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Pola dan Jujukan

BAB 1 Patterns and Sequences

1.1 Pola Buku Teks: m.s. 2 – 4

A. Setiap rajah di bawah menunjukkan tiga bentuk yang pertama bagi suatu senarai bentuk. Lukis bentuk
ke-4 dan nyatakan polanya.
Each diagram shows the first three shapes in a list of shapes. Draw the 4th shape and state its pattern. SP1.1.1 TP2

1. Pola/Pattern:
Menambah dua titik kepada bentuk
sebelumnya.
Add two dots to the previous shape.

2. Pola/Pattern:
Menambah tiga segi empat sama kepada
bentuk sebelumnya.
Add three squares to the previous shape.

B. Padankan setiap yang berikut dengan pola yang betul.


Match each of the following with the correct pattern. SP1.1.1 TP2

Menambah 4 kepada nombor sebelumnya.


1. 6, 1, –4, –9, –14, …
Add 4 to the previous number.

1 1 Menolak 5 daripada nombor sebelumnya.


2. 4, 2, 1, , ,…
2 4 Subtract 5 from the previous number.

Mendarab nombor sebelumnya dengan 3.


3. –4, 0, 4, 8, 12, …
Multiply the previous number by 3.

Membahagi nombor sebelumnya dengan 2.


4. 9, 27, 81, 243, 729, …
Divide the previous number by 2.

Beza antara dua nombor berturutan dalam suatu pola


Difference between two consecutive numbers in a pattern

Pemalar/A constant Bukan pemalar/Not a constant

Pola: ‘tambah’ atau ‘tolak’ Pola: ‘darab’ atau ‘bahagi’


Pattern: ‘add’ or ‘subtract’ Pattern: ‘multiply’ atau ‘divide’

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1.1 Pola Buku Teks: m.s. 4 – 7

A. Nyatakan pola bagi setiap yang berikut.


State the pattern of each of the following. SP1.1.1 TP2 Video

Set nombor Pola


Set of numbers Pattern
Video

1. 6 , –4 , –14 , –24 , … Menolak 10 daripada nombor sebelumnya.


–10 –10 –10 Subtract 10 from the previous number.

1 1 Mendarab nombor sebelumnya dengan 4.


2. , ,2,8,…
8 2 Multiply the previous number by 4.
×4 ×4 ×4

3. –13 , –5 , 3 , 11 , … Menambah 8 kepada nombor sebelumnya.


+8 +8 +8 Add 8 to the previous number.

4. –81 , –27 , –9 , –3 , … Membahagi nombor sebelumnya dengan 3.


÷3 ÷3 ÷3 Divide the previous number by 3.

B. Senaraikan urutan nombor ganjil dan urutan nombor genap berdasarkan set nombor di bawah. Seterusnya,
nyatakan pola bagi setiap urutan nombor itu.
List down the sequences of odd numbers and even numbers based on the set of numbers below. Hence, state the
pattern of each number sequence. SP1.1.1 TP2

15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42

1. Urutan nombor ganjil/Sequence of odd numbers: 2. Urutan nombor genap/Sequence of even numbers:

15 , 21 , 27 , 33 , 39 , … 18 , 24 , 30 , 36 , 42 , …
+6 +6 +6 +6 +6 +6 +6 +6

Pola/Pattern: Pola/Pattern:
Menambah 6 kepada nombor sebelumnya. Menambah 6 kepada nombor sebelumnya.
Add 6 to the previous number. Add 6 to the previous number.

C. Lengkapkan setiap yang berikut.


Complete each of the following. SP1.1.1 TP2

1. Segi Tiga Pascal/Pascal’s Triangle: 2. Nombor Fibonacci/Fibonacci Numbers:


0
1 1
1
1 1
2
3
1 2 1
5
1 3 3 1 8

1 4 6 4 1

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1.2 Jujukan Buku Teks: m.s. 7 – 10

A. Tandakan ( ✓ ) pada jujukan nombor dan ( ✗ ) pada bukan jujukan nombor.


Mark ( ✓ ) for a number sequence and ( ✗ ) for not a number sequence. SP1.2.2 TP2 Aktiviti
Interaktif
CONTOH
1. 12 , 9 , 6 , 3 , … ✓
4 , 9 , 14 , 19 , … ✓ −3 −3 −3
Suatu set nombor ialah
+5 +5 +5
jujukan jika pola wujud.
A set of numbers is Pola/Pattern:
Pola/Pattern: a sequence if a pattern Menolak 3
Menambah 5 exists.
Subtract 3
Add 5

2. –1 , 3 , 8 , 5 , … ✗ 3. 1.6 , 0.8 , 0.4 , 0.2 , … ✓


+4 +5 −3 ÷2 ÷2 ÷2

Pola/Pattern: Pola/Pattern:
Tiada Membahagi 2
None Divide by 2

B. Lengkapkan setiap jujukan nombor yang berikut.


Complete each of the following number sequences. SP1.2.2 TP3 TIP
+2 +2 +2 +2

1. 5 , 12 , 19 , 26 , 33 , 40 ,…, 82 , 89 , 96

Aktiviti Interaktif
1. 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10, …

+7 +7 +7 −7 −7 −2 −2 −2 −2
−2 −2 −2 −2

2. 14 , 9 , 4 , –1 , –6 , –11 ,…, –61 , –66 , –71 2. 10 , 8 , 6 , 4 , 2, …


−5 −5 −5 +5 −5
+2 +2 +2 +2
×2 ×2 ×2 ×2

3. 2 , 8 , 32 , 128 , 512 , … , 8 192 , 32 768 3. 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 16, …


÷2 ÷2 ÷2 ÷2
÷4 ×4 ×4 ÷4
÷2 ÷2 ÷2 ÷2

4. 768 , 384 , 192 , 96 , 48 ,…, 12 ,6 4. 16 , 8 , 4 , 2 , 1, …


×2 ×2 ×2 ×2
×2 ÷2 ÷2 ×2

C. Lengkapkan setiap jujukan nombor berdasarkan pola yang diberikan.


Complete each number sequence based on the given pattern. SP1.2.2 TP3

1. Menambah 3 kepada nombor sebelumnya.


Add 3 to the previous number. –8 –5 –2 1 4

2. Mendarab nombor sebelumnya dengan (–2).


Multiply the previous number by (–2). –1 2 –4 8 –16

3. Membahagi nombor sebelumnya dengan 0.1.


Divide the previous number by 0.1. 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

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1.3 Pola dan Jujukan Buku Teks: m.s. 10 – 11

A. Huraikan pola bagi setiap jujukan nombor yang berikut.


Describe the pattern of each of the following number sequences. SP1.3.1, SP1.3.2 TP3

Pola
Jujukan nombor Pattern
Number sequence Nombor Perkataan Ungkapan algebra
Number Words Algebraic expression
CONTOH 1 = 1 + 4(0)
1 , 5 , 9 , 13 , … Menambah 4 kepada nombor 5 = 1 + 4(1)
+4 +4 +4 +4 sebelumnya. 9 = 1 + 4(2)
Add 4 to the previous number. 13 = 1 + 4(3)
1 + 4n, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
1. –8 , –5 , –2 , 1 , … –8 = –8 + 3(0)
+3 +3 +3 Menambah 3 kepada nombor –5 = –8 + 3(1)
+3 sebelumnya. –2 = –8 + 3(2)
Add 3 to the previous number. 1 = –8 + 3(3)
–8 + 3n, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
2. 2 , –4 , –10 , –16 , … 2 = 2 – 6(0)
−6 −6 −6
Menolak 6 daripada nombor –4 = 2 – 6(1)
sebelumnya. –10 = 2 – 6(2)
–6
Subtract 6 from the previous –16 = 2 – 6(3)
number.
2 – 6n, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …

B. Diberi jujukan nombor 16, 9, 2, –5, …, –82.


Given a number sequence 16, 9, 2, –5, …, –82. SP1.3.1, SP1.3.2 TP3

1. Tentukan sebutan ke-7 dalam jujukan nombor itu.


Determine the 7th term in the number sequence.

16 , 9 , 2 , –5 , –12 , –19 , –26 , … , –82 Pola/Pattern: –7 Sebutan ke-7/7th term


−7 −7 −7 = –26

2. Diberi Tn = –47, tentukan nilai n.


Given Tn = –47, determine the value of n.

16, 9, 2, –5, –12, –19, –26, –33, –40, –47, …, –82 Pola/Pattern: –7 T10 = –47
n = 10
T10

3. Antara –55, –62 dan –68, yang manakah sebutan dalam jujukan nombor itu?
Among –55, –62 and –68, which number is a term in the number sequence?

…, –47, –54, –61, –68 , –75

–68 ialah sebutan dalam jujukan nombor itu.


–68 is a term in the number sequence.

4 SP 1.3.1 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6 SP 1.3.2 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6
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1.3 Pola dan Jujukan Buku Teks: m.s. 12 – 13

Selesaikan setiap masalah yang berikut.


Solve each of the following problems. SP1.3.3 TP4 TP5

1. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan empat segi empat tepat yang pertama dalam satu jujukan.
The diagram shows the first four rectangles in a sequence.
2 cm 3 cm 4 cm 5 cm
1 cm
2 cm
3 cm
4 cm

(a) Diberi perimeter segi empat tepat itu membentuk satu jujukan nombor.
Given the perimeters of the rectangles form a number sequence.
(i) Tulis jujukan nombor itu.
Write the number sequence.
6, 10, 14, 18, …

(ii) Nyatakan pola jujukan nombor itu dengan menggunakan nombor.


State the pattern of the number sequence by using number.
+4

(b) Diberi perimeter segi empat tepat ke-n dalam jujukan itu ialah 34 cm. Hitung nilai n.
Given the perimeter of the nth rectangle in the sequence is 34 cm. Calculate the value of n.

6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, …


T8
∴n=8

2. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan susunan tin aluminium mengikut suatu corak tertentu.
The diagram shows the arrangement of aluminium cans according to a certain pattern.

Baris pertama
First row

Haikal menyusun tin aluminium mengikut corak yang sama tetapi bermula dengan 6 tin aluminium pada
baris pertama. Hitung jumlah bilangan tin aluminium yang digunakan oleh Haikal.
Haikal arranges aluminium cans according to the same pattern but starts with 6 aluminium cans at the first row.
Calculate the total number of aluminium cans used by Haikal.

Bilangan tin aluminium pada setiap baris membentuk satu jujukan nombor dengan pola “–1”:
Number of aluminium cans in each row forms a number sequence with a “–1” pattern:
6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

Jumlah bilangan tin aluminium yang digunakan


Total number of aluminium cans used
=6+5+4+3+2+1
= 21

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3. Diberi waktu berlepas bagi bas dari stesen X ke stesen Y dari Bas Waktu berlepas
7:00 a.m. hingga 10:00 a.m. adalah mengikut suatu corak tertentu. Bus Departure time
Jadual di sebelah menunjukkan sebahagian waktu berlepas bas itu. P 7:10 a.m.
The departure times of the buses from station X to station Y within
7:00 a.m. until 10:00 a.m. is according to a certain pattern. The table Q 7:35 a.m.
shows part of the departure times of the busses. R 8:00 a.m.
(a) Hitung selang masa berlepas antara bas T dengan bas U. S 8:25 a.m.
Calculate the interval of departure times between bus T and bus U. T
U
25 minit/minutes

(b) Tentukan waktu berlepas bagi bas terakhir dalam tempoh 7:00 a.m. hingga 10:00 a.m.
Determine the departure time for the last bus within 7:00 a.m. until 10:00 a.m. Menganalisis

7:10 a.m., 7:35 a.m., 8:00 a.m., 8:25 a.m., 8:50 a.m., 9:15 a.m., 9:40 a.m.
Waktu berlepas bas terakhir ialah 9:40 a.m.
The departure time of the last bus is 9:40 a.m.

4. Asmadi dan Idris menyimpan wang setiap hari mengikut corak tertentu. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan
wang yang disimpan oleh mereka bagi tiga hari yang pertama.
Asmadi and Idris save money every day according to certain patterns. The table shows the money saved by them
for the first three days.

Wang yang disimpan/Money saved


Hari pertama/First day Hari kedua/Second day Hari ketiga/Third day
Asmadi RM1.50 RM1.70 RM1.90
Idris RM0.80 RM1.10 RM1.40
(a) Bentuk dua jujukan nombor berdasarkan wang yang disimpan oleh Asmadi dan Idris dengan
menyenaraikan empat sebutan yang pertama. Seterusnya, tentukan pola bagi setiap jujukan nombor itu.
Form two number sequences based on the money saved by Asmadi and Idris by listing the first four terms.
Hence, determine the pattern for each number sequence.

Asmadi: 1.50, 1.70, 1.90, 2.10, …


Pola/Pattern: +0.20

Idris: 0.80, 1.10, 1.40, 1.70, …


Pola/Pattern: +0.30
Praktis Ekstra

(b) Pada hari keberapakah Asmadi dan Idris menyimpan nilai wang yang sama untuk kali pertama?
At which day do Asmadi and Idris save the same value of money for the first time? Menganalisis

Asmadi: 1.50, 1.70, 1.90, 2.10, 2.30, 2.50, 2.70, 2.90 , …


Idris: 0.80, 1.10, 1.40, 1.70, 2.00, 2.30, 2.60, 2.90 , …

∴ Hari ke-8/8th day T8


Praktis Ekstra

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Pemfaktoran dan Pecahan Algebra
BAB 2 Factorisation and Algebraic Fractions

2.1 Kembangan Buku Teks: m.s. 21 – 24

Video

(+) × (+) + Sama simbol


• (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

Video
• a(b + c) = ab + ac (–) × (–) + Same symbol
• (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
• (a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd (–) × (+) –
• (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2 Tidak sama simbol
(+) × (– ) – Different symbols

A. Kembangkan setiap ungkapan algebra yang berikut.


Expand each of the following algebraic expressions. SP2.1.2 TP3

1. 5(2 + a) 2. a(a – 2b) 3. 4c(2b + c)

=5×2+5×a = a × a – a × 2b = 4c × 2b + 4c × c
= 10 + 5a = a2 – 2ab = 8bc + 4c2

3f
4. –3d(b + 4) 5. – e (9f – 3) 6. (8f – 12g + 4h)
3 4
= –3d × b – 3d × 4 = –3ef + e = 6f 2 – 9fg + 3fh
= –3bd – 12d

B. Kembangkan setiap ungkapan algebra yang berikut.


Expand each of the following algebraic expressions. SP2.1.2 TP3

1. (u + 4)(u + 3) 2. (v – 5)(v + 2)
= u(u + 3) + 4(u + 3) = v(v + 2) – 5(v + 2)
= u2 + 3u + 4u + 12 = v2 + 2v – 5v – 10
= u2 + 7u + 12 = v2 – 3v – 10

3. (1 – w)(4 + 3w) 4. (2w + 3x)(3w – x)


= 1(4 + 3w) – w(4 + 3w) = 2w(3w – x) + 3x(3w – x)
= 4 + 3w – 4w – 3w2 = 6w2 – 2wx + 9wx – 3x2
= –3w2 – w + 4 = 6w2 + 7wx – 3x2

5. (4y + 3)2 6. (2z + 5)(2z – 5)


= (4y)2 + 2(4y)(3) + 32 (a + b)2 = (2z)2 – 52 (a + b)(a – b)
= a2 + 2ab + b2 = a 2 – b2
= 16y2 + 24y + 9 [a = 4y, b = 3]
= 4z2 – 25 [a = 2z, b = 5]

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2.1 Kembangan Buku Teks: m.s. 24 – 25

A. Permudahkan setiap ungkapan algebra yang berikut.


Simplify each of the following algebraic expressions. SP2.1.3 TP3

1. (2p – 5)(p – 4) + 8p 2. 7qr – (q – 4r)2


= 2p(p – 4) – 5(p – 4) + 8p = 7qr – [q2 – 2(q)(4r) + (4r)2]
= 2p2 – 8p – 5p + 20 + 8p = 7qr – q2 + 8qr – 16r2
= 2p2 – 5p + 20 = –q2 + 15qr – 16r2

3. (4r – s)(3r + s) – r(r + 3s) 4. (s + 2t)2 + (s – 3t)(2s – t)


= 4r(3r + s) – s(3r + s) – r(r + 3s) = s2 + 4st + 4t2 + 2s2 – st – 6st + 3t2
= 12r2 + 4rs – 3rs – s2 – r2 – 3rs = 3s2 – 3st + 7t2
= 11r2 – 2rs – s2

B. Hitung luas kawasan berlorek dalam setiap rajah yang berikut.


Calculate the area of the shaded region in each of the following diagrams. SP2.1.3 TP3

1. 2. 2x

x+5
2x – 5
2x + 3

Luas kawasan berlorek 4x – 2


Area of the shaded area Luas kawasan berlorek
= (2x + 3)(x + 5) Area of the shaded region
= 2x2 + 10x + 3x + 15 =
1
× (4x – 2 + 2x) × (2x – 5)
= 2x2 + 13x + 15 2
1
= × (6x – 2) × (2x – 5)
2
= (3x – 1)(2x – 5)
= 6x2 – 17x + 5
3. x+1 x+1 4. 6x + 4
x–1

4x + 2
2x – 1

Luas kawasan berlorek Luas kawasan berlorek


Area of the shaded region Area of the shaded region
= (x + 1 + x + 1)(2x – 1 + x – 1) – (x + 1)(x – 1) = (6x + 4)(4x + 2) – 1 × (3x + 2) × (4x + 2)
= (2x + 2)(3x – 2) – (x2 – 1) 2
= 6x2 – 4x + 6x – 4 – x2 + 1 = (6x + 4)(4x + 2) – (3x + 2)(2x + 1)
= 5x2 + 2x – 3 = 24x2 + 12x + 16x + 8 – 6x2 – 3x – 4x – 2
= 18x2 + 21x + 6

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2.1 Kembangan Buku Teks: m.s. 25 – 27

Selesaikan setiap masalah yang berikut.


Solve each of the following problems. SP2.1.4 TP4

1. Sharifah menyusun buku rujukan Matematik, Sains dan Sejarah di atas sebuah rak buku. Diberi jumlah
buku rujukan itu adalah 3 kali bilangan buku rujukan Sains. Bilangan buku rujukan Sains adalah
6 buah kurang daripada buku rujukan Matematik. Ungkapkan bilangan buku rujukan Sejarah dalam
bentuk ungkapan algebra.
Sharifah arranges Mathematics, Science and History reference books on a bookshelf. Given the total number of
reference books is 3 times the number of Science reference books. The number of Science reference books is 6 less
than the Mathematics reference books. Express the number of History reference books in the form of an algebraic
expression.

Buku rujukan Bilangan buku rujukan


Reference book Number of reference books
Matematik/Mathematics x
Sains/Science x–6
Sejarah/History
Jumlah/Total 3(x – 6)

Bilangan buku rujukan Sejarah


Number of History reference books
= 3(x – 6) – x – (x – 6)
= 3x – 18 – x – x + 6
= x – 12

2. Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan panjang dan lebar bagi tanah sebuah


rumah.
The diagram shows the length and width of the land of a house.
(a) Ungkapkan perimeter, dalam m, pagar rumah itu dalam bentuk
ungkapan algebra. (2x + 5) m
(3x – 2) m
Express the perimeter, in m, of the fence of the house in the form of
an algebraic expression.
2(3x – 2) + 2(2x + 5)
= 6x – 4 + 4x + 10
= (10x + 6) m

(b) Ungkapkan luas, dalam m2, tanah rumah itu dalam bentuk ungkapan algebra.
Express the area, in m2, of the land of the house in the form of an algebraic expression.

(3x – 2)(2x + 5)
= 6x2 + 15x – 4x – 10
= (6x2 + 11x – 10) m2

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2.2 Pemfaktoran Buku Teks: m.s. 27 – 29

Aktiviti
Kembangan Interaktif
Expansion
2 4m2 + 2mn FSTB bagi 4m2 dan 2mn
m 2
2m + mn HCF of 4m2 and 2mn
2m(2m + n) = 4m2 + 2mn =2×m
2m + n = 2m
Pemfaktoran 4m2 + 2mn = 2m(2m + n)
Factorisation

A. Senaraikan semua faktor sepunya dan FSTB bagi setiap yang berikut.
List all the common factors and state the HCF of each of the following. SP2.2.1 TP1

1. 6a, 9ab 2. 4x, 6x2y, 8xy2

6a = 1 × 2 × 3 × a 4x = 1 × 2 × 2 × x
9ab = 1 × 3 × 3 × a × b 6x2y = 1 × 2 × 3 × x × x × y
8xy2 = 1 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x × y × y
Faktor sepunya/Common factors = 1, 3, a, 3a
Faktor sepunya/Common factors = 1, 2, x, 2x
FSTB/HCF = 3a
FSTB/HCF = 2x
Aktiviti Interaktif

B. Tentukan faktor sepunya terbesar (FSTB) bagi setiap yang berikut dengan pembahagian berulang.
Determine the highest common factor (HCF) of each of the following using repeated division. SP2.2.1 TP1

1. 14mn, 21n 2. 10a2, 20ab2, 40abc


7 14mn , 21n FSTB/HCF 2 10a2 , 20ab2 , 40abc FSTB/HCF
=7×n =2×5×a
n 2mn , 3n = 7n 5 5a2 , 10ab2 , 20abc = 10a
2m , 3 a a2 , 2ab2 , 4abc
a , 2b2 , 4bc

C. Faktorkan setiap ungkapan algebra yang berikut dengan pembahagian berulang.


Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions using repeated division. SP2.2.2 TP1

1. 6u + 8 = 2(3u + 4) 2. 18p2 + 6pq = 6p(3p + q)

FSTB/HCF = 2 FSTB/HCF 2 18p2 + 6pq


=2×3×p
= 6p 3 9p2 + 3pq
2 6u + 8
p 3p2 + pq
3u + 4
3p + q

10 SP 2.2.1 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6 SP 2.2.2 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6
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2.2 Pemfaktoran Buku Teks: m.s. 29 – 30

A. Faktorkan setiap ungkapan algebra yang berikut.


Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions. SP2.2.2 TP3 Aktiviti
Interaktif
CONTOH
1. n2 – 64 = n2 – 82
2 2
2
16m – 9 = (4m) – 3 2 2 a –b = (n + 8)(n – 8)
= (a + b)(a – b)
= (4m + 3)(4m – 3)

2. 4p2 – 1 = (2p)2 – 12 3. 9 – 25q2 = 32 – (5q)2


= (2p + 1)(2p – 1) = (3 + 5q)(3 – 5q)

4. 72 – 2r2 = 2(36 – r2) 5. 48s2 – 27 = 3(16s2 – 9)


= 2(62 – r2) = 3[(4s)2 – 32]
= 2(6 + r)(6 – r) = 3(4s + 3)(4s – 3)

Aktiviti Interaktif
B. Faktorkan setiap ungkapan algebra yang berikut.
Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions. SP2.2.2 TP3

CONTOH

5pr – 10qr + ps – 2qs = (5pr – 10qr) + (ps – 2qs) ac + bc + ad + bd


= (ac + bc) + (ad + bd)
= 5r(p – 2q) + s(p – 2q) Faktor sepunya: = c(a + b) + d(a + b)
Common factor: = (c + d)(a + b)
= (5r + s)(p – 2q) (p – 2q)

1. uv + un + mv + mn 2. ab + ad + 2bc + 2cd
= u(v + n) + m(v + n) = a(b + d) + 2c(b + d)
= (u + m)(v + n) = (a + 2c)(b + d)

3. pq + 12xy – 3qx – 4py 4. 2xy – 2hk + xh – 4ky


= pq – 4py – 3qx + 12xy = 2xy + xh – 4ky – 2hk
= p(q – 4y) – 3x(q – 4y) = x(2y + h) – 2k(2y + h)
= (p – 3x)(q – 4y) = (x – 2k)(2y + h)

5. 8wx – 3yz – 4wz + 6xy 6. 6st + 25uv – 15sv – 10tu


= 8wx – 4wz + 6xy – 3yz = 6st – 15sv – 10tu + 25uv
= 4w(2x – z) + 3y(2x – z) = 3s(2t – 5v) – 5u(2t – 5v)
= (4w + 3y)(2x – z) = (3s – 5u)(2t – 5v)

11 SP 2.2.2 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6
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2.2 Pemfaktoran Buku Teks: m.s. 30 – 31

Faktorkan setiap ungkapan algebra yang berikut.


Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions. SP2.2.2 TP3

CONTOH
Susunan yang mungkin/Possible arrangement: Pendaraban silang:
3 x2 – 2x – 5 Cross multiplication:
3=1×3 –5 = –1 × 5 3=1×3 –5 = –5 × 1
3=1×3 –5 = –1 × 5 3x –5 –5x
3=3×1 –5 = –5 × 1 ➀ (x – 1) ➁ (x – 5)
(3x + 5) (3x + 1) (×) (×) (+)
➂ (3x – 1) ➃ (3x – 5)
(x + 5) (x + 1) x +1 +3x
2
3x –5 –2x
3=3×1 –5 = –1 × 5 3=3×1 –5 = –5 × 1

Maka/Thus, 3x2 – 2x – 5 = (3x – 5)(x + 1).

1. x2 + 5x + 6 2. y2 + 3y – 18 3. z2 – 9z + 20
= (x + 2)(x + 3) = (y – 3)(y + 6) = (z – 4)(z – 5)

x +2 +2x y –3 –3y z –4 –4z

(×) (×) (+) (×) (×) (+) (×) (×) (+)

x +3 +3x y +6 +6y z –5 –5z


2 2 2
x +6 +5x y –18 +3y z +20 –9z

4. 2p2 + 5p + 3 5. 3q2 – 4q – 4 6. 9r2 – 18r + 8


= (2p + 3)(p + 1) = (3q + 2)(q – 2) = (3r – 2)(3r – 4)

2p +3 +3p 3q +2 +2q 3r –2 –6r

(×) (×) (+) (×) (×) (+) (×) (×) (+)

p +1 +2p q –2 –6q 3r –4 –12r


2 2 2
2p +3 +5p 3q –4 –4q 9r +8 –18r

7. –s2 + 6s + 7 8. –6t2 + 11t – 4 9. –8u2 – 14u + 15


= (–s + 7)(s + 1) = (2t – 1)(–3t + 4) = (2u + 5)(–4u + 3)

–s +7 +7s 2t –1 +3t 2u +5 –20u

(×) (×) (+) (×) (×) (+) (×) (×) (+)

s +1 –s –3t +4 +8t –4u +3 +6u


2 2 2
–s +7 +6s –6t –4 +11t –8u +15 –14u

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2.2 Pemfaktoran Buku Teks: m.s. 32 – 33

Selesaikan masalah yang berikut.


Solve the following problems. SP2.2.3 TP4 TP5

1. Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan sebuah kuboid bertapak segi empat sama. Diberi
luas muka berlorek kuboid itu ialah (3x2 + 10x – 8) cm2. Hitung tinggi, dalam cm,
kuboid itu.
The diagram shows a cuboid with a square base. Given the area of the shaded face of the
cuboid is (3x2 + 10x – 8) cm2. Calculate the height, in cm, of the cuboid.
(x + 4) cm

Luas muka berlorek


Area of the shaded face x +4 +12x
= (3x2 + 10x – 8) cm2
= (x + 4)(3x – 2) cm2 (×) (×) (+)

Luas muka berlorek 3x –2 –2x


Area of the shaded face 2
= Panjang tapak × Tinggi kuboid 3x –8 +10x
Length of base × Height of cuboid

Maka, tinggi kuboid = (3x – 2) cm


Thus, the height of the cuboid = (3x – 2) cm

2. Rajah di bawah menunjukkan luas sebidang tanah yang berbentuk segi empat tepat.
The diagram shows the area of a rectangular plot of land.
P Q

(8x2 + 2x – 3) m2

S R

Diberi x ialah integer positif dan PQ lebih panjang daripada QR. Luas tanah itu boleh diungkapkan
dalam bentuk pendaraban dua ungkapan algebra dengan keadaan ungkapan algebra itu masing-masing
mewakili panjang dan lebar tanah itu. Tentukan panjang PQ dan QR dalam sebutan x.
Given x is a positive integer and PQ is longer than QR. The area of the land can be expressed in the form of
multiplication of two algebraic expressions where the algebraic expressions representing the length and width of
the land respectively. Determine the lengths of PQ and QR in terms of x.

8x2 + 2x – 3 = (4x + 3)(2x – 1)


4x +3 +6x
Panjang dan lebar tanah itu masing-masing ialah
(×) (×) (+)
(4x + 3) m dan (2x – 1) m.
The length and the width of the land are
(4x + 3) m and (2x – 1) m respectively. 2x –1 –4x
2
8x –3 +2x
Oleh sebab PQ ⬎ QR, maka PQ = (4x + 3) m
dan QR = (2x – 1) m.
Since PQ ⬎ QR, thus PQ = (4x + 3) m and QR = (2x – 1) m.

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2.3 Ungkapan Algebra dan Hukum Operasi Asas Aritmetik Buku Teks: m.s. 34 – 35

A. Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.


Simplify each of the following. SP2.3.1 TP1

1. p2 + 2(3p + 4) 2. 4q(q – 1) – 15 3. 2r(6r – 1) – 24


= p2 + 6p + 8 = 4q2 – 4q – 15 = 12r2 – 2r – 24
= (p + 2)(p + 4) = (2q – 5)(2q + 3) = 2(6r2 – r – 12)
= 2(2r – 3)(3r + 4)

B. Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.


Simplify each of the following. SP2.3.1 TP3

3w 5w 2w 4w 5z z
1. + 2. – 3. –
9 9 5x 5x 6y 6y
3w + 5w 2w – 4w 5z – z
= = =
9 5x 6y
8w –2w 4z
= = =
9 5x 6y
2w 2z
=– =
5x 3y

r r 5 2 s 3
4. – 5. – 6. –
5 10 6s 3s t tu
r×2 r 5 2×2 s×u 3
= – = – = –
5 × 2 10 6s 3s × 2 t × u tu
2r r 5 4 su 3
= – = – = –
10 10 6s 6s tu tu
r 1 su − 3
= = =
10 6s tu

a 3a a b a 4b
7. + 8. + 9. –
3 4 5 2c 2d 7
a × 4 3a × 3 a × 2c b×5 a×7 4b × 2d
= + = + = –
3×4 4×3 5 × 2c 2c × 5 2d × 7 7 × 2d
4a 9a 2ac 5b 7a 8bd
= + = + = –
12 12 10c 10c 14d 14d
13a 2ac + 5b 7a − 8bd
= = =
12 10c 14d

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2.3 Ungkapan Algebra dan Hukum Operasi Asas Aritmetik Buku Teks: m.s. 35 – 36

A. Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.


Simplify each of the following. SP2.3.1 TP3

1 4 1 5 3a 4
1. + 2. – 3. –
6e 9e 4a 3ab 10c 15bc
1×3 4×2 1 × 3b 5×4 3a × 3b 4×2
= + = – = –
6e × 3 9e × 2 4a × 3b 3ab × 4 10c × 3b 15bc × 2
3 8 3b 20 9ab 8
= + = – = –
18e 18e 12ab 12ab 30bc 30bc
11 3b – 20 9ab – 8
= = =
18e 12ab 30bc

B. Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.


Simplify each of the following. SP2.3.2 TP3

CONTOH
p2q – pq pq(p – 1)
2
4xy – xy xy(4y – 1) 1. 2 =
= q q2
x2 x2 p(p – 1)
y(4y – 1) =
= q
x

8ab + 2a2b 2ab(4 + a) h2 – k2 (h + k)(h – k)


2. = 3. =
4a – 2a2 2a(2 – a) (h + k)2 (h + k)2
b(4 + a) h–k
= =
2–a h+k

C. Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.


Simplify each of the following. SP2.3.2 TP3

x2 – y2 xy2 x2 – 4 4x2 – x
1. 2 × 2. ×
xy y+x 2x (x – 2)2
(x + y)(x – y) xy2 (x + 2)(x – 2) x(4x – 1)
= × = ×
x2y x+y 2x (x – 2)2
y(x – y) (x + 2)(4x – 1)
= =
x 2(x – 2)

6xy 2x2 x2 – 1 (x + 1)2


3. ÷ 4. ÷
3y – x 9y – 3x 8x – 2 16x – 4
6xy 3(3y – x) (x + 1)(x – 1) 4(4x – 1)
= × = ×
3y – x 2x2 2(4x – 1) (x + 1)2
9y 2(x – 1)
= =
x x+1

15 SP 2.3.1 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6 SP 2.3.2 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6
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2.3 Ungkapan Algebra dan Hukum Operasi Asas Aritmetik Buku Teks: m.s. 37 – 38

Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.


Simplify each of the following. SP2.3.3 TP3

CONTOH
3 t
4m2 + 12m + 9 1. (12s + 20) –
4s s
6m2 + m – 12 9s + 15 t
(2m + 3)2 = –
= s s
(2m + 3)(3m – 4) 9s + 15 – t
2m + 3 =
= s
3m – 4

4u2 – 9 18v – 27v2 u2


2. 3. ×
(2u + 3)2 9u – 3u2 v
(2u + 3)(2u – 3) 9v(2 – 3v) u2
= = ×
(2u + 3)2 3u(3 – u) v
2u – 3 3u(2 – 3v)
= =
2u + 3 3–u

x2 – y2 (x + y)2 2z2 – 8z + 8 2z2 – 5z – 3


4. ÷ 5. 2 ÷
8x – 2y 16x – 4y z –4 4z + 2
x2 – y2 16x – 4y 2
2z – 8z + 8 4z + 2
= × = × 2
8x – 2y (x + y)2 z2 – 4 2z – 5z – 3
(x + y)(x – y) 4(4x – y) 2(z2 – 4z + 4) 2(2z + 1)
= × = ×
2(4x – y) (x + y)2 (z + 2)(z – 2) (2z + 1)(z – 3)
2(x – y) 2(z – 2)2 2(2z + 1)
= = ×
Praktis Ekstra

x+y (z + 2)(z – 2) (2z + 1)(z – 3)


4(z – 2)
=
(z + 2)(z – 3)

Praktis Ekstra

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Rumus Algebra
BAB 3 Algebraic Formulae

3.1 Rumus Algebra Buku Teks: m.s. 44 – 47

A. Tulis satu rumus bagi setiap situasi yang berikut.


Aktiviti
Write a formula for each of the following situations. SP3.1.1 TP1
Interaktif

1. Encik Ramli mengeluarkan wang sebanyak RMz melalui mesin ATM. Tulis rumus bagi wang yang
Encik Ramli mendapat x keping wang kertas RM10 dan y keping dikeluarkan oleh Encik Ramli.
wang kertas RM50. Write a formula for the money
Encik Ramli withdrew RMz through an ATM machine. Encik Ramli got withdrawn by Encik Ramli.
x pieces of RM10 notes and y pieces of RM50 notes.
z = 10x + 50y

2. Saya ada p biji gula-gula.


Tulis rumus bagi bilangan gula-
Saya ada q biji gula-gula, iaitu
I have p candies. 8 biji lebih daripada gula-gula gula Zaidi.
kamu. Write a formula for the number of
I have q candies, which is Zaidi’s candies.
8 candies more than yours.

Aktiviti Interaktif
p=q–8

Zaidi Kassim

B. Ungkapkan huruf dalam kurungan sebagai perkara rumus.


Express the letter in the brackets as the subject of formula. SP3.1.2 TP2

1. m = 4 + n [n] 2. 2x = y – 3 [y] 3. h = 4k [k]

m=4+n 2x = y – 3 h = 4k
n=m–4 y = 2x + 3 h
k=
4

4. p = 5 [q] 5. u = v2 [v] 6. s = t [t]


q
s= t
5 u = v2
p= t = s2
q v= u
5
q=
p

17 SP 3.1.1 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6 SP 3.1.2 TP 1 2 3 4 5 6
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3.1 Rumus Algebra Buku Teks: m.s. 46 – 47

Ungkapkan huruf dalam kurungan sebagai perkara rumus.


Express the letter in the brackets as the subject of formula. SP3.1.2 TP2 Video

CONTOH
1. u = –v + w [v]
m = 4n – 5 [n]
Video

u = –v + w
m = 4n – 5 v=w–u
4n = m + 5
m+5
n=
4

2. 3a = 4b + 5c [b] q–r
3. p = [r]
2
3a = 4b + 5c q–r
4b = 3a – 5c p=
2
3a – 5c 2p = q – r
b=
4 r = q – 2p

4
4. k = h [h] 5. s = [t]
2 t2
4
k= h s=
2 t2
h = 2k 4
t2 =
h = (2k)2 s
h = 4k2 t= 4
s
2
t=
s

g+1 7. 4k = (–3j )2 + 5 [j]


6. 2e = [g]
3
4k = (–3j )2 + 5
g+1
2e = 4k = 9j 2 + 5
3
g+1 = 6e 9j 2 = 4k – 5
(6e)2 4k – 5
g+1 = j2 =
g+1 = 36e2 9
g = 36e2 – 1 j= 4k –5
9
4k – 5
j=
3

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3.1 Rumus Algebra Buku Teks: m.s. 47 – 48

Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.


Solve each of the following. SP3.1.3 TP3

CONTOH
1. Diberi z = 3x – 4y, cari
1 Given z = 3x – 4y, find
Diberi p = (q + r)2, cari
2 (a) nilai z apabila x = 5 dan y = 2,
1 the value of z when x = 5 and y = 2,
Given p = (q + r)2, find
2 (b) nilai x apabila y = 4 dan z = – 7.
(a) nilai p apabila q = 3 dan r = 5, the value of x when y = 4 and z = – 7.
the value of p when q = 3 and r = 5,
(b) nilai r apabila p = 8 dan q = 1. (a) z = 3x – 4y
the value of r when p = 8 and q = 1. = 3(5) – 4(2)
=7
1 Gantikan q dengan 3 dan r dengan 5.
(a) p = (3 + 5)2 Substitute q with 3 and r with 5.
2 (b) z = 3x – 4y
= 32 –7 = 3x – 4(4)
Gantikan p dengan 8
1 dan q dengan 1. –7 = 3x – 16
(b) 8= (1 + r)2 Substitute p with 8
2 and q with 1.
3x = 9
(1 + r)2 = 16 x = 3
1+r = 16
1+r = 4
r = 3

2. Diberi 2m = n2 – 6, cari 3. Diberi a = 4b – c, cari


Given 2m = n2 – 6, find 3
(a) nilai m apabila n = 6, 4b – c
Given a = , find
the value of m when n = 6, 3
(b) nilai n apabila m = 5. (a) nilai a apabila b = 4 dan c = 1,
the value of n when m = 5. the value of a when b = 4 and c = 1,
(b) nilai b apabila a = 4 dan c = 6.
(a) 2m = n2 – 6 the value of b when a = 4 and c = 6.
2m = 62 – 6 4b – c
2m = 30 (a) a =
3
m = 15 4(4) – 1
a =
3
(b) 2m = n2 – 6 =5
2(5) = n2 – 6 a = 25
n2 = 16
4b – c
n = 4 (b) a =
3
4b – 6
4 =
3
4b – 6
2=
3
4b – 6 = 6
4b = 12
b= 3

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3.1 Rumus Algebra Buku Teks: m.s. 44 – 50

Selesaikan setiap masalah yang berikut.


Solve each of the following problems. SP3.1.4 TP4 TP5

1. Penggunaan petrol bagi kereta Encik Lim ialah 8 l per 100 km. Kos petrol, RMk, kereta Encik Lim untuk
bergerak sejauh x km bergantung kepada harga petrol, RMp, dan jumlah isi padu petrol yang digunakan.
The petrol consumption for Mr Lim’s car is 8 l per 100 km. The cost of petrol, RMk, of Mr Lim’s car to travel
x km depends on the price of petrol, RMp, and the total volume of petrol used. Mengaplikasi

(a) Ungkapkan k dalam sebutan x dan p.


Express k in terms of x and p.

8
k=x× ×p
100
k = 0.08xp

(b) Kereta Encik Lim telah bergerak sejauh 120 km dan harga petrol per liter pada hari itu ialah RM2.05.
Hitung kos petrol pada hari itu.
Mr Lim’s car had travelled 120 km and the price of petrol per litre on that day was RM2.05. Calculate the
cost of petrol for that day.

k = 0.08xp
k = 0.08 × 120 × 2.05
= 19.68
∴ Kos petrol = RM19.68
Cost of petrol = RM19.68

2. Harga sebatang pen biru dan sebatang pen merah yang dijual di sebuah kedai alat tulis masing-masing
ialah RMp dan RMq. Diskaun 10% akan diberikan kepada pembelian sekurang-kurangnya 5 batang pen.
Hasnah membeli 4 batang pen biru dan 3 batang pen merah dengan jumlah harga RMr.
The prices of a blue pen and a red pen sold in a stationery shop are RMp and RMq respectively. A 10% discount
will be given on the purchase of at least 5 pens. Hasnah buys 4 blue pens and 3 red pens with a total price of RMr.
Mengaplikasi
(a) Ungkapkan r dalam sebutan p dan q.
Express r in terms of p and q.

r = 90%(4p + 3q)
= 0.9(4p + 3q)
= 3.6p + 2.7q

(b) Diberi jumlah harga yang dibayar oleh Hasnah ialah RM9.90. Harga asal sebatang pen merah adalah
40 sen lebih mahal daripada harga asal sebatang pen biru. Hitung nilai p.
Given the total price paid by Hasnah is RM9.90. The original price of a red pen is 40 sen more expensive than
the original price of a blue pen. Calculate the value of p.
Praktis Ekstra

q = p + 0.40 r = 3.6p + 2.7(p + 0.40)


9.9 = 3.6p + 2.7p + 1.08
6.3p = 8.82
p = 1.40

Praktis Ekstra

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Poligon
BAB 4 Polygons

4.1 Poligon Sekata Buku Teks: m.s. 56 – 58

Video
Sifat sebuah poligon sekata/Characteristics of a regular polygon:
• Semua sisi sama panjang. • Semua sudut pedalaman sama saiz.

Video
All sides are of equal length. All interior angles are of the same size.

A. Tentukan sama ada setiap poligon yang berikut adalah poligon sekata atau poligon tak sekata.
Determine whether each of the following polygons is a regular polygon or an irregular polygon. SP4.1.1 TP1

1. 2. 3.

Poligon tak sekata Poligon sekata Poligon sekata


Irregular polygon Regular polygon Regular polygon

4. 5. 6.

Poligon tak sekata Poligon tak sekata Poligon sekata


Irregular polygon Irregular polygon Regular polygon

B. Lengkapkan jadual yang berikut.


Complete the following table. SP4.1.1 TP1

Poligon sekata Bilangan sisi Nama poligon Bilangan bucu Bilangan paksi simetri
Regular polygon Number of sides Name of polygon Number of vertices Number of axes of symmetry
1.
Segi tiga sama sisi
3 3 3
Equilateral triangle

2.
Pentagon
5 5 5
Pentagon

3.
Heptagon
7 7 7
Heptagon

4.
Dekagon
10 10 10
Decagon

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4.1 Poligon Sekata Buku Teks: m.s. 59 – 62

A. Bina poligon sekata yang berikut dengan menggunakan jangka lukis dan pembaris sahaja.
Construct the following regular polygons by using only a pair of compasses and a ruler. SP4.1.2 TP2

1. Segi empat sama dengan sisi 4 cm 2. Heksagon sekata dengan sisi 2 cm


A square with sides of 4 cm A regular hexagon with sides of 2 cm

4 cm

2 cm

B. Lukis poligon sekata berikut dengan membahagi sama rata sudut pada pusat.
Draw the following regular polygons by dividing equally the angles at the centres of the circles. SP4.1.2 TP2

1. Pentagon sekata 2. Oktagon sekata


Regular pentagon Regular octagon

Sudut pada pusat/Angle at the centre Sudut pada pusat/Angle at the centre
360° 360°
= =
5 8
= 72° = 45°

72° 45°

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4.2 Sudut Pedalaman dan Sudut Peluaran Poligon Buku Teks: m.s. 62 – 64

A. Namakan semua sudut pedalaman dan sudut peluaran bagi setiap poligon yang berikut.
Name all the interior angles and exterior angles of each of the following polygons. SP4.2.1 TP3

1. 2.
R

P
a d
c
U S
T

(a) Sudut pedalaman (a) Sudut pedalaman


a, c ∠QRT, ∠QUT
Interior angle Interior angle

(b) Sudut peluaran (b) Sudut peluaran


b, d ∠PQU, ∠RTS
Exterior angle Exterior angle

B. Lengkapkan jadual yang berikut.


Complete the following table. SP4.2.1 TP3

Bilangan sisi, Bilangan segi tiga, Hasil tambah sudut pedalaman,


Poligon Number of sides, Number of triangles, Sum of interior angles,
Polygon
(n) (n – 2) (n – 2) × 180°

Sisi empat 4 2 2 × 180° = 360°


Quadrilateral

1. Pentagon
5 3 3 × 180° = 540°
Pentagon

2. Heptagon
7 5 5 × 180° = 900°
Heptagon

3. Heksagon
6 4 4 × 180° = 720°
Hexagon

4. Dekagon
10 8 8 × 180° = 1 440°
Decagon

5. Oktagon
8 6 6 × 180° = 1 080°
Octagon

6. Nonagon
9 7 7 × 180° = 1 260°
Nonagon

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4.2 Sudut Pedalaman dan Sudut Peluaran Poligon Buku Teks: m.s. 62 – 64

• Hasil tambah sudut pedalaman poligon dengan n sisi = (n – 2) × 180°


Sum of interior angles of a polygon with n sides = (n – 2) × 180°

Hitung nilai x dalam setiap poligon yang berikut.


Calculate the value of x in each of the following polygons. SP4.2.1 TP3

CONTOH

75°
100° Hasil tambah sudut pedalaman x + 90° + 100° + 75° + 210° = 540°
210° Sum of interior angles x + 475° = 540°
= (5 – 2) × 180° x = 540° – 475°
x = 540° x = 65°

1. 2.
45° 30°

x 60°
x
110°
100° 120°

Hasil tambah sudut pedalaman Hasil tambah sudut pedalaman


Sum of interior angles Sum of interior angles
= (4 – 2) × 180° = (5 – 2) × 180°
= 360° = 540°
x + 110° + 90° + 45° = 360° x + 30° + 120° + 100° + 60° = 540°
x + 245° = 360° x + 310° = 540°
x = 360° – 245° x = 540° – 310°
x = 115° x = 230°

3. 4.
x 30°
220°
120° 110° 115°
x
160° 130° x
25°

Hasil tambah sudut pedalaman Hasil tambah sudut pedalaman


Sum of interior angles Sum of interior angles
= (6 – 2) × 180° = (7 – 2) × 180°
= 720° = 900°
x + 120° + 90° + 110° + 130° + 160° = 720° 115° + x + 30° + 220° + (360° – 90°) + 25° + x = 900°
x + 610° = 720° 660° + 2x = 900°
x = 720° – 610° 2x = 240°
x = 110° x = 120°

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4.2 Sudut Pedalaman dan Sudut Peluaran Poligon Buku Teks: m.s. 64 – 65

• Hasil tambah sudut peluaran sebuah poligon = 360°


Sum of exterior angles of a polygon = 360°

Hitung nilai y dalam setiap poligon yang berikut.


Calculate the value of y in each of the following polygons. SP4.2.2 TP3

CONTOH
1.
125° 100°

105° 140°
y

y + 105° + 125° = 360° y + 100° + 140° = 360°


y + 230° = 360° y + 240° = 360°
y = 360° – 230° y = 360° – 240°
y = 130° y = 120°

2. 3.
50°
75° y
100° 75° 100°
y

80°

y + 90° + 100° + 75° = 360° y + 100° + 80° + 75° + 50° = 360°


y + 265° = 360° y + 305° = 360°
y = 360° – 265° y = 360° – 305°
y = 95° y = 55°

4. 5.
95°
70°
50° 130°
45°
y
80° 125°
y
50°

y + 80° + 50° + 95° + 45° + 50° = 360° y + 50° + 70° + 90° + (180 – 125°) = 360°
y + 320° = 360° y + 265° = 360°
y = 360° – 320° y = 360° – 265°
y = 40° y = 95°

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4.2 Sudut Pedalaman dan Sudut Peluaran Poligon Buku Teks: m.s. 65 – 66

(n – 2) × 180° 360°
• Sudut pedalaman poligon sekata dengan n sisi = • Sudut peluaran poligon sekata dengan n sisi = n
n
(n – 2) × 180° 360°
Interior angle of a n-sided regular polygon = Exterior angle of a n-sided regular polygon =
n n

A. Hitung nilai sudut peluaran dan sudut pedalaman bagi setiap poligon yang berikut.
Calculate the values of the exterior angle and interior angle of each of the following polygons. SP4.2.3 TP3

CONTOH
1. Heksagon sekata/Regular hexagon
Pentagon sekata/Regular pentagon n=6
n=5 360°
360° Sudut peluaran/Exterior angle = = 60°
Sudut peluaran/Exterior angle = = 72° 6
5 Cara 1/Method 1: Cara 2/Method 2:
Cara 1/Method 1: Cara 2/Method 2: Sudut pedalaman Sudut pedalaman
Sudut pedalaman Sudut pedalaman Interior angle Interior angle
Interior angle Interior angle (6 – 2) × 180° = 180° – 60°
(5 – 2) × 180° = 180° – 72° =
= = 108° 6 = 120°
5 = 108° = 120°

2. Oktagon sekata/Regular octagon 3. Nonagon sekata/Regular nonagon


n=8 n=9
360° 360°
Sudut peluaran/Exterior angle = = 45° Sudut peluaran/Exterior angle = = 40°
8 9
Cara 1/Method 1: Cara 2/Method 2: Cara 1/Method 1: Cara 2/Method 2:
Sudut pedalaman Sudut pedalaman Sudut pedalaman Sudut pedalaman
Interior angle Interior angle Interior angle Interior angle
(8 – 2) × 180° = 180° – 45° (9 – 2) × 180° = 180° – 40°
= = 135° = = 140°
8 = 135° 9 = 140°

B. Hitung bilangan sisi bagi setiap poligon yang berikut.


Calculate the number of sides of each of the following polygons. SP4.2.3 TP3

CONTOH
1. Hasil tambah sudut pedalaman = 360°
Hasil tambah sudut pedalaman = 540° Sum of interior angles = 360°
Sum of interior angles = 540°
(n – 2) × 180° = 540° (n – 2) × 180° = 360°
360°
n – 2 = 540° n–2=
180°
180°
n–2=3 n–2=2
n=5 n=4

2. Hasil tambah sudut pedalaman = 900° 3. Hasil tambah sudut pedalaman = 720°
Sum of interior angles = 900° Sum of interior angles = 720°
(n – 2) × 180° = 900° (n – 2) × 180° = 720°
900° 720°
n–2= n–2=
180° 180°
n–2=5 n–2=4
n=7 n=6

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4.2 Sudut Pedalaman dan Sudut Peluaran Poligon Buku Teks: m.s. 65 – 66

Cari bilangan sisi bagi setiap poligon sekata tidak lengkap yang berikut.
Find the number of sides of each of the following incomplete regular polygons. SP4.2.3 TP3 Aktiviti
Interaktif
CONTOH

Sudut peluaran/Exterior angle Bilangan sisi/Number of sides


= 180° – 135°
135° = 360°
= 45° 45°
=8

1. 2. 3.
60° 140°

36°

Bilangan sisi/Number of sides Bilangan sisi/Number of sides Sudut peluaran/Exterior angle


360° 360° = 180° – 140°
= =
36° 60° = 40°
= 10 =6

Aktiviti Interaktif
Bilangan sisi/Number of sides
360°
=
40°
=9

4. 5. 6.
252°
156°
210°

Sudut peluaran/Exterior angle Sudut peluaran/Exterior angle Sudut peluaran/Exterior angle


= 180° – 156° = 252° – 180° = 210° – 180°
= 24° = 72° = 30°

Bilangan sisi/Number of sides Bilangan sisi/Number of sides Bilangan sisi/Number of sides


360° 360° 360°
= = =
24° 72° 30°
= 15 =5 = 12

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4.2 Sudut Pedalaman dan Sudut Peluaran Poligon Buku Teks: m.s. 66 – 68

Selesaikan setiap masalah yang berikut.


Solve each of the following problems. SP4.2.4 TP4 TP5

1. V Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan sebuah pentagon QRSUV.


P PQR dan RST ialah garis lurus. Hitung nilai x dan nilai y.
60° The diagram shows a pentagon QRSUV. PQR and RST are straight
Q y
lines. Calculate the values of x and y.
108° U
Hasil tambah sudut pedalaman/Sum of interior angles
100° x
T = (5 – 2) × 180°
R S
= 540°
∠RSU = 540° – 100° – 120° – 90° – 108°
y = 180° – 60° = 122°
= 120°
x = 180° – 122°
= 58°

2. A Dalam rajah di sebelah, DEF ialah garis lurus. AE ialah


B 70° H paksi simetri bagi heptagon ABCDFGH. Hitung nilai x.
130° In the diagram, DEF is a straight line. AE is the axis symmetry
of heptagon ABCDFGH. Calculate the value of x.
C 115° G
Dalam pentagon AEFGH/In pentagon AEFGH:
x Hasil tambah sudut pedalaman/Sum of interior angles
D E F = (5 – 2) × 180°
= 540°
∠AEF = 90° 70° + 90° + x + 115° + 130° = 540°
∠FGH = ∠DCB = 115° x + 405° = 540°
∠GHA = ∠CBA = 130° x = 540° – 405°
x = 135°

3. K J Rajah di sebelah menunjukkan sebuah oktagon sekata


DEFGHJKL dan sebuah segi tiga sama sisi GHM. Hitung
L H nilai x.
x The diagram shows a regular octagon DEFGHJKL and
M
168° an equilateral triangle GHM. Calculate the value of x.
D G

E F

(8 – 2) × 180°
Oktagon sekata/Regular octagon: Sudut pedalaman/Interior angle = = 135°
8
∠LDE = ∠DEF = ∠EFG = 135°
Praktis Ekstra

∠FGM = 135° – 60° = 75°


Dalam heksagon LDEFGM/In hexagon LDEFGM:
Hasil tambah sudut pedalaman/Sum of interior angles = (6 – 2) × 180° = 720°
x + 135° + 135° + 135° + 75° + 168° = 720°
x + 648° = 720°
x = 72°
Praktis Ekstra

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