semester
berikutnya
REMBESAN AIR
DALAM TANAH STABILITAS
DAN DAYA
(5) DUKUNG
KEKUATAN
TANAH TANAH
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
(3)
TANAH PEMADATAN
(1) (4) PERENCANAAN
KOMPOSISI
BANGUNAN
TANAH
TANAH
(2)
BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
A. Umum POKOK
BAHASAN
A. Umum.
B. Tujuan
1. WHY DO WE NEED TO CLASSIFY SOILS ??????? Klasifikasi
To describe various soil types encountered in the Tanah.
nature in a systematic way and gathering soils that C. Jenis Test.
have distinct physical properties in groups and units. 1. Analisa
Ayakan
2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF A SOIL 2.Analisa
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM: Hidrometer
a- Based on a scientific method 3. Kurva
Distribusi
b- Simple
D. Sistem
c- Permit classification by visual and manual tests.
Klasifikasi
d- Describe certain engineering properties Tanah.
e- Should be accepted to all engineers.
BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
A. Umum.
3. VARIOUS SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS: B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
Tanah.
a- Geologic Soil Classification System
b- Agronomic Soil Classification System C. Jenis Test.
c- Textural Soil Classification System (USDA) 1. Analisa
Ayakan
d- American Association of State Highway
2.Analisa
Transportation Officials System (AASHTO) Hidrometer
e- Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) 3. Kurva
f- American Society for Testing and Materials Distribusi
System (ASTM) D. Sistem
g- Federal Aviation Agency System (FAA) Klasifikasi
Tanah.
POKOK
B. Tujuan Klasifikasi Tanah BAHASAN
A. Umum.
Klasifikasi Tanah :
mengelompokkan tanah yang berbeda-beda tapi B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
mempunyai sifat serupa kedalam group-group dan Tanah.
sub group.
C. Jenis Test.
Tujuannya : 1. Analisa
Ayakan
untuk mendapatkan gambaran umum mengenai 2.Analisa
perilaku suatu tanah. Hidrometer
3. Kurva
Distribusi
Dasar Klasifikasi Tanah :
1. Plastisitas tanah. D. Sistem
Klasifikasi
2. Ukuran butiran.
Tanah.
BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
A. Umum.
Jenis test untuk mendapatkan ukuran Butiran :
B. Tujuan
1. Analisa / Test Ayakan (Gambar 3.1). Klasifikasi
2. Analisa / Test Hydrometer (Gambar 3.2) Tanah.
C. Jenis Test.
1. Analisa
Analisa ayakan : Ayakan
1. Ayakan yang dipakai : ayakan US-Standard. 2.Analisa
Hidrometer
2. Dasar : ukuran lubang ayakan.
3. Kurva
Distribusi
Analisa hydrometer D. Sistem
1. Menggunakan alat hydrometer Klasifikasi
Tanah.
2. Dasar : prinsip sedimentasi dari butiran tanah didalam air
DIAMETER LUBANG
NO. AYAKAN
1. Analisa ayakan AYAKAN (mm) POKOK
4 4 4.75 BAHASAN
6 3.35
8 2.36 A. Umum.
B. Tujuan
10 2.00
Klasifikasi
16 1.18 Tanah.
20 0.85 C. Jenis Test.
1. Analisa
30 0.60
Ayakan
CATATAN : Ayakan no. 4
berarti dalam 1 inchi 40 0.425 2.Analisa
persegi ada 4 x 4 lubang Hidrometer
50 0.30
3. Kurva
60 0.25 Distribusi
cara menyusun ayakan
yang dianjurkan (agar 80 0.18 D. Sistem
dalam skala log titik plot Klasifikasi
100 0.15 Tanah.
terpisah dengan baik)
140 0.106
200 200 0.075
BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
POKOK
BAHASAN
A. Umum.
B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
Tanah.
C. Jenis Test.
1. Analisa
Ayakan
2.Analisa
Hidrometer
3. Kurva
Gambar 3.1. Distribusi
Ayakan D. Sistem
Klasifikasi
US-Standard Tanah.
BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
2. Analisa Hydrometer
POKOK
BAHASAN
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kecepatan mengendap :
bentuk, ukuran, dan berat butiran tanah.
A. Umum.
B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
Tanah.
C. Jenis Test.
1. Analisa
Ayakan
2.Analisa
Hydrometer
3. Kurva
Distribusi
D. Sistem
Klasifikasi
Tanah.
A. Umum.
B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
Tanah.
a. Hasil analisa ayakan dan analisa Hydrometer
C. Jenis Test.
digambarkan dalam kertas semi-log (Gambar 3.3);
1. Analisa
b. Kurva hasil test diberikan dalam Gambar 3.4 Ayakan
SAND FINES
GRAVEL
COARSE MEDIUM FINE SILT CLAY
19.05
# 10
# 20
# 40
# 100
# 200
#4
100
90
80
70
PERSEN LOLOS (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
19.05
0.425
0.149
0.075
0.005
2
4.76
0.85
UKURAN BUTIR, mm
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10 Gambar 3.3 Kertas semi-log untuk menggambar hasil analisa ayakan dan hydrometer
100 10 10 1 1 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.001
0.01 0.001
BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
SAND FINES
GRAVEL
COARSE MEDIUM FINE SILT CLAY
2.89%
19.05 77.12% 12.50% 7.50%
# 10
# 20
# 40
# 100
# 200
#4
100
90
80
70
PERSEN LOLOS (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
19.05
0.425
0.149
0.075
0.005
2
4.76
0.85
UKURAN BUTIR, mm
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100
Gambar
10 10
3.4 Kurva1 distribusi
1
ukuran
0.1
butiran (Grain size distribution)
0.1 0.01 0.001
0.01 0.001
BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
D30 : Diameter butiran dimana 30% dari total butiran lolos / D. Sistem
Klasifikasi
lebih kecil dari diameter tersebut. Tanah.
D60 : Diameter butiran dimana 60% dari total butiran lolos /
lebih kecil dari diameter tersebut.
BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
SAND FINES
GRAVEL
COARSE MEDIUM FINE SILT CLAY
2.89%
19.05
77.12% 12.50% 7.50%
# 10
# 20
# 40
# 100
# 200
#4
100
90
80
70
PERSEN LOLOS (%)
60
50
40
30
20
10
D60 D30 D10
0
19.05
0.425
0.149
0.075
0.005
2
4.76
0.85
UKURAN BUTIR, mm
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 10 10 Gambar 13.5 Cara
1 menentukan
0.1 D10,0.01
0.1 , D 30 , D 60 0.01
0.001 0.001
Grain Size Distribution Curves
D60
D30
D10
0.15 mm
0.8 mm
5.3
0.15 mm
0.4 mm
0.8 mm 0.4
1.33
0.15 0.8
Sieve Analysis (Cont.)
• D60 - the diameter corresponding to 60% finer
in the particle-size distribution curve
• D10 – effective size
D60
cu
D10
• Cu – coefficient of uniformity,
cc
D30 2
D60 D10
• Cc – coefficient of gradation,
Note:
If cu is relatively large, it indicates a well graded soil. Cu = 1 indicates
that the soil grains are of approximately equal sizes.
Hydrometer Analysis
• ASTM D422
• This method is generally used to determine the
particle-size distribution for soils with small grain
sizes < 0.075 mm (No. 200)
• The lower limit of the particle size determined by
this procedure is about 0.001mm
• In the lab we will use ASTM 152-H Hydrometer (?)
• This method is based on Stoke’s law “The larger
the grain size, the greater its settling velocity in a
fluid”
( s w ) 2
v D ; : vis cos ity of water
18
L =30
Hydrometer Test (Cont.)
• A Hydrometer reading of 30 means that
there are 30 g of soil solids in suspension
per 1000cc of soil-water mixture at a
temperature of 200C
• Take reading at 15, 30, 60 seconds then
at 2, 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes
Composite Corrections
• Fm – Meniscus Correction
Fm
• Zero Correction, Fz
Accounts for the effect of using a deflocculating agent
• Temperature Correction, FT
FT = - 4.85 + 0.25T (T between 15 – 280C)
• Composite Correction = Fm + Fz + FT
Hydrometer Test
(Procedure)
1. Prepare a deflocculating (dispersing)
agent
– Use a 4% solution of Sodium
hexametaphophate (Calgon)
– Add the 40g of Calgon in 1000cc of distilled
water and mix thoroughly
2. Use 45±5g of soil passing #10
3. Take 125cc of the mixture prepared in (1)
and add it to the soil in (2) and let it soak
for about 8 – 12hours
Hydrometer Test (Calculation - pp 30)
• R – Hydrometer reading (col 2)
• Rcp – corrected hydrometer reading for calculation of
percent finer (col 3)
Rcp = R + FT – Fz
a Rcp a = correction for Gs see
• Percent finer (col 4) = Ws Table 5-3 pp 30
Assume Gs = 2.65
A. Umum.
e. Bentuk Kurva dapat dikelompokkan dalam 3 group B. Tujuan
(lihat Gambar 3.6): Klasifikasi
Tanah.
- GAP GRADED : C. Jenis Test.
Tanah dimana 1 atau lebih ukuran butir tidak ada.
1. Analisa
Ayakan
- WELL GRADED :
2.Analisa
Tanah dimana ukuran butirannya terbagi merata Hidrometer
dalam suatu batasan yang luas (hampir semua
3.Kurva
ukuran butir ada). Distribusi
D. Sistem
- UNIFORM GRADED : Klasifikasi
Tanah yang ukuran butirannya hampir sama. Tanah.
BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
Gambar 3.6a. Bentuk kurva hasil test Ayakan dan test Hydrometer
BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
POKOK
BAHASAN
A. Umum.
B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
Tanah.
C. Jenis Test.
1. Analisa
Ayakan
2.Analisa
Hidrometer
3.Kurva
Distribusi
D. Sistem
Klasifikasi
Gambar 3.6b. Tanah.
POKOK
D. Sistem Klasifikasi Tanah (Lanjutan)
BAHASAN
Catatan :
passing = lolos
Retained = tertahan
A>B A≤B
G S
BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
G POKOK
BAHASAN
S POKOK
BAHASAN
A. Umum.
LL < 50% LL > 50%
B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
LLR<0.75 LLR>0.75 LLR<0.75 LLR>0.75 Tanah.
C. Jenis Test.
1. Analisa
LL and PI LL and PI LL and PI LL and PI LL and PI Ayakan
plot below plot in plot above plot plot 2.Analisa
A-line shaded A-line below A- above Hidrometer
area line A-line
3.Kurva
Distribusi
OL ML CL-ML CL OH MH CH D. Sistem
Klasifikasi
Tanah.
Gambar 3.7d. Sistem Klasifikasi USCS untuk lanau, organik,
dan lempung
POKOK
BAHASAN
A. Umum.
B. Tujuan
Klasifikasi
Tanah.
C. Jenis Test.
1. Analisa
Ayakan
2.Analisa
Hidrometer
3.Kurva
Distribusi
D. Sistem
Klasifikasi
Tanah.
Persamaan garis A : PI = 0.73 (LL – 20)
Gambar 3.8. Plasicity Chart
Tabel 3.1c. USCS ( Silt or Clay, Peat)
SILT OR CLAY
Run sieve analyasis and if less than 50% passed the #200 sieve, then the soil is fine.Run
liquid limit and plastic limit tests on materials passing #40 sieve. Note that ASTM requires
that the liquid limit be determined using oven dried and undried samples . The ratio of the
dried to the undried value is called the liquid limit ratio LLR.
Liquid Limit Unified Soil Classification Criteria Group Symbol Group Name
LLR < 0.75 OL Organic silt or clay
LLR > 0.75 and PI < 4 or plots
below A-line in Fig. ML Inorganic silt
Less than
LLR > 0.75 and PI > 7 or plots
50% CL
above A-line in Fig. Lean clay
LLR > 0.75 and PI > 7 and LL and
CL-ML
PI in shaded area of Fig. Silty clay
LLR < 0.75 OH Organic silt or clay
LLR > 0.75 and PI plots below A-
More than MH
line in Fig. Elastic silt
50%
LLR > 0.75 and PI plots on or
CH
above A-line in Fig. Fat clay
PEAT
Highly organic soils. Normally more than 20% by weight is organic
Primary organic matter, dark in
Pt Peat
color and organic odor
BAB III
KLASIFIKASI
TANAH
LL= 33
PI= 12
PI= 0.73(LL-20), A-line
PI=0.73(33-20)=9.49
SC
(15% gravel)
Clayey sand Highly
with gravel
(Santamarina et al., 2001)
Tabel 3.2a. AASHTO
General classification Granular materials (35% or less of total sample passing No.200)
A-1 A-2
Group classification A-3
A-1-a A-1-b A-2-4 A-2-5 A-2-6 A-2-7
Sieve analysis (percent
passing)
No.10 50 max
No.40 30 max 50 max 51 min
No.200 15 max 25 max 10 max 35 max 35 max 35 max 35 max
Characteristic of fraction
passing No.40
Liquid Limit 40 max 41 min 40 max 41 min
Plasticity Index 6 max NP 10 max 10 max 11 min 11 min
Usual types of significant Stone fragment,
Fine sand Silty or clayey gravel and sand
constituent materials gravel and sand
General subgrade rating Excellent to good
TABEL 3.2b. AASHTO (Lanjutan)
Silt-clay materials
General classification (More than 35% of total sample passing No.200)
A-7
Group classification A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7-5*
A-7-6^
Sieve analysis (percent
passing)
No.10
No.40
No.200 36 min 36 min 36 min 36 min
Characteristic of fraction
passing No.40
Liquid Limit 40 max 41 min 40 max 41 min
Plasticity Index 10 max 10 max 11 min 11 min
Usual types of significant
Silty soils Clayey soils
constituent materials
General subgrade rating Fair to poor
* For A-7-5, PI LL - 30
^ For A-7-6, PI > LL - 30
• 10Log 0.01 = -2 10-2 = 0.01
• 10Log 0.1 = -1 10-1 = 0.1
• 10Log 1 = 0 100 = 1
• 10Log 10 = 1 101 = 10
• 10Log 100 = 2 102 = 100