TP 2307

MEKANIKA STRUKTUR
VII. MOMEN GAYA
(LANJUTAN)

OLEH :
DJAROT WAHJU SANTOSO

TEKNIK PENERBANGAN
STTA
Apa itu memindah gaya ?
Beberapa gaya dan momen
kopel bekerja pada
penampang vertikal dari
batang berbentuk I.
Bisakah kita mengganti
beberapa gaya menjadi satu
gaya dan satu momen
kopel pada titik O yang
mempunyai efek sama ?
Bila dapat, bagaimana
melakukannya ?
 AN EQUIVALENT SYSTEM

Ketika sejumlah gaya dan momen kopel bekerja pada benda, lebih
mudah untuk memahaminya bila gaya keseluruhan yang berpengaruh pada
benda tersebut, digantikan dengan sebuah gaya dan satu momen kopel yang
mempunyai pengaruh eksternal yang sama.
Dua gaya dan dua kopel yang berlainan tersebut dikatakan sistem yang
ekivalen karena kedua sistem tersebut mempunyai pengaruh ekternal
yang sama pada benda tersebut.
 Equivalent Force – Couple Systems

Memindahkan gaya dari A ke O, jika kedua titik tersebut terletak pada garis
vektor yang sama dan tidak mengubah pengaruh eksternal. Oleh karenanya
vektor gaya disebut vector sliding. (Pengaruh internal gaya pada benda
tergantung pada dimana gaya tersebut diterapkan). Pada kasus ini caranya gaya F
di atas dipindahkan ke titik O lalu ditambahkan gaya sebesar F berlawanan tanda
yaitu –F, selanjutnya gaya F di atas dengan gaya –F di bawah akan saling
menghilangkan, sehingga terakhir yang ada hanya gaya F (gambar paling kanan).
 Equivalent Force – Couple Systems

Memindahkan sebuah gaya dari titik A ke O (tidak segaris gaya)

mensyaratkan penambahan sebuah momen kopel. Kasus ini momen
kopel yang baru disebut free vector, momen kopel ini dapat
ditempatkan di setiap titik pada benda (titik P).

Sebuah gaya F dipindahkan ke sebelah kiri menghasilkan sebuah gaya

F dan momen sebesar M = F.d
 Equivalent Force – Couple Systems

Jika sistem gaya-gaya terletak pada bidang x-y (kasus 2D), sistem
ini bisa direduksi menjadi sistem yang ekivalen dengan
menggunakan 3 persamaan skalar berikut.
 Problem Solving (2-D)
Given: A 2-D force and couple
system as shown.
Find: The equivalent resultant force
and couple moment acting at
A and then the equivalent
single force location along
the beam AB.
Plan:
1) Sum all the x and y components of the forces to find FRA.
2) Find and sum all the moments resulting from moving each
force to A.
3) Shift the FRA to a distance d such that d = MRA/FRy
 Problem Solving (2-D)
+ → FRx = 25 + 35 sin 30°
= 42.5 N

FR +  FRy = - 20 - 35 cos 30°

d
= - 50.31 N
+ MRA = - 35 cos30° (0.2)
- 20(0.6) + 25(0.3)

FR = ( 42.52 + (-50.31)2 )1/2 = 65.9 N = -10.56 N.m

 = tan-1 ( 50.31/42.5) = 49.8 ° (Kw IV)
The equivalent single force FR can be located on the beam AB at a
distance d measured from A.
d = MRA/FRy = - 10.56/(-50.31) = 0.21 m.
 CONCEPT QUESTION
1. A general system of forces and couple moments acting on a
rigid body can be reduced to a ___ .
A) single force.
B) single moment.
C) single force and two moments.
D) single force and a single moment.

2. The original force and couple system and an equivalent

force-couple system have the same _____ effect on a body.
A) internal B) external
C) internal and external D) microscopic
 Problem Solving (2-D)
Gantilah sistem gaya berikut dengan satu gaya dan momen kopel pada
titik O.

Uraikan gaya 3 kN dan 5 kN pada arah sumbu x dan y

 Problem Solving (2-D)

Gunakan persamaan Pythagoras untuk mencari FR

Arah sudut FR
 Problem Solving (2-D)

Besar momen di titik O MRO

 Vector Product of Two Vectors
• Concept of the moment of a force about a point is
more easily understood through applications of
the vector product or cross product (perkalian
silang).
• Vector product of two vectors P and Q is defined
as the vector V which satisfies the following
conditions:
1. Line of action of V is perpendicular to plane
containing P and Q.
2. Magnitude of V is 𝑽 = 𝑷𝑸 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
3. Direction of V is obtained from the right-hand
rule.
• Vector products:
- are not commutative, Q  P = −( P  Q )
- are distributive, P  (Q1 + Q2 ) = P  Q1 + P  Q2
- are not associative, ( P  Q )  S  P  (Q  S )
 Vector Product of Two Vectors
• Vector products of Cartesian unit vectors,
       
i i = 0 j  i = −k k  i = j
       
i j =k j j =0 k  j = −i
       
i k = − j j k = i k k = 0

• Vector products in terms of rectangular

coordinates
 
( ) ( )
    
V = Px i + Py j + Pz k  Qx i + Q y j + Qz k

( 
) 
= Py Qz − Pz Q y i + (Pz Qx − Px Qz ) j

(
+ Px Q y − Py Qx k )
  
i j k
= Px Py Pz
Qx Qy Qz
 Moment of a Force About a Point
• A force vector is defined by its magnitude and
direction. Its effect on the rigid body also depends
on it point of application.
• The moment of F about O is defined as
MO = r  F
• The moment vector MO is perpendicular to the
plane containing O and the force F.
• Magnitude of MO measures the tendency of the
force to cause rotation of the body about an axis
along MO.
M O = rF sin = Fd
The sense of the moment may be determined by the
right-hand rule.
• Any force F’ that has the same magnitude and
direction as F, is equivalent if it also has the same
line of action and therefore, produces the same
moment.
 Moment of a Force About a Point
• Two-dimensional structures have length and breadth
but negligible depth and are subjected to forces
contained in the plane of the structure.

• The plane of the structure contains the point O and the

force F. MO, the moment of the force about O is
perpendicular to the plane.

• If the force tends to rotate the structure

counterclockwise, the sense of the moment vector is
out of the plane of the structure and the magnitude of
the moment is positive.
• If the force tends to rotate the structure clockwise, the
sense of the moment vector is into the plane of the
structure and the magnitude of the moment is
negative.
Rectangular Components of the Moment of a Force

The moment of F about O,

      
MO = r  F, r = xi + yj + zk
   
F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k
   
M O = M xi + M y j + M z k

  
i j k
= x y z
Fx Fy Fz


= ( yFz − zFy )i + ( zFx − xFz ) j + (xFy − yFx )k
 

• Pelajari materi vektor di kalkulus.

 Sample Problem 3.4

SOLUTION:
The moment MA of the force F exerted
by the wire is obtained by evaluating
the vector product,
  
M A = rC A  F

The rectangular plate is supported

by the brackets at A and B and by a
wire CD. Knowing that the tension
in the wire is 200 N, determine the
moment about A of the force exerted
by the wire at C.
Sample Problem 3.4
SOLUTION:
  
M A = rC A  F
՜ ՜ ՜
𝑟Ԧ𝐶 Τ𝐴 = 𝑟Ԧ𝐶 − 𝑟Ԧ𝐴 = 0.3 𝑖Ԧ + (0) 𝑗 + 0.40 𝑘 − ( 0 𝑖Ԧ + (0) 𝑗 + 0.32 𝑘)
՜
𝑟Ԧ𝐶 Τ𝐴 = 𝑟Ԧ𝐶 − 𝑟Ԧ𝐴 = 0.3 m 𝑖Ԧ + 0Ԧ𝑗 + 0.08 m 𝑘


  rC D
F = F = (200 N )
rC D
  
− (0.3 m )i + (0.24 m ) j − (0.32 m )k
= (200 N )
0.5 m
  
= −(120 N ) i + (96 N ) j − (128 N )k
  
i j k

M A = 0.3 0 0.08
− 120 96 − 128
   
M A = −(7.68 N  m) i + (28.8 N  m) j + (28.8 N  m)k