Space Segment
User Segment
Control Segment
Ground
Antennas
Master Station Monitor Stations
User Segment
o Military.
o Search and rescue.
o Disaster relief.
o Surveying.
o Marine, aeronautical and terrestrial navigation.
o Remote controlled vehicle and robot guidance.
o Satellite positioning and tracking.
o Shipping.
o Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
o Recreation.
o Location Based Services (LBS)
Control Segment
US Space Command
Cape Canaveral
Hawaii
Kwajalein Atoll
Diego Garcia
Ascension
Is.
Tipe sipil
Navigasi
Tipe militer
Penentuan
Posisi Pemetaan
Receiver GPS
Tipe satu frekuensi
Geodetik
Tipe dua frekuensi
Penentuan Timing
Waktu Receiver
TIPE NAVIGASI
( HANDHELD RECEIVER )
= lintang geodetis
= bujur geodetis
h = tinggi elipsoid
S
Elipsoid h
acuan
Ekuator O
Y
X
PRINSIP DASAR PENENTUAN POSISI
DENGAN GPS
Military Time
(local time on a 24 hour clock)
x+5, y-3
x+30, y+60
x-5, y+3
Topography
h H
Geoid (MSL)
N
H = Orthometric Height Ellipsoid
h = Ellipsoid Height
N = Geoid Height
h=H+N
KONSEP PENENTUAN TINGGI DENGAN
GPS
Sumber-sumber kesalahan pengukuran
GPS
Sources of GPS Error
Standard Positioning Service (SPS ): Civilian Users
Source Amount of Error
➢ Satellite clocks: 1.5 to 3.6 meters
➢ Orbital errors: < 1 meter
➢ Ionosphere: 5.0 to 7.0 meters
➢ Troposphere: 0.5 to 0.7 meters
➢ Receiver noise: 0.3 to 1.5 meters
➢ Multipath: 0.6 to 1.2 meters
➢ Selective Availability (see notes)
➢ User error: Up to a kilometer or more
Errors are cumulative and increased by PDOP.
Sources of Signal Interference
Earth’s Atmosphere
Solid Structures
➢ Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) is the DOP value used most commonly
in GPS to determine the quality of a receiver’s position.
➢ More advanced GPS receivers can filter out poor DOP values.
Ideal Satellite Geometry
N
W E
S
Poor Satellite Geometry
N
W E
S
Accuracy of GPS
Differential GPS
Accuracy 0.5 - 5 meters
(DGPS)
Real-Time
Kinematic Float Accuracy 20cm - 1 meter
(RTK Float)
Real-Time
Kinematic Fixed Accuracy 1cm - 5 cm
(RTK Fixed)