Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113

Semester Genap 2021/2022

Pendahuluan

Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Jurusan Fisika, Fakultas MIPA – Universitas Andalas
Outline

• Deskripsi dan Detail Perkuliahan

(Course Description)
❑ Capaian Pembelajaran
❑ Referensi Textbooks
❑ Jadwal Perkuliahan
❑ Aturan Perkuliahan
❑ Penilaian

• Apa sih Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik?

(What is Thermal Physics?)

• Sistem Termodinamika
(Thermodynamics System)

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 2 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Capaian Pembelajaran
• Tujuan
❑ mempelajari bagaimana menerapkan prinsip-prinsip termodinamika untuk menginterpretasi
sistem termodinamika dan memprediksi perilaku mereka. Tujuan lainnya adalah untuk
membiasakan mahasiswa dengan penggunaan model mekanika statistik sederhana untuk
memprediksi sifat termodinamika.

• CP (Expected Learning Outcomes - ELO)

❑ (ELO – 1) Mampu menguasai pengetahuan tentang hukum dasar dan prinsip-prinsip fisika klasik
dan modern
➢ Mampu mengidentifikasi dan menjelaskan sifat statistik dari konsep dan hukum dalam termodinamika,
khususnya: entropi, suhu, potensi kimia, energi bebas, fungsi partisi.
➢ Memahami metode fisika statistik, seperti distribusi Boltzmann, distribusi Gibbs, distribusi Fermi-Dirac dan
Bose-Einstein.
❑ (ELO – 2 ) Mampu menerapkan hukum dan prinsip fisika menggunakan metode eksperimental,
matematika dan komputasi untuk memecahkan masalah fisika
➢ Mampu menggunakan metode fisika statistik, seperti distribusi Boltzmann, distribusi Gibbs, distribusi
Fermi-Dirac dan Bose-Einstein untuk menyelesaikan masalah pada beberapa sistem fisis.
➢ Mampu menerapkan konsep dan prinsip radiasi benda hitam untuk menganalisis fenomena radiasi dalam
sistem termodinamika.
➢ Mampu menerapkan konsep dan hukum termodinamika untuk menyelesaikan masalah dalam sistem
termodinamika seperti pada gas, mesin panas dan mesin pendingin, dll.
➢ Mampu menganalisis kondisi keseimbangan fase dan mengidentifikasi jenis transisi fase sistem fisis.
❑ (ELO – 8) Mampu terus mencari dan memperoleh pengetahuan kontemporer, bekerja secara
mandiri dan mengatur waktu belajar secara efektif
➢ Mampu mengetahui penelitian terkini dalam ilmu Fisika di mana fisika termal memiliki peran sentral.

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 3 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Referensi Textbooks

Referensi Utama

❑ D.V. Schroeder, An Introduction to Thermal

Physics, (Addison-Wesley/Pearson, 2000).

Referensi Penunjang

❑ R. Baierlein, Thermal Physics, (Cambridge, 1999).

❑ Carter, Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics, (Prentice Hall,
2001).
❑ Kittel & H. Kroemer, Thermal Physics, (Freeman, 1980) .
❑ Zemansky, M. W. & Dittman, R. H. Heat and Thermodynamics. Am. J.
Phys. 66, 164 (1998).

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 4 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Jadwal Perkuliahan Daring

• Hari (Jam)
❑ Senin ( 13.30 – 15.10 )
❑ Rabu ( 09.20 – 11.00 )

• Kuliah Pengganti ?
❑ Sabtu ( 10.00 – 11.40 )
❑ Sabtu ( 13.30 – 15.10 )

• Media (Ruang)
❑ Interactive Learning (i-learn)
❑ Microsoft Teams

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 5 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Tugas
• Semua Tugas (PR) akan diberikan pada akhir perkuliahan dan dimuat pada i-
learn.

• Seluruh Tugas dikumpulkan melalui i-learn

• Tugas (Assignments) dikumpulkan dalam bentuk file pdf dengan ketentuan

• (1) Diketik (LaTeX atau Ms. Word) atau (2) Tulis tangan TAPI kualitas
(tulisan, pixel, pencahayaan) harus baik; bukan foto yang tidak terbaca
dari Smartphone kalian
• Tidak perlu menuliskan Nama pada Lembar Tugas kalian. Begitu juga
dengan file pdf yang hanya diberi nomor BP saja. Tugas akan dinilai
secara anonim

• Deadline Tugas 15 menit sebelum perkuliahan dimulai. Pengumpulan tugas

setelah batas waktu bernilai 0 (nol)

• Solusi tugas akan diupload beserta dengan rincian penilaiannya.

• Setiap tugas akan dinilai, kemudian hasil penilaiannya akan ditampilkan pada
link file Ms. Excel dan diupdate secara berkala setiap pekan

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 6 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Absensi
• Peserta tidak diizinkan terlambat (toleransi 15 menit)

• Setiap Mahasiswa harus men-screen shoot kehadirannya di Microsoft

Teams (awal, tengah dan akhir perkuliahan)

• Bagi yang tidak bisa mengisi absen di i-learn (masalah jaringan), segera
lapor via whatsapp atau via chat Microsoft Teams.

• Segala bentuk complain yang dilakukan, harus disertai dengan bukti

screenshoot dan dilakukan maksimal 1 x 24 jam.

• Segala bentuk kecurangan (manipulasi bukti via aplikasi edit photo) akan
dikenakan sanksi (sanksi maksimal bisa mendapatkan nilai E)

• Izin yang dilakukan seminggu sebelum perkuliahan dengan alasan yg logis,

dianggap hadir kuliah

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 7 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Penilaian
Rincian Penilaian Perkuliahan Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik

Komponen Penilaian Bobot (%)

A. Penilaian Proses (Formative)
Sikap – Keaktifan 5
Kehadiran 5
B. Penilaian Hasil (Summative)
1. Tugas Mingguan (PR) 20
2. Presentasi 10
3. Ujian 60
Ujian 1
Ujian 2
Ujian 3
Ujian 4
Nilai Akhir (NA) 100
Nilai akhir (NA) angka kemudian dikonversi menjadi nilai huruf (indeks) sesuai aturan akademik
yang berlaku sebagai berikut:
A : 80≤ NA ≤ 100 B : 65 ≤ NA ≤ 7 C : 50 ≤ NA ≤ 55
A- : 75 ≤ NA ≤ 80 B- : 60 ≤ NA ≤ 65 D : 45 ≤ NA ≤ 50
B+ : 70 ≤ NA ≤ 75 C+ : 55 ≤ NA ≤ 60 E : <45

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 8 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Lain-lain
• Mematuhi norma dan etika akademik yang berlaku
(Kecurangan dalam ujian = E )

• Textbooks dan hasil eksperimen terbaru akan digunakan untuk

memberikan informasi ter-update, terutama pada topik yang spesifik

• Jangan khawatir! Semua referensi akan diberikan pada awal perkuliahan

• Materi (Slide Perkuliahan) mencakup seluruh informasi yang diperlukan

untuk Ujian, TETAPI tidak akan cukup untuk memahami secara mendalam.
❑ Membaca lebih banyak sangat penting selama proses memahami
(Pada setiap perkuliahan, mahasiswa wajib membawa handout)

• Catatan: Perkuliahan ini untuk kalian, oleh karenanya feedback kalian

sangat penting untuk saya.
❑ email (trengginasekaputra@sci.unand.ac.id) atau chat (085697549454)
saya terkait saran (suggestion), penjelasan lebih mendalam (better
explanations, dll)

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 9 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Outline

• Deskripsi dan Detail Perkuliahan

(Course Description)
❑ Capaian Pembelajaran
❑ Referensi Textbooks
❑ Jadwal Perkuliahan
❑ Aturan Perkuliahan
❑ Penilaian

• Apa sih Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik?

(What is Thermal Physics?)

• Sistem Termodinamika
(Thermodynamics System)

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 10 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

What is Thermal Physics?

Thermal Physics = Thermodynamics + Statistical Mechanics

• conceptually, the most difficult subject of the undergraduate

physics program.

• Thermodynamics provides a framework of relating the

macroscopic properties of a system to one another. It is
concerned only with macroscopic quantities and ignores the
microscopic variables that characterize individual molecules (both
strength and weakness).

• Statistical Mechanics is the bridge between the microscopic and

macroscopic worlds: it links the laws of thermodynamics to the
statistical behavior of molecules.

*) Lecture notes: Originally written by Prof. Gershenson

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 11 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.
Macroscopic Description is Qualitatively Different!

Why do we need to consider macroscopic bodies as a special class

of physical objects?

For a single particle: all equations of classical mechanics,

electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics are time-reversal
invariant (Newton’s second law, F = dp/dt, looks the same if the
time t is replaced by –t and the momentum p by –p).

For macroscopic objects: the processes are often irreversible (a

time-reversed version of such a process never seems to occur).
Examples: (a) living things grow old and die, but never get
younger, (b) if we drop a basketball onto a floor, it will bounce
several times and eventually come to rest - the arrow of time
does exist.

“More is different”, Phil Anderson, Science, 177, 393 (1972)

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 12 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.
The Main Idea of the Course
Statistical description
of a large system
of identical (mostly,
non-interacting) particles
Equation of state
for macrosystems
(how macroparameters of the
system and the temperature
are interrelated)
Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113
all microstates of an isolated
system occur with the same
probability, the concepts of
multiplicity (configuration
space), Entropy
Irreversibility of
macro processes,
the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
13 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.
Outline

• Deskripsi dan Detail Perkuliahan

(Course Description)

• Apa sih Fisika Termal?

(What is Thermal Physics?)

• Sistem Termodinamika
(Thermodynamics System)
❑ Macroscopic Parameter: Temperature
❑ Many Particle System: Ideal Gas
❑ Equation of State (EOS) of Ideal Gas
❑ Equipartition Energy

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 14 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Thermodynamic Systems, Macroscopic Parameters

Open systems can exchange both

matter and energy with the
environment.
Closed systems exchange energy but
not matter with the environment.
Isolated systems can exchange neither
energy nor matter with the
environment.

Internal and external macroscopic parameters: temperature, volume,

pressure, energy, electromagnetic fields, etc. (average values,
fluctuations are ignored).
No matter what is the initial state of an isolated system, eventually it will
reach the state of thermodynamic equilibrium (no macroscopic
processes, only microscopic motion of molecules).

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 15 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

A very important macro-parameter: Temperature

Temperature is a property associated with random

motion of many particles.
Introduction of the concept of temperature in
thermodynamics is based on the the zeroth law of
thermodynamics:

A well-defined quantity called temperature exists

such that two systems will be in thermal
equilibrium if and only if both have the same
temperature.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Simulation:
Video of the Week https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-42JmVBdlM4
Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 16 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.
Temperature Measurement

Properties of a thermoscope (any device that quantifies temperature):

1. It should be based on an easily measured macroscopic quantity a
(volume, resistance, etc.) of a common macroscopic system.
2. The function that relates the chosen parameter with temperature, T
= f(a), should be monotonic.
3. The quantity should be measurable over as wide a range of T as
possible.

The simplest case – linear dependence T = Aa (e.g., for the ideal gas
thermometer, T = PV/NkB).

T the ideal gas thermometer, T = PV/NkB

the resistance thermometer with
a semi- conductor sensor, R  exp T
−
( )
Thermometer  a thermoscope
a
calibrated to a standard temp. scale
Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 17 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.
The Absolute (Kelvin) Temperature Scale

The absolute (Kelvin)

temperature scale is based
on fixing T of the triple point
for water (a specific T =
273.16 K and P = 611.73 Pa
where water can coexist in
the solid, liquid, and gas
phases in equilibrium).

T,K
273.16 - for an ideal gas
 P 
T  273.16 K   constant-volume
 PTP  thermoscope
0 PTP P PTP – the pressure of the gas in a
absolute zero constant-volume gas thermoscope
at T = 273.16 K

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 18 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Our first model of a many-particle system: the Ideal Gas
Models of matter: gas models (random motion of particles)
lattice models (positions of particles are fixed)

Air at normal conditions:

~ 2.71019 molecules in 1 cm3 of air (Pr. 1.10)
Size of the molecules ~ (2-3)10-10 m,
distance between the molecules ~ 310-9 m
The average speed - 500 m/s
The mean free path - 10-7 m (0.1 micron)
The number of collisions in 1 second - 5 109

The ideal gas model - works well at low densities (diluted gases)
• all the molecules are identical, N is huge;
• the molecules are tiny compared to their average separation (point masses);
• the molecules do not interact with each other;
• the molecules obey Newton’s laws of motion, their motion is random;
• collisions between the molecules and the container walls are elastic.

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 19 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

The Equation of State of Ideal Gases

An equation of state - an equation that relates macroscopic

variables (e.g., P, V, and T) for a given substance in
thermodynamic equilibrium.
In equilibrium ( no macroscopic motion), just a few
macroscopic parameters are required to describe the state of
a system.

The ideal gas

equation of state: PV = nRT
P – pressure [Newtons/m2]
V – volume [m3]
n – number of moles of gas [mol]
T – the temperature in Kelvins [K]
R – a universal constant J
R  8.315
mol  K
Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 20 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.
 The Ideal Gas Law

In terms of the total number of molecules, N = nNA

Avogadro’s number
PV = Nk BT
NA  6.022045×1023 the Boltzmann constant kB = R/NA  1.3810-23 J/K
(introduced by Planck in 1899)

The equations of state cannot be derived within the frame of

thermodynamics: they can be either considered as experimental
observations, or “borrowed” from statistical mechanics.

Avogadro’s Law: equal volumes of different

gases at the same P and T contain the same isotherms
amount of molecules.

The P-V diagram – the projection of the surface

of the equation of state onto the P-V plane.

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 21 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Connection between Ktr and T for Ideal Gases

?
T of an ideal gas  the kinetic energy of molecules

Pressure – the result of collisions between the molecules and walls of the
container.
Momentum
Strategy: Pressure = Force/Area = [p / t ]/Area

For each (elastic) collision:px = 2 m vx

Piston
vx Intervals between collisions: t = 2 L/vx
area A
2mvx 1 1 2 1
Volume = LA Pi = = px vx = mvx
2 L / vx A V V
L
N no-relativistic
For N molecules - PV =  mvx2 = N m vx2 motion
i
Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 22 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.
Connection between Ktr and T for Ideal Gases (cont...)

N
PV =  mvx2 = N m vx2
i m vx2 = k BT
PV = Nk BT

Average kinetic energy of 1 1 3

the translational motion of K tr = m v = m vx + v y + vz = m vx2
2 2 2 2

molecules: 2 2 2

3 - the temperature of a gas is a direct measure of the

Ktr = k BT average translational kinetic energy of its molecules!
2
The internal energy U of a monatomic ideal gas
3 is independent of its volume, and depends only on
U = K tr = Nk BT
2 T (U =0 for an isothermal process, T=const).

2 - for an ideal gas of non-relativistic particles,

PV = U
3 kin. energy  (velocity)2 .
Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 23 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.
Comparison with Experiment

3 - for a point mass

dU/dT(300K)
(J/K·mole)
U = Nk BT with three degrees
2 of freedom
Monatomic
Helium 12.5 Testable prediction: if we put a known
Argon 12.5
dU into a sample of gas, and measure
the resulting change dT, we expect to
Neon 12.7 get
Krypton 12.3 dU 3
Diatomic
= Nk B
dT 2
H2 20.4
N2 20.8
3
( )(
= 6 10 23 mole -1 1.38 10 − 23 J/K
2
)
O2 21.1 = 12.5 J/K  mole
CO 21
Polyatomic Conclusion: diatomic and polyatomic
gases can store thermal energy in forms
H20 27.0
other than the translational kinetic
CO2 28.5 energy of the molecules.

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 24 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Degrees of Freedom

The degrees of freedom of a system are a

collection of independent variables required to
characterize the system.

Polyatomic molecules: 6
(transl.+rotat.) degrees of freedom

Diatomic molecules: 3 + 2 = 5
transl.+rotat. degrees of freedom

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 25 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Degrees of Freedom (cont.)

Plus all vibrational degrees of freedom. The one-dimensional vibrational

motion counts as two degrees of freedom (kin. + pot. energies):

K + U (x ) =
1 1
m x 2 + k x 2
2 2
For a diatomic molecule (e.g., H2), 5 (transl.+rotat). degrees of freedom
plus 2 vibrational degrees of freedom = total 7 degrees of freedom

Among 7 degrees of freedom, only 3 (translational) degrees correspond to a

continuous energy spectrum (classical) , the other 4 – to a discrete energy
spectrum (Quantum).
U(x)
U(x) 3
4

E4
2

E3
Energy

0
Approx.
-1
E2
-2

E1
x
-3

x
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
distance

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 26 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

“Frozen” degrees of freedom
U /kBT one mole of H2
7/2N
For an ideal gas Vibration
PV = NkBT 5/2N
U = f/2 NkBT Rotation
3/2N
Example of H2:
Translation

10 100 1000 T, K
An energy available to a H2 molecule colliding with a U(x)
wall at T=300 K: 3/2 kBT ~ 40 meV. If the difference E4
between energy levels is >> kBT, then a typical E3
collision cannot cause transitions to the higher
kBT E2
(excited) states and thus cannot transfer energy to
this degree of freedom: it is “frozen out”. E1 x

The rotational energy levels are ~15 meV apart, the difference between vibrational
energy levels ~270 meV. Thus, the rotational degrees start contributing to U at T > 200
K, the vibrational degrees of freedom - at T > 3000 K.

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 27 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Equipartition of Energy

“Quadratic” degree of freedom – the corresponding energy = f(x2, vx2)

[ translational motion, (classical) rotational and vibrational motion, etc. ]

Equipartition Theorem: At temperature T, the average energy of any

“quadratic” degree of freedom is 1/2kBT.

- holds only for a system of particles whose kinetic energy is a quadratic form
of x2, vx2 (e.g., the equipartition theorem does not work for photons, E = cp)

Piston – a mechanical system with one degree of

freedom. Thus,
vx m v 2x M u2 1
= = k BT
2 2 2
M – the mass of a piston, u2 the average u2,
where u is the piston’s speed along the x-axis.
Thus, the energy that corresponds to the one-dimensional translational
motion of a macroscopic system is the same as for a molecule (in this respect,
a macrosystem behaves as a giant “molecule”).
Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 28 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.
For the “next” lecture:

Recall the ideal gas laws, look at the ideal gas problems (some problems
are posted on the course Web page).

Reference Books

❑ R. Baierlein, Thermal Physics, (Cambridge, 1999).

❑ Carter, Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics, (Prentice Hall,
2001).
❑ Kittel & H. Kroemer, Thermal Physics, (Freeman, 1980) .
❑ Zemansky, M. W. & Dittman, R. H. Heat and Thermodynamics. Am. J.
Phys. 66, 164 (1998).

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 29 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.

Problem 1.16 The “exponential” atmosphere

Consider a horizontal slab of air whose thickness is dz. If this slab is at rest, the
pressure holding it up from below must balance both the pressure from above
and the weight of the slab. Use this fact to find an expression for the variation
of pressure with altitude, in terms of the density of air, . Assume that the
temperature of atmosphere is independent of height, the average molecular
mass m.
area A P( z + dz)  A + Mg = P( z )  A
P(z+dz)A
z+dz Mg
P( z + dz ) − P( z ) = −
A
z dP
P(z)A Mg M = Adz  = − g
dz
M Nm  PV  Pm dP mg
the density of air:  = = = N = =  = − P
V V  k BT  k BT dz kT

 mgz 
Assuming T is independent of z P( z ) = P(0) exp −
 kT 
Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 30 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.
 P(z+dz)A area A
z+dz
z
P(z)A Mg

Termodinamika & Fisika Statistik – FIS62113 31 Trengginas E. P. Sutantyo, M.Si.