adalah :

1. Orientation, berisi pengenalan tokoh, latar, setting dll.

2. Events, berisi peristiwa atau kejadian
3. Twist, ending cerita (akhir cerita yang dianggap lucu, kadang tidak terduga)

Example:
Joe's Mother got angry because her son got a low mark on English test.
"Why did you get such a low mark on that test?" Asked mother angrily. Asked by his angry
mother,Joe just kept silent and went out.
A few moment, Joe came back home and met his mother again. His mother asked the same
question.
Joe answered steadily, "Because of absence."
"You mean you were absent on the day of the test?" Mother wondered.
Joe replied, "No, but the kid who sits next to me was."

7. News Item
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered
newsworthy or important. (News item adalah teks yang memberikan informasi tentang
kejadian / peristiwa harian. Peristiwa harian ini dianggap pantas dijadikan berita atau [bisa
dibilang] penting).
Ada tiga susunan umum dalam menulis news item, berikut adalah generic structure dari News
item :

1. Main Events : Kejadian utama yang pantas dijadikan berita.

2. Elaboration : Penjelasan mengenai latar belakang adanya peristiwa tersebut; orang-
orang yang terlibat dalam peristiwa tersebut; tempat peristiwa terjadi; dan lain-lain..
3. Resource of Information [Source] : Sumber berita; komentar para saksi; pendapat para
ahli; dan lain-lain.

Banyak sekali ciri umum news item text; ciri paling menonjol adalah bahasanya singkat padat
dan tidak bertele-tele. Beberapa lagi diantaranya :

1. Sering menggunakan action verbs

2. Dominan menggunakan saying verbs
3. Banyak menggunakan adverb of time, adverb of place, adverb of manner.

Example:
Alyssa Diva Mustika, a student from Pamekasan Junior High School, East Java, won the gold
medal at the International Mathematics Contest held in Romania between March 22 to 29,
Antara news agency reported. Speaking to journalists, Diva said she was glad that she had
been able to win the competition, which she said had been very tight. “Thank God I won. I
will study harder,” she said.
Indonesia sent 10 students to the competition in Romania. Diva is not the first Pamekasan
student to win an international science competition. Oktavian Latief, a student from SMA
Negeri 1 Pamekasan won gold at the International Physics Olympiad in 2006. Another
student, Shohibul Maromi, won the same award in 2010.

8. Short Functional
Pengertian Short Functional Text adalah sebuah teks pendek yang berfungsi untuk
menyampaikan sebuah informasi tertentu. Karena bentuknya yang pendek maka disebut
Short Functional Text.

Example:

ANNOUNCEMENT
The Students' Association holds a student gathering for students of grade VII on August 15 at
the hall. Please all students come. For more information, contact Rudy at the Students'
Association office. Students Association
1.      Narative
Social Function : To amuse, entertain, and to deal with actual or vicarious experiences in
different ways.

Generic Structure:
1)      Orientation
2)      Complication
3)      Resolution
4)      Evaluation
5)      Reorientation

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features:

1)      A focus on specific usually individualized participants
2)      The use of Simple Past
3)      The use of temporal conjunction
4)      The use of noun phrases

example of Narrative text

CINDERELLA
Once upon a time, there was a young girl named Cinderella. She lived with her step mother
and two step sisters.The step mother and sisters were conceited and bad tempered. They
treated Cinderella very badly. Her step mother made Cinderella do the hardest works in the
house; such as scrubbing the floor, cleaning the pot and pan and preparing the food for the
family. The two step sisters, on the other hand, did not work about the house. Their mother
gave them many handsome dresses to wear.

One day, the two step sister received an invitation to the ball that the king’s son was going to
give at the palace. They were excited about this and spent so much time choosing the dresses
they would wear. At last, the day of the ball came, and away went the sisters to it. Cinderella
could not help crying after they had left. “Why are crying, Cinderella?” a voice asked. She
looked up and saw her fairy godmother standing beside her, “because I want so much to go to
the ball” said Cinderella. “Well” said the godmother,”you’ve been such a cheerful,
hardworking, uncomplaining girl that I am going to see that you do go to the ball”.
Magically, the fairy godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and mice into a
coachman and two footmen. Her godmother tapped Cinderella’s raged dress with her wand,
and it became a beautiful ball gown. Then she gave her a pair of pretty glass slippers. “Now,
Cinderella”, she said; “You must leave before midnight”. Then away she drove in her
beautiful coach.Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again
with the king’s son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve, she ran toward the door as
quickly as she could. In her hurry, one of her glass slipper was left behind.A few days later,
the king’ son proclaimed that he would marry the girl whose feet fitted the glass slipper. Her
step sisters tried on the slipper but it was too small for them, no matter how hard they
squeezed their toes into it. In the end, the king’s page let Cinderella try on the slipper. She
stuck out her foot and the page slipped the slipper on. It fitted perfectly.

Finally, she was driven to the palace. The king’s son was overjoyed to see her again. They
were married and live happily ever after.

2.      Descriptive
Social Function : To describe a particular person, place, or thing.

Generic Structure :
1)      Identification
2)      Description

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :

1)      The use Simple Present Tense
2)      Focus on Specific Participant

Example Of Descriptive Text

Borobudur Temple
Borobudur is Hindu – Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra
dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java,
Indonesia.

Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta
architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step
like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with
Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular.

Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice ir crowned by a large
stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through
some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the
structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.

Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable

treasure for Indonesian people.

3.      Recount
Social Function : To tell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

Generic Structure :
1)      Orientation
2)      Events
3)      Reorientation

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :

1)      Use of past tense
2)      Focus on temporal sequence
3)      Noun and Noun phrases

Example Of Recount Text

Mr. Richard’s family was on vacation. They are Mr. and Mrs. Richard with two sons. They
went to London. They saw their travel agent and booked their tickets. They went to the
British Embassy to get visas to enter Britain. They had booked fourteen days tour. This
includes travel and accommodation. They also included tours around London

They boarded a large Boeing flight. The flight was nearly fourteen hours. On the plane the
cabin crews were very friendly. They gave them news paper and magazine to read. They gave
them food and drink. There was a film for their entertainment. They had a very pleasant
flight. They slept part of the way.

On arrival at Heathrow Airport, they had to go to Customs and Immigration. The officers
were pleasant. They checked the document carefully but their manners were very polite. Mr.
Richard and his family collected their bags and went to London Welcome Desk. They
arranged the transfer to a hotel.

The hotel was a well-known four-star hotel. The room had perfect view of the park. The room
had its own bathroom and toilet. Instead of keys for the room, they inserted a key-card to
open the door. On the third floor, there was a restaurant serving Asian and European food.
They had variety of food.

4.      Report
Social Function : To describe the way things are with reference to a range of natural, man-
made and social phenomenon in our environment.

Generic Structure :
1)      General Classification
2)      Description

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :

1)      Focus on generic participants
2)      Use of Present Tense

Example Of Report Text

KOMODO DRAGON

Do you know what is the largest lizard? This lizard is called komodo. It lives in the scrub and
woodland of a few Indonesian islands.

Komodo dragon is the world's heaviest lizard, weighing 150 pounds or more. The largest
Komodo ever measured was more than 10 feet (3 meters) long and weighed 366 pounds (166
kg) but the average size of komodo in the wild is about 8 feet (2.5 meters) long and 200
pounds (91 kg)

Komodo has gray scaly skin, a pointed snout, powerful limbs and a muscular tail. They use
their keen sense of smell to locate decaying animal remains from several miles away. They
also hunt other lizards as well as large mammals and are sometimes cannibalistic.

The Komodo dragon's teeth are almost completely covered by its gums. When it feeds, the
gums bleed, creating an ideal culture for virulent bacteria. The bacteria that live in the
Komodo dragon's saliva causes septicemia, or blood poisoning, in its victims. A dragon will
bite its prey, then follow it until the animal is too weak to carry on.
5.      Procedure
Social Function : To describe how something is accomplished through a sequnce of actions or
steps

Generic Structure :
1)      Goals
2)      Materials
3)      Steps

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :

1)      Use of Simple Present Tense often imperative
2)      Use mainly of temporal conjunction/connectives
3)      Use action verbs

Example of Procedure Text in Making Kite

Having a kite flying is interesting and make it by self is easy. Prepare the following materials
to make a kite:
Butcher cord
Scotch tape or glue
1)      Sheet of strong paper
2)      Strong, straight wooden sticks of bamboo

Markers, paint or crayons

After the materials have been prepared, the directions bellow is easy instruction on how to
make a kite:
1)      Make a cross with the two sticks, with the shorter stick placed horizontally across the
longer stick.
2)      Tie the two sticks together with the string in such a way as to make sure that they are at
right angles to each other.
3)      Cut a notch at each end of the sticks. Make it deep enough for the type of string you are
using to fit in to. Cut a piece of string long enough to stretch all around the kite frame.
4)      Lay the sail material flat and place the stick frame face down on top. Cut around it,
leaving about 2-3cm for a margin. Fold these edges over and glue it down so that the material
is tight.
5)      Make a tail by tying a small ribbon roughly every 10cm along the length of string.
6)      Decorate your kite with the markers!

6.      Analytical Exposition

Social Function : To persuade the reader or listener that something is the case
 
Generic Structure :
1)      Thesis Position
2)      Arguments Points
3)      Reiteration

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :

1)      Use General nouns, Technical verbs, Relating verbs, Thinking verbs
2)      Modal adverbs
3)      Connectives
4)      Evaluative language
5)      Passive sentence
example of Analytical Exposition text
Jakarta as a Bad Working Place for Expatriates

Jakarta is the second-worst place for expatriates to work in outside of the United States of
America, Canada and Western Europe. It is according to a recent report published by
Businessweek.

The Businessweek report ranked emerging markets that might be challenging to move into
due to their level of pollution, disease, political violence and availability of good and
services.

The report ranked Jakarta second, just below lagos in Nageria and above Riyadh Saudi
Arabia, saying the threat of violence from extremest, in particular, was serious drawback to
living in Jakarta. Bombings targeting foreign interests in Jakarta, such as the JW Marriot
hotel bombing in 2003, have been repeated elsewhere in the city.

The report said despite problem common to many developing cities such as the risk of
disease, poor sanitation, and excessive pollution, Indonesia can be an enticing location.

In response, the Jakarta administration took the report positively, saying it could spur the
administration to improve its performance.

7.      Hortatory Exposition

Social Function : To persuade reader that something should or should not be the case

Generic Structure :
1)      Thesis
2)      Arguments
3)      Statement

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :

1)      Use Abstract nouns, Technical verbs, Relating verbs, Action verbs, Thinking verbs
2)      Modal adverbs
3)      Connectives
4)      Simple Present Tense
5)      Passive sentence
6)      Evaluative language

example of Hortatory Exposition text

Watch your Kids While Watching TV

Television becomes one of the most important devices which takes place in almost houses. It
can unite all members of the family as well as separate them. However, is it important to
know what your kids are watching? The answer is, of course, absolutely "Yes" and that
should be done by all parents. Television can expose things you have tried to protect the
children from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism and so on.

Recently, a study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day
or at bedtime often cause bed-time disruption, stress, and short sleep duration.
Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time
spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of
being aggressive.

Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and
being inactive and overweight.

Considering some facts mentioning above, protect your children with the following tips:

Limit television viewing to one-two hours each day

Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their own bedrooms

Review the rating of TV shows which your children watch

Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening in the show

8.      Review
Social Function : To critique an art work, event for a public audience.
 
Generic Structure :
1)      Orientation
2)      Interpretive Recount
3)      Evaluation

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :

1)      Focus on Generic Participants
2)      Use adjective clause
3)      Metafor

example of Hortatory Review text

2012 Film Review

2012 is Roland Emmerich's film which uses the Mayan calendar and other end-of-days
prophecies for their doomsday scenario. It imagines the world coming to an end in 2012.

2012 film brings off a series of wonders. The movie hits its peak early on. It starts when
Cusack drives a limo through the streets of Los Angeles as freeways and skyscrapers crumble
all around him from the shock of a 10.5 earthquake. The preposterous flying sequence is
equally thrilling. The climax occurs aboard the giant ark, when an equipment malfunction
almost threatens the entire mission.

Unfortunately, the crucial sequence is not filmed or edited with the requisite clarity. In 2012
film, Emmerich leaves us befuddled as to exactly what is happening to whom. However,
Emmerich' 2012 deserves credit for offbeat casting. Cusack supplies his trademark hangdog
charm. McCarthy has perhaps his best role ever as Peet's cocky. Danny Glover lends dignity
to the role of the tormented president. Chiwetel Ejiofor, as the chief scientist, brings a moving
sense of anguish to a stock role. Platt has fun playing the villain of the piece, and Woody
Harrelson also chews the scenery as a bug-eyed radio prophet trying to warn his listeners
about Armageddon.
All in one, 2012's cinematography, production design and visual effects are awards-worthy.
Music also propels the movie. It presents American Idol runner-up, Adam Lambert, who
provides a rousing anthem over the end credits.

9.      Discussion
Social Function : To present two points of view about an issue.

Generic Structure :
1)      Issue
2)      Arguments
3)      Point
4)      Elaboration
5)      Conclusion or Recommendation

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :

1)      General nouns
2)      Relating verbs
3)      Thinking verbs
4)      Additives, contrastives and causal connectives
5)      Detailed noun groups
6)      Modalities

Example Of Hortatory Discussion Text

he Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power

Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the
world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria,
England in 1956.

Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power
produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It
cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear
plant are as follow:

It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.

It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse
effect.

It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.

It produces small amount of waste.

It is reliable.

On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for
many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of
money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major
accident.
People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the
fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.

10.  News item

Social Function : To inform, readers, listeners, or viewers about events of the day which are
considered newsworthy or important

Generic Structure :
1)      Newsworthy Events
2)      Background Events
3)      Source

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features :

1)      Focus on something, person, and animal
2)      Use action verbs
3)      Use Past Tense

Example Of News Item Text

Winning Award for Airport Toilet

Surabaya's Juanda International Airport has won the Bulture and Tourism Ministry's 2009
toilet award, beating out 2007 winner Denpasar's Ngurah Rai Airport, which now drops to
fourth. Indonesia's main gateway, Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, just outside Jakarta,
moves up from fourth in 2007 to second, in the biennial "Sapta Pesona Clean Public Toilet
Award".

The award was first handed out in 2007, and has so far involved only international airports.
Acting Culture and Tourism Minister Muhammad Nuh said he expected the award in future
to also cover public toilets at tourist sites across the country.

"Granting the award to those running public toilets at tourist sites is expected to improve the
quality of products and services, particularly in term of cleanliness . as part of efforts to
enhance the image of national culture," Nuh said during the award presentation ceremony.

11.  Spoof Text

Definition and Social Function of Spoof

Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and
funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.

Generic Structure of Spoof

1.      Orientation
2.      Events
3.      Twist

Language Feature of Spoof

1.      Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2.      Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3.      Using adverb of time and place
4.      Told in chronological order

Example Of Spoof Text

The Spying parrot

A guy was having marital problems. He and the wife were not communicating at all and he
had lonesome so he went to a pet store thinking a pet might help.

In the store he came to parrots. As he wandered down the rows of parrots he noticed one with
no feet. Surprised he mutters "I wonder how he hangs onto the perch?"

The parrot said "With my prick, you dummy."

The guy was startled and said "You certainly talk well for a parrot."

The parrot said "Of course, I'm very well educated. I can discuss politics, sports, religion,
most any subject you wish."

The guy said "Gee, you sound like just what I was looking for."

Then the guy bought the parrot and for three months things go great. When he came home
from work the parrot told him about the recent and hottest news.

One day the guy come home from work and the parrot waved a wing at him and said "Come
in and shut the door."

The guy said "What's up?"

The parrot said "I don't know how to tell you this, but the mailman came today. I saw that
your wife answered the door in her transparent gown and he kissed her right on the lips."

The guy said "He did? Did you see?"

The parrot said " Yes, Then he pulled her gown down... and ....."

"My God, what happened next?"The guy said curiously to know next.

Then the parrot replied "I don't know. I got a hard-on and fell off my perch."

12.  Explanation
Explanation merupakan salah satu genre of text. Nah, disini ada beberapa contoh dan
strukturnya.

Social Function: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or
sociocultural phenomena.

Generic Structure
A general statement to position the reader
A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.
Significant Lexicogrammatical Features
Focus on generic, non-human Participants
Use mainly of Material Processes and Relational Processes
Use mainly of Temporal and causal Circumstances and Conjunctions

Example Of Explanation Text

The United States of America is where the Venus’s fly trap has its origins. The Venus’s fly
trap is a unique plant. It belongs to a group of plants called ‘carnivorous plants’. These plants
feed on insect. The Venus’s fly trap has a special mechanism by which it traps its prey. This
is how it works.

At the end of each leaf – which grows from the base of a long, flowering stalk – there is a
trap. The trap is made up of two lobes and is covered with short, reddish hairs which are
sensitive. There are teeth like structures around the edge of the lobes.

The trap contains nectar which attracts insect. When an insect comes in contact with the
nectar, the trap snaps shut. There are certain digestive juice inside the trap which digest the
insect. It takes about ten days for a trapped insect to be digested. We can tell when this
digestion is complete, for then the walls automatically open to wait for another victim.

There are two hundred species of carnivorous plants. Another kind of these well- known
species is the pitcher plant. What differentiates this plant from the Venus’s fly trap is the
shape; the mechanism to catch insects is the same in both plants.

The pitcher plants which cling to other plants by means of tendrils. At one end of the tendril,
there is a pitcher –shaped vessel with an open lid. The mouth and the lid of the pitcher
contain glands which produce nectar to attract insect. When an insect settles on the nectar, the
lid of the pitcher shuts, trapping its victim. The digestive juices inside the pitcher then begin
to work.

13.  Anecdote Text

Definition and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its
purpose is to entertain the readers.

Generic Structure of Anecdote

1.      Abstract
2.      Orientation
3.      Crisis
4.      Incident.

Language Feature of Anecdote

1.      Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc
2.      Using imperative; listen to this
3.      Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4.      Using action verb; go, write, etc
5.      Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6.      Using simple past tense
example of Anecdote Text

It is bit difficult to find out some examples of anecdote text. Most texts available over the
Internet which are labeled as anecdote just referring to funny story. Meanwhile, in term of
text type or text genres, anecdote text is separated to spoof which has main element of funny
thing. Actually the point of anecdote is the CODA (hikma), what do the participants learn
from the series of event in the story. The following text is good example of anecdote. Take a
look!

Snake in the Bathroom

How would you like to find a snake in you bath?

We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so long that everything was
in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided that we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and
turned on the tap.

Suddenly to my horror, a snake's head appeared in the plug hole. Then out slithered the rest
of his long thin body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and
hissing at us.

For an instant I stood there quite paralyzed. Then I yelled for my husband, who luckily came
running and killed the snake with the handle of a broom.

Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I
had to pull her out of the way or she'd probably have lean over the bath to get a better look.

We found out later that it was a black mamba, a poisonous kind of snake. It had obviously
been fast asleep, curled up at the bottom of the nice warm water-pipe. It must have had an
awful shock when the cold water came trickling down! But nothing to the shock I got! Ever
since then I've always put the plug in firmly before running the bath water
 1.      Narrative
Teks Narrative adalah teks yang berisi tentang cerita hayalan, dongeng, ataupun kisah nyata
yang telah dilebih-lebihkan. Biasanya ada nilai moral yang bisa dipetik di akhir cerita.
Contoh narrative text bisa berupa cerita rakyat, cerita binatang, legenda, mitos, cerita pendek,
komik, cerita kartun, dan lain-lain. Tujuan dari narrative text adalah untuk menghibur
pembaca. Struktur dari narrative text
umumnya ada 3 yaitu sebagai berikut.
1)      Orientation: berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat, dan waktu. Orientation berada di awal cerita.
2)      Complication: sebuah masalah yang diangkat yang diikuti oleh masalah-masalah lain.
Complication berada di pertengahan cerita.
3)      Resolution: solusi/pemecahan dari masalah. Solusi berada di akhir cerita.

Struktur di atas merupakan struktur dasar dari teks narrative yang umumnya di pakai.
Serdangkan bentuk atau struktur yang lainnya bisa berbentuk:
1)      Orientation
2)      Complication
3)      Evaluation:
4)      Resolution atau juga biasa disebut solution
5)      Reorientation: penutup dari cerita
6)      Coda: perubahan yang terjadi pada tokoh dan pelajaran yang bisa dipetik dari cerita.
Juga kadang terdapat alur cerita yang pelik dan rumit, sehingga struktur ceritanya bisa
berbentuk:
Orientation  Major Complication  Resolution  Complication 
Major Complication
Note: Teks narrative menggunakan PAST TENSE.

2.      Recount
Recount merupakan jenis teks yang melaporkan peristiwa, kejadian, atau kegiatan yang
menimpa seseorang, atau berupa pengalaman seseorang. Contohnya bisa berupa diari ataupun
biografi seseorang. Tujuan dari recount dalah untuk menceritakan apa yang terjadi pada masa
lampau  sesuai dengan urutan waktu. Struktur teks recount, yaitu:
1)      Orientation: berisi tokoh/pelaku, tempat, dan waktu.
2)      Events: menceritakan apa yang terjadi di masa lampau sesuai rangkaian kejadian/peristiwa.

Struktur di atas merupakan struktur dasar dari teks recount yang umumnya di pakai.
Sedangkan untuk bentuk atau struktur teks recopunt yang berupa pengalaman pribadi diri
sendiri bisa berbentuk:
1)      Orientation
2)      Events
3)      Evaluation: komentar dari si penulis/pembicara mengenai pengalaman yang dia rasakan.
4)      Re-orientaton: kesimpulan dari pengalaman yang dirasakan.
Note: Teks recount menggunakan PAST TENSE.

3.      Descriptive
Teks descriptive merupakan teks yang bertujuan untuk mendiskripsikan sesuatu yang
spesifik/khusus: seseorang, binatang, suatu benda, suatu tempat. Struktur dari teks
descriptive, yaitu:
1)      Identification:
a.       Berisi nama, pekerjaan, profesi, dan karir (jika objeknya seseorang)
b.      Berisi nama dari tempat yang akan dideskripsikan (jika objeknya suatu tempat)
2)      Description:
a.       Berisi keterangan dari ciri-ciri fisik, cara dia/orang yang dideskribsikan berpakaian,
kepribadian si objek. (untuk objek orang)
b.      Berisi kualitas, bagian-bagian, dan karakteristik/ciri-ciri. (untuk objek tempat atau benda)
Note: Teks descriptive menggunakan PRESENT TENSE.

4.      Report
Dalam bahasa Indonesia kita hanya mengenal teks deskripsi untuk menggambarkan sesuatu,
sementara dalam bahsa Inggris dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu descriptive (deskripsi) dan report. Jadi,
teks report itu gak jauh beda dari teks descriptive. Kedua-duanya sama-sama
mendeskripsikan sesuatu. Terus perbedaannya apa donk? So, let me explain it, and you will
understand insya allah...
Report juga disebut sebagai laporan hasil pengamatan. Report mendeskribsikan atau memberi
informasi tentang sesuatu berdasarkan fakta, hal ini bebeda dengan teks deskripsi yang
biasanya berisi pandangan/opini si penulis. Report mendiskripsikan sesuatu secara umum,
sementara teks descriptive mendiskripsikan sesuatu secara khusus. Contoh ketika contoh: ada
dua teks tentang komputer yitu “Computer” dan “My Own Computer”. Dari dua teks itu tentu
berbeda “Computer”: umum/report, sementara “My Own Computer: khusus 1
komputer/descriptive.
Struktur dari teks report, yaitu:
1)      General classification: berisi keterangan objek yang akan dideskripsikan dan klassifikasinya
2)      Description: menjelaskan bagian-bagian , sifat-sifat, kebiasaan.
Note: Teks descriptive menggunakan PRESENT TENSE.

5.      Procedure
Procedure merupakan salah satu teks yang paling muda untuk dibedakan dengan teks-teks
yang lain. Kamu punya HP kan? Coba perhatikan di buku panduannya, di dalam buku
tersebut pasti ada instruksi-instruksi atau tata cara-tata bagaimana cara menggunakan hp itu.
Contoh: instruksi cara mengirimkan pesan, mengambil gambar, dan lain-lain. Tahu juga kan
petunjuk bagaimana cara memasak makanan? Yang paling sering yaitu ketika kita bermain
game. Pasti ada petunjuknya. Nah dari intruksi (hp), cara memasak makanan, dan petunjuk
ketika bemain game itulah yang dikatakan teks procedure. Jadi, teks procedure merupakan
teks yang berisi serangkaian instruksi atau petunjuk untuk membantu kita melakukan sesuatu.
Struktur teks procedure, yaitu:
1)      Goal: tujuan.
2)      Materials: bahan-bahan, alat, perlengkapan/peralatan.
3)      Steps: langkah-langkah untu menjapai tujuan dari teks procedure.
 I.      NARRATIVE TEXT

A.    Social function of narrative text is to amuse, entertain the

reader about the vicurious experiencess in different ways.

B.     Type of narrative text :

a)      Fable
b)      Fairly tale
c)       Legend
d)      Myth
e)       Folk tale

C.     Generic structure
a)      Orientation
Introduction into characters or partisipans and also the setting
b)      Complication
The rising of problems
c)       Resolution
The problem is solved for better or for worse
d)      Reorientation
In the ending of the story

D.    Language features
a)      Past tense : long time ago, one day, etc
b)      Action tense : run, walked, etc
c)       Saying tense : said, told, etc
d)      Thinking tense : felt, thought, etc

Title CINDERELLA
Orientation   Once upon a time there was a
beautiful girl called Cinderella. She
lived with her stepsister and step
mother and they were very bossy.
She had to do all the house work.
Complicatio  One day an invitation to the ball
n came to the family. Her stepsister
did not let her to go, so Cinderella
was very sad. The stepsister went
to the ball without her.
Resolution  Fortunately, the fairly godmother
came and helped her to get to the
ball. At the ball, Cinderella danced
with the prince. The prince fell in
 love with her then he married her.
They lived happily ever after.

II.      ANECDOTE

A.    Social function of anecdote is to retell an unusual or amusing

incident, not only to make people laughter but also to reveal
the truth its self.

B.     Generic structure
a)      Abstract
Statement introducing the topic closely related with the title
and usually inform rhetorical questions at first.
b)      Orientation
Is part where the writer tell who, when, where the story
happens.
c)       Crisis
Is a part of unusual incident happens
d)      Reaction
Tells how the subject of the story reacts to the incident
e)       Coda
Is the closing part of the story. The writer may tell how the
subject solve problem and the end of the incident

C.     Language features
a)      Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
b)      Using material process
c)       Using temporal conjunction

How would you like to find a snake in you bath?

We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty
for so long that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I
decided that we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and
turned on the tap.
Suddenly to my horror, a snake's head appeared in the plug
hole. Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He
twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting
and hissing at us.
For an instant I stood there quite paralyzed. Then I yelled for
my husband, who luckily came running and killed the snake
with the handle of a broom.
 Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite interested in
the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the way or
she'd probably have lean over the bath to get a better look.
We found out later that it was a black mamba, a poisonous kind
of snake. It had obviously been fast asleep, curled up at the
bottom of the nice warm water-pipe. It must have had an awful
shock when the cold water came trickling down! But nothing
tothe shock I got! Ever since then I've always put the plug in
firmly before running the bath water

III.      RECOUNT

A.    Social function of recount is to retell something that happened

in the past and to tell a series of past event

B.     Generic structure
a)      Orientation
Tells who was involved, what happened, where the events took
place, and when it happened
b)      Event
Tell what happened and in what sequence
c)       Reorientation
Consist of optional closure of event or ending

C.     Language features
a)      Using simple past tense : visited, had, etc
b)      Using action verb : helped, crutched, erc
c)       Using adjectives

Title Camping
Orientation Last weekend, my friends and I
went camping. We reached the
camping ground after we
walked for about one and a half
hour from the parking lot.

Events
Event 1 We built the camp next to a
small river. It was getting
darker and colder, so we built a
Event 2 fire camp.
 The next day, we spent our
Event 3 time observing plantation and
insects while the girls were
preparing meals.
Event 4
In the afternoon we went to the
river and caught some fish for
Event 5 supper.

At night, we held a fire camp

night. We sang, danced, read
poetry, played magic tricks and
even some of us performed a
standing comedy.

On Monday, we packed our

bags and got ready to go home.

Reorientation Although we felt tired, we all

were happy because we got a
lot of experiences of self living
part from our parents.

IV.      SPOOF

A.    Social function of spoof is to tell an event with a humorous

twist and entertain the readers

B.     Generic structure
a)      Orientation
The beginning of the story.it contains the introduction of
characters and the setting of the story
b)      Series of events
It contains what happen to the characters
c)       Twist
It contains unpredictable funny ending of the story

C.     Language features
a)      Using action verbs : walked, told, saw, ran away, etc
b)      Using connectives verbs : first, then, after that, etc
c)       Using adverbs of time and place
d)      Using simple past tense
 The Zoo Job Story
One day a clown was visiting the zoo and attempted to earn
some money by making a street performance. He acted and
mimed perfectly some animal acts. As soon as he started to
drive a crowd, a zoo keeper grabbed him and dragged him into
his office. The zoo keeper explained to the clown that the zoo's
most popular gorilla had died suddenly and the keeper was fear
that attendance at the zoo would fall off. So he offered the
clown a job to dress up as the gorilla until the zoo could get
another one. The clown accepted this great opportunity.

So the next morning the clown put on the gorilla suit and
entered the cage before the crowd came. He felt that it was a
great job. He could sleep all he wanted, played and made fun of
people and he drove bigger crowds than he ever did as a clown.
He pretended the gorilla successfully.
However, eventually the crowds were tired of him for just
swinging on tires. He began to notice that the people were
paying more attention to the lion in the next cage. Not wanting
to lose the attention of his audience, he decided to make a
spectacular performance. He climbed to the top of his cage,
crawled across a partition, and dangled from the top to the
lion's cage. Of course, this made the lion furious, but the crowd
people loved it.

At the end of the day the zoo keeper came and gave him a
raise for being such a good attraction. Well, this went on for
some time, he kept taunting the lion, the audience crowd grew
a larger, and his salary kept going up. Then one terrible day
happened. When he was dangling over the furious lion, he
slipped and fell into the lion cage. The clown was really in big
terrible situation. He was terrified.
Sooner the lion gathered itself and prepared to pounce. The
clown was so scared. He could do nothing and he began to run
round and round the cage with the lion close and closer behind.
Finally, the lion could catch him. The clown started screaming
and yelling, "Help me, help me!", but the lion was quick and
pounces. The clown soon found himself flat on his back looking
up at the angry lion and suddenly he heard a voice from the
lion’s mouth;"Shut up you idiot! Do you want to get us both
fired?".
 V.      DESCRIPTIVE

A.    Social function of descriptive is to describe and reveal a

particular person, place or thing in detail.

B.     Generic structure
a)      Identification
Identifying the phenomenon to be described
b)      Description
Describing the phenomenon is parts, qualities, and
characteristics or description of the object like shape, size,
color, etc.

C.     Language features
a)      About particular person or thing
b)      Using figurative language : simmilary
c)       Using simple present tense

Title Gua Tabuhan Is a Lively Unique Cave

Identificati   In the cave nyi (mrs) Kamiyem and ki

on (mr) Padmo sit on a stone. Nyi
kamiyem will sing a song and ki Padmo
will beat the drum. Joining them are
people called wiyogo which are
drummers and other gamelan
musicians.

  What makes this unique is that they

mix gamelan with the sound of nature.
The visitors dance, forgetting all
problems.

description   Many tourist go to this cave. Maybe

you are interested in going there too.
But you don’t know where it is. Gua
tabuhan is located near Pacitan in East
Java. It is situated in a lime hill called
Tapan, in Tabuhan, Wareng village. The
route is easy. Along the road there is
beautiful tropical scenery to enjoy-rice
fields, coconut palms and birds.

  East of the cave peddlers sell

souvenirs. The drink and food peddlers
are on the north. People sell agates on
the cave terraces. Somehow, it is like a
fair.

  It is said that the cave is the only

place where nature produces sounds
like the music of gamelan. nyi
Kamiyem, the well down pesinden
(traditional Javanese singer) from the
village of Gabuhan, who often sings in
the cave, does not doubt it.

  Gua Tabuhan did not use to welcome

visitor. According to Kartowiryo (90),
village elder, gua Tabuhan used to be a
hiding place for robbers. It was believed
to be a sacred place. No one dared go
inside. However, Wedana (chief of a
district) Kertodiprojo, went to the cave
to find out what was wrong. He found
out that the cave was inhabited by the
annoying evil spirits. The people
chased the spirits away.

  The cave is dark, so people need light,

and a local guide will lead the way
sometimes visitors bump their heads
against the sharp rocks on the ceiling.

  Inside the cave there is a plain. Big

stone which is believed to be the
prayer mat of Pangeran Diponogoro,
one of the Indonesia heroes who fought
against the Dutch. it is said that
Pangeran Diponegoro used to seclude
 himself in the cave. Some people now
use the place for meditation.

  There is a stream in the cave, in the

east corner, which can only be seen
outside. However, it can be heard from
inside.

  Besides the cave, Watu karang, a

beach nearby, is good to visit. By the
way, want different souvenirs? You can
find them in Donorodjo village where
agate craftsman work. So, have a nice
journey.

VI.      REPORT

A.    Social function of report is to describe the way thing are in

general inferens / to report something.

B.     Generic structure
a)      General classification
Stating classification of general aspect of thing like animal,
public space, plant, etc, which will be discussed in general
b)      Description
Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail, part by
part, customs or deed for living creature and usage for
materials. Usually the general fact of the subject.

C.     Language features
a)      Using action verb
b)      Using conditional logical connection : when, so, etc
c)       Using simple present tense

Title Platypus

General Many people call platypus

classification duckbill because this animal
has a bill like duckbill. Platypus
is a native Tasmania and
southern and eastern Australia.
 Description   Platypus has a flat tail and
webbed feet. Its body length is
30 to 45 cm and covered with
a   thick and woolly layer of fur.
Its bill is detecting prey and
stirring up mud. Platypus' eyes
and head are small. It has no
ears but has ability to sense
sound and light.
Platypus lives in streams,
rivers, and lakes. Female
platypus usually dug burrows
in the streams or river banks.
The burrows are blocked with
soil to protect it from intruders
and flooding. In the other hand,
male platypus does not need
any burrow to stay.

VII.      PROCEDURE

A.    Sosial function of produce text is to describe how something is

accomplashed done through a sequence of series or steps.

B.     Generic structure
a)      Goal
Showing the purpose to be accomplashed
b)      Material
Telling the needed materials
c)       Step 1, step 2, etc (Steps)
Describing the steps to achive the purpose or what has to be
done.

C.     Language features
a)      Using temporal conjunction
b)      Using action verb
c)       Using imperative sentence : plug the cable into the socket.
d)      Using simple present tense

Goal How to make an epe banana

 Material 1 bunch of bananas
s 1 liter of water
2 kg brown sugar
50 gr white sugar
10 gr vanilla essences

Steps
1.      Peel the bananas, then roast them over
charcoal until some what soft and brown

2.      Flatten them with a special wooden clamp

or, if you don't own one, use a large flat
wooden spoon to flatten the bananas on a
cutting board

3.      Sauce boil the water with the brown sugar

white sugar and   vanilla essence until it
dissolves into thick syrup, then pour over
the bananas

VIII.      EXPLANATION

A.    Social function explanation text is to explain process involved

in the formation/working in natural and cultural phenomena.

B.     Generic structure
a)      General statement
Stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained
b)      Sequenced explanation
c)       Stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena

a)      Language features
b)      Featuring generic partisipans : sun, rain, etc
c)       Using chronological connection : to begin with, next, etc
d)      Using passive voice pattern
e)       Using simple present tense

Title Making Paper from Woodchips

General Wood chipping is a process used to obtain pulp

 statement and paper products from forest trees. The
wood chipping process begins when the trees
are cut down in a selected area of the forest
called a coupe.

Sequenced Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut
explanatio out and then the logs are taken to the mill. At
n the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the
logs are taken to a chipper which cuts them
into small pieces called woodchips.

The woodchips are then screened to remove

dirt and other impurities. At this stage they are
either exported in this form or changed into
pulp by chemicals and heat. The pulp is then
bleached and the water content is removed.
Closing Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.

IX.      ANALITYCAL EXPOSITION

A.    Social function of analitycal exposition is to persuade the

reader that the idea is important matter.

B.     Generic structure
a)      Thesis
Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position
b)      Arguments
Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position.
(stating the fact)
c)       Reiteration / conclusion
Restating the write’s position or the conclusion of the
argument.

C.     Language Features
a)      Using evaluative language : important, valuable, trust worthy.
b)      Using passive voice
c)       Using causal conjunction
d)      Using simple present tense

Title Controlling children using computer

Thesis Computer and internet are useful as well as
powerful. Information about health and safe
usage of computer and Internet, especially for
 children, should be owned by each family.
Computer connected to internet is powerful
way to socialize with others. It can be good but
also bad effect. Recently we hear a lot of
children get the advantage of social
networking sites but we often see the news
about the disadvantage of it for children.
Healthy and safety of computer and Internet
usage should continue to be campaigned.

Argument The role of parent in assisting and directing

children in using computer is very necessary.
Installation of software monitor such as key
logger which has function to watch and note all
activities relating to keyboard usage is helpful
but not enough to protect children from
potential harms. Children tend to hide what
they have   done in front of the computer to
their parent. They see that all of they have
done are their privacy and no one may know.

Reiteration We can not prevent children from using

computer because it is multifunctional.
However, many parents worry about what their
kids do in front of the computer; whether they
are doing homework or even just playing
games. Or spending all time to surf internet
which is the materials do not fit with his age.
There is a tendency, especially teenagers,
want to become acquainted with many
strangers out side. The lack parental
supervision of children's activities is likely to
pose a potential danger to them. So parental
monitor against the use of computers needs to
be done from time to time.

X.      HORTATORY EXPOSITION
A.    Social function of hortatory exposition is a text which persuade
the reader to have the addressee do something or act in
certain way. Or should or should not be the chase.

B.     Generic structure
a)      Thesis
Is the background of the problem that will arise some
arguments (stating writer’s issue)
b)      Argument
Is the reason for supporting the argument about the topic
which is suppoting by the fact and avidence.
c)       Recommendation
Is a statement of what should or shouldn’t happen or be done
based on the given argument of the writer.

C.     language features
a)      Using emotive words : worried, afraid, alarmed, etc
b)      Using words that qualify the statements : usual, probably, etc
c)       Using words that link arguments : firstly, however, therefore,
etc
d)      Using compound and complex sentence
e)       Using modals and adverbs : may, should, must, etc
f)       Using subjunctive opinion : I, we, etc

Title
Watch your Kids While Watching TV

Thesis Television becomes one of the most important

devices which take place in almost houses. It
can unite all members of the family as well as
separate them. However, is it important to
know what your kids are watching? The
answer is, of course, absolutely “Yes” and that
should be done by all parents. Television can
expose things you have tried to protect the
children from, especially violence,
pornography, consumerism and so on.

Argument Recently, a study demonstrated that spending

too much time on watching TV during the day
or at bed time often cause bed-time
disruption, stress, and short sleep duration.
Another research found that there is a
 significant relationship between the amount of
time spent for watching television during
adolescence and early adulthood, and the
possibility of being aggressive.
Meanwhile, many studies have identified a
relationship between kids who watch TV a lot
and being inactive and overweight.
Considering some facts mentioning above,
protect your children with the following tips:
        -> Limit television viewing to one-two hours
each day
        -> Do not allow your children to have a TV set
in their own bedrooms
        -> Review the rating of TV shows which your
children watch

Recommen Watch television with your children and

dation discuss what is happening in the show

XI.      NEWS ITEMS

A.    Social function of news items text is to inform the readers

about events of the day which are considered news worthy or
important.

B.     Generic structure
a)      Newsworthy events
The main event that deserves to be news
b)      Background of the event
A description of the background of the events, where is the
event, etc
c)       Resource of information
News sources, comments of the witnesses, opinion of experts,
etc

C.     language features
a)      Using action verb
b)      Using saying verb
c)       Using adverb of time, adverb of place and adverb of manner

Title Growing Number of High School Student

Smoking
 Newsworth A survey has found about 13 percent of first-
y events time smokers in the country are junior high
school students. It also revealed 89 percent of
young female employees were smokers.

Background The survey was conducted in five major cities

of events across the country, including Surakarta in
Central Java.

Muhammad Syahril Mansyur, the Surakarta

Health Agency’s respiratory illness division,
said that the finding of the survey showed an
alarming growth rate of Indonesian smokers.
"This situation is a cause for concern,” he said.
“It appears the country’s younger generation
is uneducated about the health risks of
smoking.”

The Indonesian anti-tobacco campaign has

reportedly been deemed as ineffective as the
government refuses to sign the international
convention on tobacco control. It said that
cigarette producers contributed to a large
amount to state revenue and gave jobs to
thousands of workers.

Resource of Source : www.tempointeraktif.com

information

XII.      REVIEW

A.    Social function of review is to critique or evaluate an art work

or event for a public audience

B.     Generic structure
a)      Orientation
Background information on the text
b)      Evaluation
Concluding statement : judgment, opinion or recommendation
c)       Interpretative recount
Summary of an art works including characters and plot
d)      Evaluation summation
 The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the punch line of
the art works being critized

C.     language features
a)      Using adjective
b)      Using long and complex clauses
c)       Using methapor
d)      Focuson specific participants

Tittle Mr. Bean's Holiday

Orientation Mr. Bean's Holiday It’s a film produced by
Working Title Production entertaining and full
of ridiculous views. The film is starred by the
famous funny man Rowan Atkinson.

Evaluation The film was begun by the crowd waiting for

the announcement of prize won by Mr. Bean.
The funny man began travelling with 200
euros heading to Cannes, France.
Unfortunately, when he bought some snacks
he missed the train so he had to wait for the
next one. The film told about Mr. Bean’s effort
to return a boy who missed his dad because of
Bean’s fault. He was left by his dad in the
railway station when Mr. Bean asked him to
shoot using a camera. The door was closed
but the man was still outside the train.
Interpretati (riding bicycle) Every screen showed some
ve recount funny, ridiculous moment and some beautiful
scenery about France. An  interesting moment
was when Mr. Bean and the boy tried to call
the parent’s phone number. They tried every
number because the last number giving the
boy’s father couldn’t be caught by the camera
brought by Mr. Bean. When they didn’t have
coins to make a call, the boy begged to a
woman and she gave a coin. When Bean tried
the same action, the woman left him. (Mr.
Bean reads the map) Mr. Bean and the boy
made a part when Mr. Bean ran after a ticket
for a bus. The man then met Sabine, an
actress, who helped Mr. Bean and the boy to
 meet the boy’s parent.
Evaluation In my opinion, this film is good for laugh. The
summation story is not complicated and easy to
understand although some conversations are
in French language. The film is suitable to
watch for every ages. But some scenes may
be risky for children like when Sabine kissed
Mr. Bean’s cheek to thank him and her low cut
dress revealed part of her breasts. The film
also shows a view of the beach where Mr.
Bean was supposed to go, and there are a lot
of women wearing bikinis. This is not good for
teenagers.
A. Pengertian Narrative Text

•Narrative Text adalah satu dari 13 jenis teks bahasa inggris (genre) yang lahir dari kalangan
Narration yang mana berfungsi untuk menceritakan kisah masa lampau dan untuk hiburan.

B. Tujuan Komunikatif Narrative Text

•Tujuan Komunikatif Narrative Text seperti yang dijelaskan di atas adalah untuk menghibur
pendengar atau pembaca tentang suatu kisah atau cerita masa lampau yang bertalian dengan
pengalaman nyata, khayal atau peristiwa-peristiwa pelik yang mengarah ke suatu krisis, yang
pada akhirnya menemukan suatu penyelesaian.

C. Generic Structure Narrative Text

Setiap jenis teks bahasa Inggris (genre) memiliki struktur teksnya sendiri-sendiri. Struktur
dari Narrative Text terdiri dari tiga bagian yaitu :

1. Orientation

2. Complication

3. Resolution

4. Coda (bagian terakhir dari structure Narrative Text yang berisi perubahan yang terjadi pada
tokoh dan pelajaran yang dapat dipetik dari cerita tersebut

A.Pengertian Report Text

Report Textsalah satu dari ke-13 jenis teks bahasa Inggris yang menghadirkan informasi
tentang sesuatu seperti alam, hewan, tumbuhan, hasil karya manusia, dan fenomena sosial
dengan apa adanya. Informasi yang dihadirkan dalam Report Text adalah hasil dari observasi
dan analisis secara sistematis.

Tujuan Komunikatif Report Text

•Tujuan komunikatif dari Report Text adalah menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa
adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Yang di deskripsikan dapat
meliputi gejala alami, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala-gejala sosial. Deskripsi
sebuah Report Text dapat berupa kesimpulan umum, misalnya, ikan paus termasuk binatang
mamalia karena ikan tersebut melahirkan anaknya.
C. Struktur Teks/Generic structure Report Text

1.General Clasification
2.Description
A.Pengertian Teks Recount
•Teks Recount adalah salah satu dari jenis teks bahasa Inggris yang menceritakan kembali
kejadian-kejadian atau penglaman-pengalaman di masa lampau. Tujuan dari teks recount
adalah untuk memberikan informasi atau untuk menghibur pembaca. Di dalam teks recount
tidak terdapat komplikasi (complication) seperti halnya di teks narrative.

B.Tujuan Komunikatif Teks Recount

•Tujuan komunikatif teks recount adalah melaporkan presitiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan
dengan tujuan memberitakan atau menghibut.

C.Generic structure Teks Recount

1.Orientation
2.Events

Reorientation

A.Pengertian Procedure Text

•Apa itu Procedure Text? Procedure Text adalah salah satu jenis teks bahasa Inggris atau
yang biasa disebut genre yang menunjukan sebuah proses dalam membuat atau
mengoprasikan sesuatu yang berfungsi untuk menggambarkan bagaimana sesuatu dikerjakan
melalui langkah-langkah yang teratur.

B.Tujuan Komunikatif Procedure Text

•Tujuan Komunikatif dari Procedure Text adalaha memberikan petunjuk tentang cara
melakukan sesuatu melalui tindakan-tindakan atau langkah-langkah yang urut.

C.Generic Sturcture Procedure Text

Generic Structure dari Procedure Text terdiri dari 3 bagian, yaitu:

1.Aim/ Goal
2.Materials
3.Steps
Pengertian Descriptive Text
Descriptive Text adalah sebuah teks bahasa Inggris untuk menggambarkan seperti apa benda
atau mahluk hidup yang kita deskripsikan, baik secara kenampakan, bau, suara, atau tekstur
dari benda atau makhluk hidup tersebut.

B. Tujuan Komunikatif Descriptive Text

Tujan Komunikatif dari Descriptive Text adalah untuk menggambarkan dan mengungkapkan
ciri-ciri dari benda, tempat, atau mahluk tertentu secara terperinci, sehingga orang yang
mendengar atau membaca gambaran yang kita berikan dapat mengetahui dan bisa
membayangkan seperti apa benda, tempat atau mahluk hidup yang kita diskripsikan
C. Generic Structure Descriptive Text

•1. Identification
•2. Description
. Pengertian Announcement
Announcement Text ialah sebuah penberitahuan tertulis yang ditujukan kepada masyarakat
umum/kelompok tertentu yang berisikan informasi atau berita pemberitahuan

B. Tujuan Komunikatif Announcement

Teks ini berfungsi menyampaikan informasi tertentu kepada khalayak

C. Generic  Structure Announcement

1.The title or type of event

2.Date or time, place
3.Contact person
•A. Penjelasan Short Massages
Short Massages adalah pesan yang dibuat karena kita tidak bisa bertemu langsung pada si
penerima surat

B. Tujuan Komunikatif Short Massages

Menyampaikan sesuatu kepada orang lain agar orang tersebut melakukan sesuatu atau tidak
melakukan sesuatu.

A.Pengertian Advertisement Text :

Tujuan teks iklan adalah untuk mempromosikan (to promote, to advertise, to persuade) jasa
atau produk. Iklan pada umumnya yang sangat membujuk dalam kaitan dengan menarik
pembaca itu untuk membeli produk mereka atau menggunakan jasa mereka.

B.Dalam rangka menarik pembaca bahasa yang digunakan iklan seharusnya:

•simple
•clear
•short
•attractive
•persuasive
•using slogan
A.Penjelasan Greeting Card
Greeting Card   adalah text yang berupa kartu ucapan yang diberikan kepada seseorang pada
saat tertentu/mengalami peristiwa tertentu, Baik peristiwa yang menggebirakan maupun
peristiwa yang menyedihkan.

B.Tujuan Penulisan

a. To congratulate/to wish: untuk menyelamati

b. To show sympathy: untuk menunjukkan simpatik/belasungkawa

I. Definition Invitation text

There are several meaning about Invitation:

Invitation is a document, written or printed or spoken words, conveying the message by

which one is invited.

The act of inviting; the requesting of a person’s company; as an invitation to a party, dinner,
or to visit a friend.

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.