BLOK 2.

7
PENELITIAN KESEHATAN:
BIOSTATISTIKA DESKRIPTIF

OLEH

ZULAELA

PRODI STATISTIKA FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY & BIOSTATISTICS UNIT (CE&BU), FK-KMK
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
 BIOSTATISTIKA

 Apa Biostatistika?

 Peran Biostatistika Dalam Penelitian

Kesehatan?

 Kenapa Perlu Biostatistika?

BIOSTATISTIKA:
Deskriptif:
• Pengumpulan (Langsung, Tidak Langsung)
• Peringkasan (Tabel Distribusi Frekuensi, Tabel
Kontingensi)
• Penyajian (Grafik Histogram, Box Plot, Bar Chart,
Pie Chart, P_P Plot)
• Ukuran Numerik (Mean, Median, Variansi, Deviasi
Standar)
Inferensial:
Pengambilan Keputusan
▪Estimasi (Titik, Interval: 95%)
▪Uji Hipotesis (Chi-square Test, Independent
Samples t Test, Paired Samples t Test, ANOVA)
PERAN BIOSTATISTIKA:
Penelitian: efek periodik penambahan Vit. A pada anak
balita di suatu kabupaten.

POPULASI Subjek penelitian: ...?

Ukuran sampel n = ..?

SAMPEL Teknik sampling ....?

Random assignment..?

Kualitas data?

Uji statistik?
 DAFTAR BACAAN

o Bland, M. 2000. An Introduction to Medical Statistics.

Oxford University Press, Oxford.

o Daniel, W.W. 2009. Biostatistics: A Foundation for

Analysis in the Health Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
United States of America.

o Rosner, B. 2016. Fundamentals of Biostatistics.

Cengage Learning, Boston, United States of America.
Tipe Data

Pengumpulan data:
langsung dari responden (wawancara, pengukuran,
pengamatan)
tidak langsung dari responden (didapat dari berbagai
sumber data, departemen-departemen, lembaga
penelitian)
Data menurut sifatnya:
kualitatif (data tidak berupa angka)
kuantitatif (data berupa angka)
 Skala Pengukuran

• Nominal: pengamatan-pengamatan diklasifikasikan ke

dalam kategori-kategori, dan diantara kategori tidak ada
suatu urutan

• Ordinal: pengamatan-pengamatan diklasifikasikan ke

dalam kategori-kategori, dan diantara kategori ada suatu
urutan

• Interval: skala ini disamping dapat membedakan urutan,

juga dapat mengetahui jarak diantara dua pengukuran

• Rasio: mempunyai sifat skala interval dengan titik nol

tetap
PERINGKASAN DATA • Tabel Distribusi Frekuensi
• Tabel Kontingensi
Tabel Distribusi Frekuensi

pendidikan

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SMA 6 6.6 6.6 6.6
Diploma 7 7.7 7.7 14.3
S1 47 51.6 51.6 65.9
S2 26 28.6 28.6 94.5
S3 5 5.5 5.5 100.0
Total 91 100.0 100.0
TABEL KONTINGENSI

Merokok * Ca_Paru Crosstabulation

Count
Ca_Paru
ya tidak Total
Merokok ya 40 20 60
tidak 5 35 40
Total 45 55 100
 Tabel Kontingensi

tingkatPENDIDIKAN * prestasiKERJA Crosstabulation

Count
prestasiKERJA
buruk baik Total
tingkatPENDIDIKAN rendah 43 17 60
tinggi 9 31 40
Total 52 48 100
PENYAJIAN DATA

• Satu variabel: Histogram, Bar chart, Box plot, Stem and leaf
plot, Pie chart dan Normal probability plot.

• Dua variabel: Scatter plot, Line graph, Survival curve dan

Contingency tabel.
HISTOGRAM
BAR CHART
BOX PLOT
PIE CHART
NORMAL PROBABILITY PLOT
SCATTER PLOT

Case Summariesa

berat badan umur

1 15.00 20.00
2 13.00 16.00
3 9.00 12.00
4 6.00 6.00
5 6.00 10.00
6 18.00 34.00
7 16.00 25.00
8 11.00 20.00
9 6.00 8.00
10 12.00 14.00
11 18.00 30.00
12 22.00 36.00
13 7.00 9.00
14 10.00 10.00
15 10.00 15.00
16 14.00 24.00
17 20.00 30.00
Total N 17 17
a. Limited to first 100 cases.

Scatter Plot
 Survival Function
1.1

1.0

.9

.8

.7

.6

.5

.4 Survival Function

.3 Censored
0 2 4 6 8 10

follow up in days
 Survival F unctions
1.2

1.0

.8

.6

.4 k elompok

kelompok 2
.2

ke lompok 2-censored
0.0
kelompok 1

-.2 ke lompok 1-censored

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

follo w up in day s
UKURAN-UKURAN NUMERIK

• Nilai Tengah: Mean, Median dan Modus

• Nilai Deviasi: Range, Variansi dan Deviasi standar

• Sebaran Data: Simetris, Menceng kanan dan Menceng kiri

 MEASURES OF LOCATION
A measure of location is a quantity describing the location of
the data. It is considered to be typical of the set of data as a
whole.

Mean
Mean or arithmetic mean is obtained by adding up all the
values for the variable and dividing by the number of
observations in the data set.

n
 xi
x1 + x2 + ... + xn
x= = i =1

n n
 Median
The median divides the ordered data set into two equal parts.
Quartiles divide the ordered data into 4 equal parts.
Centiles divide the ordered data into 100 equal parts.
The median is the 50th centile or the second quartile.

 n + 1
Median =  th l arg est _ po int_ if n is _ odd
 2 

 n  n   l arg est _ po int s _ if

Median = average_ of  2 th +  + 1th
 2   n is _ even
Mode
The mode is defined to be the value of the variable in the
data which occurs most frequently. It is very useful for
describing qualitative data.

Note

If the distribution is symmetric, then the mean, the median

and the mode will all coincide; but as the distribution
becomes more and more skewed, the differences among
these measures will become greater.
SYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION

Statistics
Nilai Biostatistika
Valid 50
N
Missing 0
Mean 76.3800
Median 76.5000
Mode 75.00
SKEWED TO THE RIGHT

Statistics

Age of Respondent
N Valid 1495
Missing 5
Mean 46.23
Median 43.00
Mode 28a
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
SKEWED TO THE LEFT

Statistics

Total Family Income

N Valid 1434
Missing 66
Mean 14.68
Median 16.00
Mode 21
 MEASURES OF SPREAD

When the values of a data set lie close to their mean, the
dispersion is less than when they are scattered over a wide
range.

Range

The range is defined as the difference between the largest and

the smallest observation in the data set.

The interquartile range is defined as the difference between

the third and the first quartiles.
Variance

The variance is defined by:

2
1
 ( xi − x )
n
s =2

n − 1 i =1
Standard Deviation

The standard deviation is defined by taking the square root of

the variance.
s= s 2
 MEASURES OF SPREAD
Statistics

Serum-Cholesterol levels before adopting

a vegetarian diet (mg/dL)
N Valid 24
Missing 0
Std. Deviation 33.15967
Variance 1099.563
Range 113.00
Minimum 137.00
Maximum 250.00

How can we use x and s to get an impression of the spread of the distribution?
If the distribution is normal, then
x  1s comprises about 2/3 of the distribution
x  2s
x  2,5s (more precisely, 1.96s) comprises about 95% of the distribution
(more precisely, 2.576s) comprises about 99% of the distribution
OUTLYING VALUE & EXTREME OUTLYING VALUE

An outlying value is a value x such that either

x > third quartile + 1.5 (interquartile range) or

x < first quartile - 1.5 (interquartile range)

An extreme outlying value is a value x such that either

x > third quartile + 3.0 (interquartile range) or

x < first quartile – 3.0 (interquartile range)