PENDAHULUAN
Ruang Lingkup
Pendekatan Metodologi
Peranan
EMBRIOLOGI:
Ilmu yang mempelajari seluk-beluk embrio (arti
sempit)
Ilmu yang mempelajari perkembangan mahluk
hidup (arti luas)
Implantasi
Aristoteles
Pengertian:
Genetika Perkembangan
mempelajari:
Penurunan unsur-unsur pembawa heriditas
Peranan gen dalam proses pertumbuhan dan
perkembangan embrio
Gen yg berperan secara spesifik dlm
perkembangan berbagai tipe sel, jaringan, dan organ
tubuh
Roan (RW)
http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/
https://www.boundless.com/
https://www.boundless.com/
http://www.pc.maricopa.edu/
http://education-portal.com/
DNA
http://apps.cmsfq.edu.ec
1. PROGENESIS
GAMETOGENESIS: diploid haploid (meiosis)
♥ Oogenesis
♥ Spermatogenesis
♥ Penurunan kromosom & variasi genetik
2. EMBRIOGENESIS
Implantasi
TERATOLOGI
E-Learning FKH IPB AFF 213 Embriol Genet Perkemb 01 Pendahuluan
Ruang Lingkup MK
http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/
ORGANOGENESIS
http://psychology.wikia.com/
E-Learning FKH IPB AFF 213 Embriol Genet Perkemb 01 Pendahuluan
Ruang Lingkup MK
KETERKAITAN DENGAN
MATAKULIAH LAIN
Eksploratif Eksperimental
Deskriptif Kuantitatif
Dasar Terapan
3. INDUSTRI
~ Transgenik untuk produksi bahan biologis
~ Embrio transfer
Buku:
- McGeady TA, Quinn PJ, FitzPatrick ES, Ryan MT, (2006) Veterinary
Embryology . 1st ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. [Perpustakaan
FKH IPB]
- Gilbert SF. 1985. Developmental Biology. Sunderland: Sinauer
Associates Pub. [Perpustakaan Pusat IPB]
- Dll.
Sumber Online:
- Sejarah: The Embryo Project Encyclopedia
http://embryo.asu.edu/home
- Umum: UNSW Embryology
http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php?title=Main_Page
Gametogenesis
Laboratorium Embriologi
Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan
Institut Pertanian Bogor
Indikator Pencapaian
Struktur sel: kromosom dan DNA
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Sistem
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Organ
Jaringan
Sel
Struktur Sel
5 4 3
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
2
6
1
1
7 1
0
8
9
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html
Inti Sel Kromosom
Kromosom?
Telomer
Kromatid?
Kromatin? Centromer
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
DNA?
Telomer
Sel
Genom?
Gen?
Pasangan basa
(A, T, C, G) Histon
DNA
Pengemasan DNA
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Jantan Betina
MITOSIS PGCs
Gonosit
Spermatogonium Oogonium
Spermatid Ovum
Spermatozoa MEIOSIS
Mitosis
• Tujuan untuk:
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
– Pertumbuhan
– Persembuhan
• Terjadi pada semua jenis
sel
– Sel somatis
– Sel gamet
• Sel anak:
– 2 sel anak identik
– Jumlah kromosom sama
– genetik identik sel induk
ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ghr/picture/mitosisMeiosis
Mitosis • Interphase
• Prophase
Anaphase
Telophase
• Metaphase Sitokinesis
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Meiosis
• Tujuan untuk
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
menghasilkan sel
kelamin (Gamet)
• Terjadi di organ
reproduksi (ovarium dan
testis)
• Sel anak:
– Empat sel anak
– Setengah jumlah kromosom
tetua. 2n n (haploid)
– Variasi genetik pd sel anak
crossing over
ghr.nlm.nih.gov/ghr/picture/mitosisMeiosis
Meiosis
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Khas:
profase1
• Crossing over
• Independent assortment
(acak) ( hukum Mendel)
• Oogenesis
Proses pembentukan dan perkembangan gamet betina
(Sel telur = oosit = ovum)
www.endotext.org/.../pediatrics7/pediatrics7.htm
Gametogenesis
Jantan Betina
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
MITOSIS
MITOSIS
PGCs PGCs
Spermatogonia Oogonia
Oosit primer
MEIOSIS
Lahir
- PGCs mitosis,
dormant s/d pubertas
- Spermatozoa
diproduksi dari
setelah pubertas
• Spermatositogenesis
Spermatogonium (2n)
spermatid (n)
• Spermiogenesis
Spermatid
spermatozoa
http://www.hk.edu.tw/~mehu/Dentistry/Reproductive%20system.htm
Spermatogenesis
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Spermiogenesis:
spermatid spermatozoa:
- Apparatus Golgi akrosom,
- Mitokondria midpiece,
- Sentriol ekor
- Sitoplasma cytoplasmic
droplets
- nukleus kompak
http://www.cell-research.com/20043/20043cover.htm
Spermatogenesis
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Tubuli
seminiferi
Testis
http://www.hk.edu.tw/~mehu/Dentistry/Reproductive%20system.htm
Spermatogenesis
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
http://www.wisc.edu/ansci_repro/lab/lab3/histology
http://jade.ccccd.edu/mweis/BIOL%202402/Lab/lab%2
http://www.becomehealthynow.com/images/organ 0exercise%20reviews/endocrine/histo_endocrine/histo
s/reproduction/male_testis_bh.jpg _endocrine_linkpg.htm
Spermatogenesis
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Tubuli seminiferi
http://www.hk.edu.tw/~mehu/Dentistry/Reproductive%20system.htm
Spermatogenesis
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Tubuli
seminiferi
www.andrologysociety.com/.../p14fig1.asp
http://www.hk.edu.tw/~mehu/Dentistry/Reproductive%20system.htm
- PGCs mitosis,
berdiferensiasi menjadi
oogonia, dan memulai
meiosis, berhenti pada Folliculogenesis
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Lahir
Pubertas
www.soc.hawaii.edu/ws350/spr04/gametogenesis2.htm
Folliculogenesis
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
embryology.med.unsw.edu.au
Germinal Vesicle
Germinal Break Down
Vesicle (GV) (GVBD)
Oogenesis: Oogenesis
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Anafase I Telofase I
Metafase I (MI)
Telofase II
Metafase II (MII) Anafase II
Germinal Vesicle
Germinal Break Down Metafase I (MI)
Vesicle (GV) (GVBD)
Anafase I Telofase I
Non-Disjunctions
• Jumlah kromosom
• n-1 atau n+1
• Monosomi vs
Trisomi
• Bisa terjadi pada
meiosis I atau pada
meiosis II
fig.cox.miami.edu
Non-Disjunctions
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
• Trisomi 21
• Down Syndrome
- facial characteristic
- short stature
- congenital heart defect
- mental retardation
- immune system defect
- hearing loss
- duodenal obstruction
employees.csbsju.edu
Non-Disjunctions
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
• Monosomi kromosom
sex (XO)
• Turner Syndrome
Hypogonadism
Short stature
Webbed neck
Coarctation aorta
Cervical lymphatic cyst
www.tokyo-med.ac.jp
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Non-Disjunctions
• Trisomi kromosom
sex (XXY) karyotype
• Klinefelter
Syndrome
Hypogonadism
Leydig cells
Azoospermia
Oligospermia
Gynecomastia
Eunuchoidism
www.tokyo-med.ac.jp
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id Translocation
gslc.genetics.utah.edu/.../robertsonian.cfm
Pertanyaan?
1. Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud sel somatis dan
gamet?
2. Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan kromosom,
kromatin, kromatid, genom, DNA, dan gen
3. Jelaskan bagaimana pembelahan meiosis
menyebabkan variasi genetik pada individu dalam
satu spesies?
4. Jelaskan perbedaan utama pembelahan meiosis
dibanding pembelahan mitosis
5. Jelaskan perbedaan utama oogenesis dengan
spermatogenesis?
6. Jelaskan proses spermiogenesis?
7. Jelaskan hubungan oogenesis dan folikulogenesis?
Pertemuan ke-3
Kromosom
Laboratorium Embriologi
Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan
Institut Pertanian Bogor
Indikator Pencapaian
Fungsi fertilisasi: fungsi reproduksi (penurunan genetik), fungsi
perkembangan (aktivasi sel telur)
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Fungsi fertilisasi:
• Penurunan materi genetik dari tetua jantan
dan betina ke anak
• Mengembalikan jumlah kromosom dari
haploid menjadi diploid
• Penentuan jenis kelamin anak
• Aktivasi sel telur (reaktivasi meiosis II) untuk memulai
proses perkembangan
Tahapan yang harus dialami oleh
Spermatozoa agar bisa membuahi
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Pematangan di Epididymis
Reaksi Akrosome
Pematangan di Epididymis
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
serviks uteri
Lingkungan atau cairan uterus
Hipermotilitas spermatoza di Tuba Fallopii
KAPASITASI
“Perubahan fisiologis dari membran plasma
spermatozoa di saluran reproduksi betina
menyebabkan membran plasma tidak stabil
dan reaktif terhadap induksi reaksi akrosom”
Reaksi akrosome
Membran plasma & membran akrosom melebur
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Jenis enzim:
Hyaluronidase,
acrosin, dll
(Flesch, 2000)
Syarat sel Telur agar dapat
dibuahi oleh spermatozoa
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
GV MI M II
Pematangan inti
sel telur
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
(Oogenesis) GV GVBD
Metafase I
Metafase II
Perivitelline
space
ZP
A: Kapasitasi. Oolemma
B: Hipermotilitas spz dan
ikatan dg ZP.
C: Reaksi akrosom
D: Penetrasi ZP dan ikatan
dg oolemma.
E: Ikatan dg oolemma
F: Peleburan dg oolemma
(Flesch, 2000)
Fertilisasi pada Mamalia
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Spermatozoa
membentuk
pronukleus jantan
(♂ PN)
Inti sel telur
melanjutkan
meiosis II,
melepaskan polar
body II (second
PB), membentuk
pronukleus betina
(♀ PN)
(Flesch, 2000)
Pencegahan Polispermia
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Gamet: X X X Y
Anak: XX XX XY XY
Gamet: Z W Z Z
Anak: ZZ ZZ ZW ZW
Seekor hewan betina yang dikawini oleh lebih dari satu ekor pejantan pada
satu masa birahi (estrus), sehingga anak yang dilahirkan memiliki genetik
tetua jantan yang berbeda-beda. Contoh terjadi pada anjing dan kucing.
Faktor jantan :
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Faktor betina :
saluran reproduksi: obstruksi tuba Fallopii
sel telur: degenerasi, penuaan
KELAINAN FERTILISASI:
Androgenesis (male)
• Trisomi 21
• Down Syndrome
• Klinefelter Syndrome
www.tokyo-med.ac.jp
ANEUPLOIDI: Monosomi (2n-1)
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
www.tokyo-med.ac.jp
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Parthenogenesis ?
• Perkembangan zigot atau embrio tanpa ada induksi atau peran spermatozoa
• Aktivasi sel telur terjadi secara spontan
• Induksi secara buatan bisa dilakukan dengan bahan kimia (~alkohol) atau
kejutan elektrik
Parthenogenesis?!:
diploid (2n), Benda kutub I tidak dilepas
http://209.68.138.57/lc/archive/biology/Pages/Chapter10-Rabitoy.aspx
Penurunan Genetik (Hukum Mendel)
• Segregasi Dua Gen atau Lebih
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-20/2014.jpg
Penjelasan Hukum Mendel
• Hukum Mendel I terkait dengan kromosom
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
dan meiosis
• Variasi genetik:
Crossing over pertukaran DNA/gen
Independent assortment urutan kromosom
pada lempeng metafase secara acak
2n ; n=jumlah kromosom
Pola Pewarisan: Hubungan Alel
Alel dominan: suatu alel yang fenotipenya selalu
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
http://www.doctortee.com/dsu/tiftickjian/genetics/mendel-extensions.html
APLIKASI BIOTEKNOLOGI:
INSEMINASI BUATAN (IB)
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
KRIOPRESERVASI
- Gamet
- Embrio
Pembekuan (Kriopreservasi) Sperma
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
MATURATION
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
OOCYTE
FERTILIZATION COLLECTION
SPERM COLLECTION
CULTURE
MICRO FERTILIZATION
Injection
pipette
Holding Metaphase
pipette II Oocyte
Embryogenesis
Zygote
1. Cleavage
2. Blastulation
3. Gastrulation
4. Neurulation
Phases of cleavage
Morula
Zygote
Blastomere
Zona pellucida
• Cleavage by Mitosis
• No addition of nucleus material (DNA)
• The size of the embryo is unchanged
• The size of the blastomere cells shrink
• MORULA consists of blastomere cells
Phases of cleavage
COMPACTION
• Connection between blastomeres Tight & Gap Junction
• The formations of microfilaments & microtubuli between
plasma membranes The boundary between
blastomeres disappear
MORULA (NON COMPACT) (Fig.4)
COMPACTION
• Formation of the
blastocoel
Pumping Na and water
into the blastocoel
b
c
a
d
Blastosis structure:
a. Blastocoel
b. Inner cell Mass
c. Trophoblast
d. Zona pellucida
Blastulation phase
Kornua
Implantation
ICM
1. Hypoblast
2. Epiblast
3. Gastrocoel
trophoblast
1. Cytotrophoblast
2. Synctiotrophoblast
Gastrulation phase
2. Epiblast
1. Hypoblast
4. Amniotic cavity
3. Gastrocoel
Gastrulation phase
Formation of the primitive streak
Thickening of the embryonic epiblast
Primitive streak
Ectoderm
Luckett, 1978
Gastrulation phase
Head Process – Notochordal Process
Neurulation phase
3. gastrulation
induction notochord
Neurulation phase
neural tube
ectoderm
cytoplasm
Holoblastic equal
Mammals, nematodes
Holoblastic unequal
Amphibians
Meroblastic
discoidal
Fish, birds, reptiles
Meroblastic
superficial
Insects ~ fruit flies
http://biology.westfield.ma.edu/
PERFECT HOLOBLASTIC / EQUAL (Mammals)
Achievement
indicators:
Implanta)on,
Extraembryonic
à
The
implanta,on
process
(mammals),
i.e.
hatching,
nida,on
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id Membranes
and
Placenta)on
à
Types
of
implanta,on:
invasive
and
non
invasive;
superficial,
eccentric,
profundal
and
examples
of
the
animals
à
Extraembryonic
membranes
(chorion,
amnion,
allantois,
yolk
sac),
including
the
origins
and
the
forma,on
processes;
the
differences
between
birds
and
mammals
à
The
defini,on
of
placenta
(mammals)
à
Types
of
placenta
based
on
1.
Macroscopic
structure
or
the
distribu,on
of
the
chorionic
villi;
2.
Microscopic
or
the
endometrial
intactness
à
The
connec,on
between
the
type
of
implanta,on
and
the
shape
of
the
placenta
in
each
animal
used
as
the
example
à
Placenta,on
disorders:
blind
ovum
(mole);
à
Reten,on
secundarium
à
Placenta,on
in
twin
embryos;
to
differen,ate
early
and
late
twins,
iden,cal
and
fraternal
LABORATORY
OF
EMBRYOLOGY
à
Biotechnological
insight:
The
role
of
paternal-‐maternal
gene,cs
in
implanta,on,
FACULTY
OF
VETERINARY
MEDICINE
manipula,on
of
ICM-‐trophoblast
to
support
implanta,on;
Amniocentesis
BOGOR
AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITY
1
Fact.of Veterinary Medicine, IPB 3/29/17
Invasive
implanta)on
:
man
&
rodents
Non-‐Invasive
implanta)on:
pig,
horse,
ruminants
• Decidualiza,on
reac,on
• Nutri,on
provided
by
uterine
gland
• Quick
adherence
secre,on.
• Trophoblast
cells:
>>>
Syncy,otrophoblast
• Blastocyst
expansion
>>>
Cytotrophoblast
• Adhesion
is
slower
The success of
The
,ssue
of
the
uterine
gland
&
the
implantation is affected
,ssue
around
the
embryo’s
by the mother’s
trophoblast
undergo
damage,
endometrium readiness
metabolites
are
released
as
a
source
and the developing
of
nutri,on
>>>>
histotroph
embryo
2
Fact.of Veterinary Medicine, IPB 3/29/17
Endometrium
Endometrium
Syncy,otrophoblast
Trophoblas,c
lacuna
INVASIVE
INVASIVE
Cytotrophoblast
Lumen
Uteri
Lumen
Uteri
Lumen
Uteri
Rep,les
&
birds:
providing
protec,on
inside
the
shell.
NON-
3
Fact.of Veterinary Medicine, IPB 3/29/17
llantois
Allantois
chorioa
Yolk sac
• CHORION chorioallantois
• AMNION
Ilustrasi: k. mohamad
• ALLANTOIS Rudimentary: yolk sac
Somatopleura
Lateral
Endoderm + Mesoderm
Rudimentary: Yolk sac & Allantois
4
Fact.of Veterinary Medicine, IPB 3/29/17
5
Fact.of Veterinary Medicine, IPB 3/29/17
3.
Chorion
4.
Allantois
• Birds:
adhering
to
the
shell
• Is
an
outpouching
of
the
posterior
intes,nal
wall
Func,on:
Gas
and
water
exchange
• Together
with
the
chorion
form
the
chorioallantois
• Birds
and
livestock:
chorioallantois
:
• Mammals:
adherence
to
the
endometrium
-‐
O2
exchange
Func,on:
exchange
of
nutrients
and
gas
(blood)
-‐
CO2
exchange
with
the
mother
-‐
holds
the
fetus’
excreted
urine
•
Human:
the
allantois
is
rudimentary
Placenta
,
Types
of
placenta varia,ons
in
macroscopic
and
microscopic
form
and
adhesion
sites
with
the
endometrium
“A
structural
unity
between
extraembryonic
membranes
and
the
mother’s
endometrium”
q DIFFUSE
:
horse
and
pig
(for
mammals
only)
q COTYLEDONARY:
ruminants
Func)on:
1. Exhange:
nutrients,
gas,
hormones,
etc.
q
ZONARY
:
carnivores
2. Endocrinal
3. Barrier
(prevents
mixing
between
the
mother
and
q DISCOIDAL
:
human,
the
fetus’s
blood)
rodents
Nutri)on
changes
:
http://9e.devbio.com/
HISTOTROPH
(cell/,ssue
debris)
à
HEMOTROPH
(blood)
images/ch11/types.GIF
6
Fact.of Veterinary Medicine, IPB 3/29/17
Diffuse
Cotyledonary
Fine,
evenly
distributed
chorionic
villi,
amachments
Chorionic
villi
in
clusters
(cotyledon),
cotyledon
will
amach
with
the
endometrium
at
all
chorions
to
endometrial
caruncles
=
placentome
Zonary
Discoid
Chorionic
villi
are
clustered
in
the
middle
third,
like
a
Chorionic
villi
form
a
disc
where
the
chorion
adheres
to
band/towel
covering
the
surface
of
the
chorion
the
endometrium
chorion
Fetus chorion
Umbilical cord
chorion
Fetus
amnion
endometrium
7
Fact.of Veterinary Medicine, IPB 3/29/17
Types
of
placenta,
based
on
the
histological
Types
of
placenta,
based
on
the
histological
connec,on
connec,on
between
the
chorion
and
endometrium
between
the
chorion
and
endometrium
• Syndesmochorial:
some
of
the
epithel
of
the
endometrium
• Endoteliochorial:
the
maternal
epithel
&
connec,ve
,ssue
sheds
sheds,
connec,ve
,ssue
connects
with
the
chorion.
(the
maternal
blood
vessel
endothelis
is
directly
connected
to
E.g.:
ruminants
the
chorion).
E.g.:
Carnivores
8
Fact.of Veterinary Medicine, IPB 3/29/17
horse, pig
à Connective tissue
l Syndesmochorial à Epithel
ruminants
à Epithel
l Endotheliochorial à Connective tissue
carnivores
à Blood vessels
Noden & de
l Haemochorial à Blood cells
Lahunta, 1985
primates, rodents
--
Illustration: k. mohamad
Types
of
placenta,
based
on
whether
the
endometrium
Ectopic
Pregnancy
sheds
or
not
during
implanta,on
or
partus
Pregnancy
outside
of
the
normal
loca,on
• Mesenterium
(6)
• Ovary
(1)
q Adeciduate,
non-‐shedding
(the
endometrium
• Tuba
Fallopii
(3)
• Infundibulum
(2)
stays
intact).
E.g.:
horse,
pig
(epitheliochorial)
• Utero-‐tubal
junc,on
(4)
q Semideciduate,
par,al
shedding.
• Cervix
(5)
• Abdominal
cavity
(7)
E.g.:
ruminants
(syndesmochorial)
q Deciduate,
endometrium
sheds
completely
E.g.:
carnivores,
primates,
rodents
(endotheliochorial,
hemochorial)
9
Fact.of Veterinary Medicine, IPB 3/29/17
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
q Late
twins,
caused
by
ICM
separa,on
thoracopagus,
pygopagus
(back)
q Early
twins,
caused
by
2-‐4
cell
blastomere
separa,on
Fraternal
Twins
(dizygo)c):
q Caused
by
superovula,on
q Natural
in
mul,parous
animals
If
the
Siamese
twins
are
not
the
same
size,
the
smaller
is
a
parasite
(parasi,c
twins)
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
10
Fact.of Veterinary Medicine, IPB 3/29/17
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Retensio
secundinae:
A
disorder
where
the
embryo
or
fetus
does
not
develop
In
normal
births,
the
fetal
membranes
but
the
placenta
develops.
The
placental
villi
swell
to
(secundinae)
will
be
expelled
from
the
form
water-‐filled
bubbles.
The
plasma
hCG
level
is
high,
mother’s
reproduc,ve
tract
within
1-‐12
determina,on
is
done
cytogene,cally.
hours
post
partum.
In
retensio
secundinae
Hyda,d
=
drops
of
water
cases,
the
placenta
is
retained
in
the
uterus.
http://library.med.utah.edu/
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Par,al
hyda,diform
mole
(diploid,
paternal
origin)
Maternal
chromosomes
regulate
the
embryoblast
Complete
hyda,diform
mole
(triploid,
1n
maternal
+
2n
(embryo
development)
paternal)
ß
polyspermy,
diploid
sperm
Paternal
chromosomes
regulate
the
trophoblast
development
(placenta
development).
Parthenogene,c
(gynogenesis)
embryos:
cannot
implant,
or
can
implant
but
the
trophoblast
http://www.molarpregnancy.co.uk/img/ cannot
develop
further
and
causes
miscarriage.
11
Fact.of Veterinary Medicine, IPB 3/29/17
Interspecies
Implanta)on
Chorionic
Villus
sampling
• Interspecies
gesta,on
can
be
obtained
through
isola,on
of
the
ICM
and
injec,ng
it
into
the
trophoblast
of
another
species
(closely
related).
The
embryo
transfer
is
Early pregnancy done
on
a
recipient
from
the
same
species
as
the
trophoblast
donor.
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
• The
success
of
the
implanta,on
depends
on
the
trophoblast
cells
formed.
blastocyst blastocyst
Species A Species B
Embryo transfer to a
recipient from Species A
http://www.summitmedicalgroup.com/library/womens_health Illustration: k. mohamad
12
INDUKSI EMBRIO
http://lms.ipb.ac.id
LABORATORIUM EMBRIOLOGI
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN
• Potensi
• Induksi, Diferensiasi
• Determinasi
Potensi Sel:
kemampuan sel untuk berdiferensiasi
Totipotensi >>>> Pluripotensi >>> Unipotensi
Diferensiasi:
perubahan bentuk & fungsi sel atau sekelompok sel kedalam
bentuk/ fungsi yg baru
Determinasi
takdir sel menjadi tetap melalui proses diferensiasi (perubahan
biokimia dan fungsi seluler)
TOTIPOTENSI
MORULA
AGREGASI
BLASTOMER
HEWAN
KHIMERA
C. Memisahkan Blastomer Splitting
2. Pada Gastrula:
Potensi prospektif = Nasib prospektif
Daerah-daerah
tertentu pada
sel telur atau
blastoderm
embrio telah
memiliki nasib
(takdir) tertentu
yang akan
berkembang
menjadi bagian-
bagian atau
organ tertentu
Membuktikan PETA TAKDIR
a. Pewarnaan vital
b. Pelabelan dengan karbon radioaktif
Peranan Hereditas Inti dan Sitoplasma
(maternal) dalam Perkembangan
Dua faktor utama sel yang mengatur aktivasi gen pada
proses perkembangan
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/6oP-Bc-w0CU/hqdefault.jpg
https://ka-perseus-images.s3.amazonaws.com/27e81b74cc8456f150d66bd0b4c503ac45ef5e04.png
CELL NUCLEUS
CHROMOSOME
http://aff.fkh.ipb.ac.id
Genomic Imprinting
Genomic Imprinting,
suatu proses EPIGENETIK yg dinamis, yg terlibat
dalam pengaturan ekspresi sebagian kecil gen
dari genome mamalia melalui proses modifikasi
STRUKTUR DNA
Memberikan efek terhadap fenotip
Pd setiap generasi harus mampu di HAPUS (Off) dan BENTUK (On)
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/12-150201133344-conversion-
gate01/95/123-dna-rna-and-protein-24-638.jpg?cb=1445783038
http://www.hbpinfo.com/en/mainframe/id/gfx/beta.jpg
WAWASAN BIOTEKNOLOGI
Kembar Identik (monozigotik):
Kembar lambat, disebabkan oleh pemisahan ICM
Kembar awal, disebabkan pemisahan blastomere 2-4 sel
Komplit / Inkomplit /
sempurna tak
sempurna
Kembar
identik Kembar
normal identik
dempet
(siam)
Kembar monozigotik, genetis sama.
Normal
Dempet (siam): craniopagus (KEPALA), thoracopagus
(DADA), pygopagus (PUNGGUNG)
Bila besar tidak sama : yang kecil parasit (KEMBAR PARASITIK)
APA PERBEDAAN ANTARA
HEWAN KHIMERA DAN TRANSGENIK??
Hewan khimera
http://www.ac-grenoble.fr/disciplines/svt/file/ancien_site/log/t_s/ts_procreation/images/free_martin-545x336.jpg
Kloning: transfer inti, splitting dll
Splitting
A. Boediono
http://169.237.28.91/animalbiotech/images/Image5.gif
Therapeutic cloning dan stem cell,
kloning untuk tujuan pengobatan
Transplantasi tanpa
terjadi penolakan
karena berasal dari
stem cell hasil kloning
dirinya sendiri