Habermacher, A., Ghadiri, A., & Peters, T. (2020).

Describing the elephant: a foundational model of

human needs, motivation, behaviour, and wellbeing.

KBBI

Hipotesis berasal dari bahasa Yunani: hypo = di bawah; thesis = pendirian, pendapat yang ditegakkan,
kepastian. Hipotesis atau hipotesa merupakan suatu pernyataan yang sifatnya sementara, atau
kesimpulan sementara atau dugaan yang bersifat logis tentang suatu populasi.

hipotesis/hi·po·te·sis/ /hipotésis/ n sesuatu yang dianggap benar untuk alasan atau pengutaraan
pendapat (teori, proposisi, dan sebagainya) meskipun kebenarannya masih harus dibuktikan; anggapan
dasar;

Pendapat ahli

Pengertian hipotesis menurut para ahli adalah sebagai berikut:

Hypotheses are statements in quantitative research in which the investigator makes a

prediction or a conjecture about the outcome of a relationship among attributes or charac-

teristics.

to narrow the purpose statement to specific predictions. These predictions are not simply an “edu-

cated guess.” Rather, researchers base them on results from past research and literature

where investigators have found certain results and can now offer predictions as to what

other investigators will fi nd when they repeat the study with new people or at new sites.

You will fi nd these hypotheses stated at the beginning of a study, typically at the end of

the introduction. Investigators also place them immediately after the review of the lit-

erature or in a separate section titled “Hypotheses.” Usually researchers advance several

hypotheses, such as three or four. An illustration of a hypothesis is:

Students in high schools in the school district in which parents and teachers com-
municate through the Internet will have higher grades than students whose parents

and teachers do not communicate through the Internet.

(Fraenkel Wallen, 1990: 40) dalam Yatim Riyanto, (1996: 13) Hipotesis adalah suatu prediksi tentang
kemungkinan hasil dari suatu penelitian. Lebih lanjut hipotesis ini merupakan jawaban yang bersifat
sementara terhadap suatu permasalahan yang diajukan di dalam penelitian. Hipotesis ini belum tentu
benar. Benar atau tidaknya sebuah hipotesis itu tergantung dari hasil pengujian data empiris.

Menurut Suharsimi Arikunto (1995:71) hipotesis ini didefinisikan adalah sebagai alternative dugaan
jawaban yang dibuat oleh penelitian bagi problematika yang diajukan di dalam penelitian. Dugaan
jawaban itu adalah suatu kebenaran yang sifatnya sementara, yang tentu akan diuji kebenarannya itu
dengan data yang dikumpulkan dengan melalui penelitian. Dengan kedudukan tersebut maka hipotesis
tersebut dapat berubah menjadi kebenaran, namun juga tentu dapat tumbang dari kebenaran.

(John W.Best, di dalam Sanapiah Faisal, 1982 serta Yatim Riyanto, 1996). Penelitian yang dilakukan itu
sebenarnya tidak semata-mata ditujukan untuk menguji hipotesis yang diajukan, namun juga bertujuan
menemukan fakta yang ada serta yang terjadi dilapangan. Pernyataan diterima atau juga ditolaknya
hipotesis itu tidak dapat atau bisa diidentikkan dengan pernyataan keberhasilan atas kegagalan
penelitian. Perumusan hipotesis tersebut ditujukan untuk landasan logis serta pemberi arah kepada
suatu proses pengumpulan data dan juga proses penyelidikan itu sendiri

Secara etimologis, hipotesis ini berasal dari dua kata yakni hypo yang berarti “kurang dari” serta juga
thesis yang artinya adalah pendapat. Jadi, hipotesis ini merupakan suatu pendapat atau juga kesimpulan
yang belum final, yang harus diuji terlebih dahulu kebenarannya (Djarwanto, 1994 : 13).

(Donald Ary, 1992 : 120) Hipotesis merupakan suatu pernyataan sementara yang diajukan di dalam
memecahkan suatu masalah, atau juga untuk dapat menerangkan suatu gejala .

(Moh.Nazir, 1998: 182) Hipotesis merupakan jawaban sementara terhadap suatu masalah penelitian
yang kebenarannya itu harus diuji dengan secara empiris.

(Sumadi Suryabrata, 1991 : 49) Secara teknis, hipotesis merupakan suatu pernyataan tentang keadaan
populasi yang akan diuji kebenarannya itu dengan berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari sampel
penelitian

(Sumadi Suryabrata, 2000 : 69) Secara statistik, hipotesis merupakan suatu pernyataan tentang keadaan
parameter yang akan diuji dengan melalui statistik sampel.

Hipotesis adalah sebagai dugaan terhadap hubungan antara dua variabel atau lebih (Kerlinger,1973:18
dan Tuckman,1982:5).
Sudjana (1992:219) mengartikan hipotesis adalah asumsi atau dugaan mengenai suatu hal yang dibuat
untuk menjelaskan hal itu yang sering dituntut untuk melakukan pengecekannya.

A hypothesis is a tentative answer to a scientific question. A testable hypothesis is a hypothesis that can
be proved or disproved as a result of testing, data collection, or experience. Only testable hypotheses
can be used to conceive and perform an experiment using the scientific method.

Fungsi penting hipotesis di dalam penelitian, yaitu:

Untuk menguji teori,

Mendorong munculnya teori,

Menerangkan fenomena sosial,

Sebagai pedoman untuk mengarahkan penelitian,

Memberikan kerangka untuk menyusun kesimpulan yang akan dihasilkan.

Penelitian yang memiliki hipotesis yang kuat merupakan petunjuk bahwa peneliti telah mempunyai
cukup pengetahuan untuk melakukan penelitian tersebut

Memberikan arah pada pengumpulan dan penafsiran data

Memberi petunjuk tentang prosedur apa saja yang harus diikuti dan jenis data seperti apa yang harus
dikumpulkan

Memberikan kerangka dalam rangka melaporkan kesimpulan penelitian

Kriteria Hipotesis yang baik:

Dikembangkan dengan teori yang sudah ada, penjelasan logis atau hasil hasil penelitian sebelumnya.

Hipotesis menunjukkan maksudnya dengan jelas.

hipotesis dapat diuji

Hipotesis ini lebih baik dibanding hipotesis kompetisinya.

Requirements for a Testable Hypothesis

In order to be considered testable, two criteria must be met:

It must be possible to prove that the hypothesis is true.

It must be possible to prove that the hypothesis is false.

It must be possible to reproduce the results of the hypothesis.

Examples of a Testable Hypothesis

All the following hypotheses are testable. It's important, however, to note that while it's possible to say
that the hypothesis is correct, much more research would be required to answer the question "why is
this hypothesis correct?"

Students who attend class have higher grades than students who skip class. This is testable because it is
possible to compare the grades of students who do and do not skip class and then analyze the resulting
data. Another person could conduct the same research and come up with the same results.

People exposed to high levels of ultraviolet light have a higher incidence of cancer than the norm. This is
testable because it is possible to find a group of people who have been exposed to high levels of
ultraviolet light and compare their cancer rates to the average.

If you put people in a dark room, then they will be unable to tell when an infrared light turns on. This
hypothesis is testable because it is possible to put a group of people into a dark room, turn on an
infrared light, and ask the people in the room whether or not an infrared light has been turned on.

Examples of a Hypothesis Not Written in a Testable Form

It doesn't matter whether or not you skip class. This hypothesis can't be tested because it doesn't make
any actual claim regarding the outcome of skipping class. "It doesn't matter" doesn't have any specific
meaning, so it can't be tested.

Ultraviolet light could cause cancer. The word "could" makes a hypothesis extremely difficult to test
because it is very vague. There "could," for example, be UFOs watching us at every moment, even
though it's impossible to prove that they are there!
Goldfish make better pets than guinea pigs. This is not a hypothesis; it's a matter of opinion. There is no
agreed-upon definition of what a "better" pet is, so while it is possible to argue the point, there is no
way to prove it.

Formalized Hypotheses example: If skin cancer is related to ultraviolet light , then people with a high
exposure to uv light will have a higher frequency of skin cancer.

If leaf color change is related to temperature , then exposing plants to low temperatures will result in
changes in leaf color.

Notice that these statements contain the words , if and then. They are necessary in a formalized
hypothesis.

Terhadap hipotesis yang sudah dirumuskan, peneliti dapat bersikap dua hal:

Menerima keputusan seperti apa adanya seandainya hipotesisnya tidak terbukti (pada akhir penelitian).

Mengganti hipotesis seandainya melihat tanda-tanda bahwa data yang terkumpul tidak mendukung
terbuktinya hipotesis (pada saat penelitian berlangsung).

Borg dan Gall (1979: 61) mengajukan adanya persyaratan untuk hipotesis sebagai berikut:
Hipotesis harus dirumuskan dengan singkat tetapi jelas.

Hipotesis harus dengan nyata menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara dua atau lebih variabel.

Hipotesis harus didukung oleh teori-teori yang dikemukakan oleh para ahli atau hasil penelitian yang
relevan.

Tahap-tahap untuk melakukan uji hipotesis antara lain:

menentukan hipotesis;

menentukan nilai α dan β;

menentukan metode statistik yang dipakai;

menentukan kriteria penolakan/penerimaan

membuat kesimpulan.

Prosedur Uji Hipotesis

Rangkaian prosedur yang sistematik dalam menguji dugaan penelitian terdiri dari:

Merumuskan hipotesis penelitian, yang bertujuan agar dapat dihitung statistik sampelnya (seperti: rata-
rata, proporsi, dsb).

Menentukan nilai α dan β yang akan digunakan Nilai α disebut juga kesalahan tipe 1 atau derajat
kemaknaan atau significance level.

Menentukan metode statistik yang digunakan

Menentukan kriteria untuk menolak dan menerima hipotesis nol (H0) sesuai dengan nilai α yang telah
ditentukan pada prosedur nomor 2 di atas

Membuat kesimpulan sesuai dengan hasil uji statistik Seperti dijelaskan di atas, uji hipotesis tidak
bertujuan untuk membuktikan kebenaran hipotesis namun hanya memutuskan apakah hipotesis ditolak
atau diterima.
Types of Research Hypothesis

Simple Hypothesis. It predicts the relationship between a single dependent variable and a single
independent variable.

Complex Hypothesis. ...

Directional Hypothesis. ...

Non-directional Hypothesis. ...

Associative and Causal Hypothesis. ...

Null Hypothesis. ...

Alternative Hypothesis.

What is a Research Hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a statement that introduces a research question and proposes an expected result. It is an
integral part of the scientific method that forms the basis of scientific experiments. Therefore, you need
to be careful and thorough when building your hypothesis. A minor flaw in the construction of your
hypothesis could have an adverse effect on your experiment.

Essential Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

As a research hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study,
you may consider drawing hypothesis from previously published research based on the theory.

A good research hypothesis involves more efforts than just a guess. In particular, your hypothesis may
begin with a question which could be further explored through background research.

To help you formulate a promising research hypothesis, you should ask yourself the following questions:

Is the language clear and focused?

What is the relationship between your hypothesis and your research topic?
Is your hypothesis testable? If yes, then how?

What are the possible explanations that you might want to explore?

Does your hypothesis include both an independent and dependent variable?

Can you manipulate your variables without hampering the ethical standards?

The questions listed above can be used as a checklist to make sure your hypothesis is based on a solid
foundation. Furthermore, it can help you identify weaknesses in your hypothesis and revise it if
necessary.

Types of Research Hypothesis

Research hypothesis can be classified into seven categories as stated below:

1. Simple Hypothesis

It predicts the relationship between a single dependent variable and a single independent variable.

2. Complex Hypothesis

It predicts the relationship between two or more independent and dependent variables.

3. Directional Hypothesis

It specifies the expected direction to be followed to determine the relationship between variables, and
is derived from theory. Furthermore, it implies researcher’s intellectual commitment to a particular
outcome.

4. Non-directional Hypothesis

It does not predict the exact direction or nature of the relationship between the two variables. Non-
directional hypothesis is used when there is no theory involved or when findings contradict previous
research.

5. Associative and Causal Hypothesis

Associative hypothesis defines interdependency between variables. A change in one variable results in
the change of the other variable. On the other hand, causal hypothesis proposes an effect on the
dependent due to manipulation of the independent variable.

6. Null Hypothesis

It states a negative statement to support the researcher’s findings that there is no relationship between
two variables.

7. Alternative Hypothesis

It states that there is a relationship between the two variables of the study and that the results are
significant to the research topic.

How to Formulate an Effective Research Hypothesis

A testable hypothesis is not a simple statement. It is rather an intricate statement that needs to offer a
clear introduction to a scientific experiment, its intentions, and the possible outcomes. However, there
are some important things to consider when building a compelling hypothesis.

State the problem that you are trying to solve.

Make sure that the hypothesis clearly defines the topic and the focus of the experiment.

Try to write the hypothesis as an if-then statement.

Follow this template: If a specific action is taken, then a certain outcome is expected.

Define the variables

Independent variables are the ones which are manipulated, controlled, or changed. Independent
variables are isolated from other factors of the study.

Dependent variables, as name suggests are dependent on other factors of the study. They are
influenced by the change in independent variable.

Examples of Independent and Dependent Variables in a Hypothesis:

Example 1

The greater number of coal plants in a region (independent variable) increases water pollution
(dependent variable).

If you change the independent variable (building more coal factories), it will change the dependent
variable (amount of water pollution).

Example 2

What is the effect of diet or regular soda (independent variable) on blood sugar levels (dependent
variable)?

If you change the independent variable (the type of soda you consume), it will change the dependent
variable (blood sugar levels)

You should not ignore the importance of the above steps. The validity of your experiment and its results
rely on a robust testable hypothesis. Developing a strong testable hypothesis has few advantages, it
compels us to think intensely and specifically about the outcomes of a study. Consequently, it enables us
to understand the implication of the question and the different variables involved in the study.
Furthermore, it helps us to make precise predictions based on prior research. Hence, forming a
hypothesis would be of great value to the research. Here are some good examples of testable
hypotheses.

More importantly, you need to build a robust testable research hypothesis for your scientific
experiments. A testable hypothesis is a hypothesis that can be proved or disproved as a result of
experimentation.

Importance of a Testable Hypothesis

To devise and perform an experiment using scientific method, you need to make sure that your
hypothesis is testable. To be considered testable, some essential criteria must be met:

There must be a possibility to prove that the hypothesis is true.

There must be a possibility to prove that the hypothesis is false.

The results of the hypothesis must be reproducible.

Without these criteria, the hypothesis and the results will be vague. As a result, the experiment will not
prove or disprove anything significant.

What are your experiences with building hypotheses for scientific experiments? What challenges did you
face? How did you overcome these challenges? Please share your thoughts with us in the comments
section. You can also visit our Q&A forum for frequently asked questions related to different aspects of
research writing and publishing answered by our team that comprises subject-matter experts, eminent
researchers, and publication experts.

An illustration of a hypothesis is:

Students in high schools in the school district in which parents and teachers com-

municate through the Internet will have higher grades than students whose parents

and teachers do not communicate through the Internet.