Menggunakan

Discourse Network
Analysis
Krisna Puji Rahmayanti SIA, MPA
Dosen, Departemen Ilmu Administrasi Negara
Fakultas Ilmu Administrasi,
Universitas Indonesia
 Target Pembelajaran
Refresh pemahaman tentang jejaring (network)

Memberi informasi tentang penggunaan aplikasi

Discourse Network Analysis (DNA)

Memberi informasi dan panduan visualisasi oleh data

DNA menggunakan aplikasi Visone dan Excell
(pengenalan)
 Materi Sebelum Sesi
❏ Mempelajari konteks teori jejaring. Bisa kunjungi free online
course di account Systems Innovation atau sumber lainnya
❏ Laptop masing-masing untuk mencoba aplikasinya dari
rumah masing-masing
❏ Pastikan perangkat lunak berikut sudah terinstall di laptop
❏ Java
❏ DNA
❏ Visone

3
Jejaring (Network)
Apakah yang dimaksud dengan jejaring?
“Jejaring adalah
kesatuan hubungan
antar objek yang
menghubungkan
manusia, organisasi,
negara, sel otak, atau
(bahkan) trafo listrik.”

(Kadushin, 2012)
 Apa itu jejaring?

Node/
Vertex
Edge/Ties/Links

> Berkaitan dengan hubungan (connectivity)

> Semakin meningkat keterhubungannya (Increased in
connectivity)
> Ada arah dan tidak ada arah (Directed & Undirected)
> Non-linear & kompleks
> Kuantifikasi dari elemen jaringan
A ! "B
FITUR
JARIN
$D GAN
C
#
v Connection
v Centrality
v Density
v Clustering
v Local Level – Global Level
v Dinamika Jaringan

7
 Hubungan dalam Jaringan
(Network Connection)

ee
degr
In
de
gre

Out
e
ØIn degree
ØOut degree
Degree= Out degree
3
egre
e
Out d

8
Mengapa harus menganalisis jejaring?

1. Memperdalam analisis kualitatif dari

objek penelitian
2. Memahami diskusi berbagai aktor
3. Visualisasi diskursus ke dalam jaringan
4. Menganalisis hubungan antara aktor
dengan isi argumentasi
5. Melihat pro dan kontra dari agreement
dan disagreement
 Berbagai Macam Analisis Jaringan

Actor Network Social Network Discourse Network

Theory Analysis Analysis
Tujuan: Tujuan: Tujuan:
Mengeksplorasi Melihat relasi antara Menganalisa Aktor -
proses sosial-teknikal individu, kelompok, Konsep – Kualitatif
Atau Analisa relasi antar
di masyarakat. dan atau institusi
individu / kelompok dan
sosial konsep yang mereka
utarakan
 Model Dasar DNA
+
A
!
_
"
B

C #
Jaringan Aktor Jaringan Afiliasi Jaringan Konsep

11
12
 Penggunaan
Aplikasi DNA
Bagaimana cara penggunaan aplikasi DNA untuk
menggambarkan jejaring?
Menambahkan Dokumen

15
Menulis Detail Artikel

16
Menentukan Konsep

17
 Melakukan Export

> Co-Occurrence Network (Org – Org x Cat) untuk

melihat organisasi-organisasi yg terhubung
(edge) karena menyatakan kategori yang sama
> Affiliation Network (bipartite): menghubungkan
aktor dengan katehori (positif dan
negative/agreement & disagerement)
> Tipe format
- CVS bisa dibuka di Excell dan Gephy
- GraphMl bisa dibuka18 di Visone
 Tipe Network (Versi 2.0)
> One mode network jaringan yang
menunjukkan baris dan kolom dari node
yang sama misal organisasi –
organisasi
> Two mode network jaringan antara baris
dan kolom dari dua set node yang
berbeda misal konsep - oranisasi
> Event list – daftar detail dari argument
tanggal dan statement (, it simply lists
all DNA Statements with each row
containing all variables of a statement
including the time which was set for the
document a statement occurred in)
Melakukan Export Hasil Olah Data

20
Export Data
Buka Aplikasi DNA
1. Buka aplikasi DNA
2. Add New Document / What co
nc
been ra erns have
Article dari Artikel 1, ised abo
u
the gov
Artikel 2, Artikel 3 dari ernmen t
openne t’s
ss
folder latihan respond in
ing to th
3. Berikan konsep atas COVID e
-19 pan
artikel tersebut demic
a. Identifikasi aktor
b. Statement
c. Konsep atas
research question

22
 Tantangan
❖ Harus mengumpulkan materi yang akan
dilakukan analisis isi statemennya
❖ Proses ekstraksi data berita manual time
consuming
❖ Menyusun dan memilih sumber yang relevan
❖ Menyusun coding / konsep atas sebuah statement
❖ Menentukan persetujuan atau pertidaksetujuan
❖ Menyusun buku konsep / coding untuk
memudahkan visualisasi

23
 Tips
❖ Menyusun buku kode dengan menggunakan
NVivo
❖ Menyusun buku kode di Excel

24
Visualisasi dengan
Visone
Bagaimana cara memvisualisasikan hasil olah data
DNA dengan aplikasi visualisasi?

Visual Social Networks

26
 Actor Network and Non-
Government Failure in Jakarta
Flood Disaster in January 2020
Krisna Puji Rahmayanti,
Salma Azzahra, Nadia Alfi Arnanda

1Public Administration Department, Faculty of Administrative Science, Universitas Indonesia,

Prof. Prajudi Atmosudirjo, 2nd Floor, Faculty of Administrative Science, Kampus UI Depok
16424, Indonesia

Commitment, Integrity, Transformative, Accountable | fia.ui.ac.id

Introduction
• Natural disasters are rapidly increasing, Table 1. Indonesia Disaster Statistic in 2020

including in Indonesia. Flood disaster is one of the Type of Disaster Occurrence Casualties
Death / Lost Injury Affected
catastrophes that draws many concerns in Landslide 730 20 11 627
Indonesia. Floods 568 48 15 627,646
Puting Beliung 471 6 35 245
• Flooding in early 2020 happened in Fire 157 0 0 0

Jakarta and its surroundings due to Gelombang

pasang / abrasi
18 0 0 13

extreme rainfall (more than 150 mm per day), Earthquake 11 0 0 0

Volcanoes 8 0 0 0
which poured quite evenly in the DKI Jakarta area. Drought 4 0 0 0

• The local government, the central government,

and Non-government actors are involved in
managing the after effects of floods. In 2020, the
regional government of DKI Jakarta signed a
memorandum of understanding with
several NGOs to overcome floods.

Commitment, Integrity, Transformative, Accountable | fia.ui.ac.id

Research Purposes
• Analyze the involvement of various actors in handling
floods in DKI Jakarta in January 2020.
• Analyze non-governmental parties' failure in handling flood
disasters and investigate the factors that influence these
failures.

Commitment, Integrity, Transformative, Accountable | fia.ui.ac.id

Method
This research uses a qualitative approach by analyzing secondary data (mass
media news with the keyword "DKI Jakarta flood" between 1 January – 6
January 2020) to see various parties involvement in handling floods in DKI
Jakarta. There is a two-step of data analysis
Discourse Network Analysis Visone
Coded and found 209 statements from • The first step is to analyze the degree of
81 actors/institutions from seven types centrality.
of institutions: government, community • The second step is the visualization of
organization, political party, individual concept size based on frequency reference.
citizen, a state-owned enterprise,
private sector, and university

Commitment, Integrity, Transformative, Accountable | fia.ui.ac.id

Results and Discussion
1. Actor Network

Commitment, Integrity, Transformative, Accountable | fia.ui.ac.id

Two-Mode Network
• Variable between type of organization and
type of contribution
• Most common type of disaster relief
• Food
• Equipment
• Clothing
• Medicine
• Public kitchen
• Shelter
• Cash
• Evacuations and provision of medical
workers.

Figure 1. The Contribution of Diversed Institutions to Flood Response in Jakarta Flood

Commitment, Integrity, Transformative, Accountable | fia.ui.ac.id

 Figure 2. Type of contribution of government and non-government to flood disaster response. Analyse of
mass media report about DKI Jakarta flood disaster between 01-06 January 2020 that was analyzed with
Dicourse Network Analysis 2.0-beta25.jar

• Based on the frequency of the edge of all actors, the result indicates that there was variation in the
involvement of each institution. By adding up each type of contribution mentioned in the news with
the value of one (1), it can be found that Pertamina Group is the institution that makes the most
contributions.
• One-mode network
• Find co-occurrence between actors or type contribution. The findings indicate that the community
organization and private sector are institutions that have a similarity of edge. In the variable of the
type of contribution, there was high co-occurrence between food and equipment.

Commitment, Integrity, Transformative, Accountable | fia.ui.ac.id

2. The Role of Non-government Actors

Commitment, Integrity, Transformative, Accountable | fia.ui.ac.id

 Table 2. Type of Organization, Degree Centrality and Frequency

• Non-governmental actors have been involved in Type of Degree of Frequency

Organization Centrality
managing floods in the capital city. The non-
Citizen 1.5625 1
state actors consist of universities, community
organizations, religious organizations, Political Party 9.375 25
corporates, and political parties.
• As shown in table 2, the findings indicate the University 10.9375 17
number of donations of each type of
Private Sector 14.0625 52
organization, and in terms of frequency, the
private sector gives a significant role. Community 14.0625 39
• The degree of centrality shows the degree of Organization
connectedness or the more edges the
organization has in aggregate.

Commitment, Integrity, Transformative, Accountable | fia.ui.ac.id

A discourse network analysis of UK newspaper coverage of the “sugar
tax” debate before and after the announcement of the Soft Drinks
Industry Levy
Buckton et al. BMC Public Health (2019) 19:490 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6799-9

• Latar belakang: menurunkan prevalensi obesitas melalui implementasi

Soft Drinks Industry Levy (2018)
• Metode: media content analysis Mei 2015-November 2016. Coding
menemukan 3883 statements dari 214 individu dari 176 organisasi
dengan 47 konseps
• Inteprerasi jaringan: jaringan aktor dengan sikap / koalisis sceptical dan
supportive.
• Kesimpulan: Kompleksitas jatingan yang melbatkan debat publik pada
kebijakan seperti pajak gula (sugar tax& the SDIL). Polarisasi aktor
muncul dari perbedaan ideologi, fokus dari kebijakan spesifik, statement
tentang bukti-bukti. Pembuat kebijakan atau aktor yang vocal mengaakan
diskusi pembuatan kebijakan.
 A discourse network analysis of UK newspaper coverage of the “sugar
tax” debate before and after the announcement of the Soft Drinks
Industry Levy
Buckton et al. BMC Public Health (2019) 19:490 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6799-9

Ekstraksi Data dan Content Analysis

1. 8 Koran UK dan 3 Koran Scottish Appendix A: List of
publications included in the
2. Indikator relevansi : publikasi riset bahaya konsumsi gula dan sample
bukti untuk kebijakan, debat House of Commons tentang
pajak sugary drinks, pengumuman SDIL, konsultasi publik 1. The Guardian / The Observer
dan industri tentang proposal SDIL 2. Independent
3. [“sugar” OR “beverage”] (in the headline) AND [“tax” OR 3. Times / Sunday Times
“levy”] (anywhere in the text) di Nexis database 4. Daily Telegraph / Sunday
4. 995 -> 834 artikel tanpa duplikasi->511 sesuai kriteria Telegraph
5. Input ke software Discourse Network Analyzer (DNA) 5. Daily Mail / Mail on Sunday
6. Express / Sunday Express
6. Variabel Coding: 7. Sun / News of the World
1. Nama aktor 8. Mirror / Sunday Mirror
2. Organisasi afiliasi aktor
9. Daily Record / Sunday Mail
3. Konsep
10. Scotsman / Scotland on
4. Variabel dikotomi stakeholder’s agreement or disagreement with the
concept (“agreement”) Sunday
214 individu dari 176 organisasi 47 konsep 11. Herald / Sunday Herald
 A discourse network analysis of UK newspaper coverage of the “sugar
tax” debate before and after the announcement of the Soft Drinks
Industry Levy
Buckton et al. BMC Public Health (2019) 19:490 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6799-9

Visualisasi Jaringan dan Analisa

• A weighted stakeholder × stakeholder matrix, where common agreement or
disagreement between stakeholders on individual concepts was represented by ties
and their relative weights. The “subtract” transformation with “average activity
normali- sation” was applied.
• Visualisasi dengan aplikasi visone http://www.visone.info
• Stakeholder dan koalisisya
• Girvan-Newman edge- betweenness community detection, a common graph clustering
algorithm, was applied to the network in order to identify coalitions as cohesive subgroups
with similar argumentative patterns.
• Network measures : size (number of nodes), centralisation (a measure of how skewed the
distribution of all actors’ connections is), density (number of ties as a proportion of the
theoretical maximum [54), and external ratio (number of ties to nodes outside the
identified cluster as a proportion of total ties).
• Visualisasi dua periode waktu
Peneliti menyusun
tipe organisasi, nama
organisasi dan
singkatan.

Warna kode
ditentukan oleh
peneliti untuk
membedakan tipe.

Singkatan diperlukan
agar visualisasi tidak
crowded
Koalisi
dibedakan
antara skeptics
dan supoorter

External Ratio menyajikan jumlah

co-agreement dan co-disagereemnt
antar stakeholder di satu koalisi
dengan koalisi yang lain. Semakin
rendah = semakin tidak setuju
dengan agreement koalisi lain.
Sentralisasi: dominasi aktor/more
links to others
 Analisa dua waktu dari DNA

Bisa menghitung perbandingan jumlah anggota koalisi, sentralisasi, density dan total external ratio di dua waktu
Industry stakeholders appeared less united in the network than anticipated, particularly before the SDIL announcement. Some key
industry actors appeared in the supportive coalition, possibly due to the use of corporate social responsibility rhetoric. Jamie Oliver
appeared as a dominant stakeholder, firmly embedded with public health advocates.
Political discourse networks and the conflict over software patents in Europe
PHILIP LEIFELD & SEBASTIAN HAUNSS
European Journal of Political Research 51: 382–409, 2012 doi: 10.1111/j.1475-
6765.2011.02003.x

• Latar belakang
• Isu legalisasi paten software antara 1997-2005 di Eropa
• Perdebatan antara European Parliament (EP) dan institusi lainnya.
• Resource-poor anti-software-patents (‘anti- SWP’) coalition, composed
mainly of individuals, small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) and some
social movement organisations (SMOs), was able to prevail over a pro-
software-patents (‘pro-SWP’) coalition composed mainly of multinational
software firms
• The EP rejected the directive ‘on the patentability of computer-implemented
inventions
Political discourse networks and the conflict over software patents in Europe
PHILIP LEIFELD & SEBASTIAN HAUNSS
European Journal of Political Research 51: 382–409, 2012 doi: 10.1111/j.1475-
6765.2011.02003.x

• Metode
• Berita tentang konflik European intellectual property
• 124 artikel koran tentang paten software dari negara Jerman, UK,
Perancis, dan Polandia yang dipublikasikan antara 1997-2005
• Menyusun buku kode -> menggunakan DNA untuk menyusun
hubungan antor dan kategori serta jaringan sosial dari data
• Kategori klaim: implisit dan eksplisit; dari berbagai intervensi
(statemen, petisi, demonstrasi, resolusi, etc).
Afiliasi Jaringan
Kongruen Jaringan
Kongruen Konsep
Mapping Discourse Coalition in the Minimum Unit Procing for Alcohol Debate: A
Discourse Network Analysis of UK Newspaper Coveragge
Fergie, Leifield, et.al (2018)

• Latar belakang
Harga minimal untuk alkhohol diperkenalkan di Skitlandia (1 Mei 2018)
• Metode
- Analisa koran UK (8 koran UK dan 3 koran Skotlandia)
- Periode 19 bulan
- Alcohol* OR Booze OR Liquor OR Hooch [in the headline] AND Price
OR pricing or TAX OR Levy [anywhere in text]
- LexisNexis Database
- Analisa 937 artikel (berita, komentar, fitur) -> 348 artikel
Mapping Discourse Coalition in the Minimum Unit Procing for Alcohol Debate: A
Discourse Network Analysis of UK Newspaper Coveragge
Fergie, Leifield, et.al (2018)
• Analisa DNA
- Argumentasi atas perdebatan dikoding sebagai statement.
- Variabel: nama aktor, organisasi, argument, agreement / disagreement
- Hanya kutip direct quote
- 1924 statement oleh 152 individu dari 94 organisasi dengan 56 konsep
- Actor-actor network dengan ties menggambarkan keseragaman antar aktor
dalam agreement dan disagreement atas konsep
- Subtract transformation with agerage activity normalization
- Analisa Visone
- Linear connections between nodes
- Edge Betweness
Bagaimana menyusun buku konsep?
Resources
• Panduan Bahasa Indonesia
https://krisnapujirahmayanti.wordpress.com/2020/04/11/menggunakan-discourse-
network-analyzer-untuk-olah-data-kualitatif/
• Buckton, C. H., Fergie, G., Leifeld, P., & Hilton, S. (2019). A discourse network analysis of UK
newspaper coverage of the “sugar tax” debate before and after the announcement of the
Soft Drinks Industry Levy. BMC public health, 19(1), 490.
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-6799-9
• Youtube Krisna Puji: cara instalasi DNA https://youtu.be/vWN5RVUXlII
• Youtube Systems Innovation :
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsJWgOB5mIMAuH3cHa-MXukX6-RPpDXgl
• Tutorial Visone https://visone.info/wiki/index.php/Tutorials
• Download aplikasi Visone http://visone.info/html/download.html
• Download Java https://www.java.com/en/download/
• Download Discourse Network Analysis https://github.com/leifeld/dna/releases