OLEH
ZULAELA
Apa Biostatistika?
Kesehatan?
Random assignment..?
Kualitas data?
Uji statistik?
Tipe Data
Pengumpulan data:
langsung dari responden (wawancara, pengukuran,
pengamatan)
tidak langsung dari responden (didapat dari berbagai
sumber data, departemen-departemen, lembaga
penelitian)
Data menurut sifatnya:
kualitatif (data tidak berupa angka)
kuantitatif (data berupa angka)
Skala Pengukuran
pendidikan
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SMA 6 6.6 6.6 6.6
Diploma 7 7.7 7.7 14.3
S1 47 51.6 51.6 65.9
S2 26 28.6 28.6 94.5
S3 5 5.5 5.5 100.0
Total 91 100.0 100.0
Tabel Kontingensi
Count
Ca_Paru
ya tidak Total
Merokok ya 40 20 60
tidak 5 35 40
Total 45 55 100
Tabel Kontingensi
Count
prestasiKERJA
buruk baik Total
tingkatPENDIDIKAN rendah 43 17 60
tinggi 9 31 40
Total 52 48 100
PENYAJIAN DATA
• Satu variabel: Histogram, Bar chart, Box plot, Stem and leaf
plot, Pie chart dan Normal probability plot.
Scatter Plot
Survival Function
1.1
1.0
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
.4 Survival Function
.3 Censored
0 2 4 6 8 10
follow up in days
Survival F unctions
1.2
1.0
.8
.6
.4 k elompok
kelompok 2
.2
ke lompok 2-censored
0.0
kelompok 1
follo w up in day s
UKURAN-UKURAN DESKRIPTIF
Mean
Mean or arithmetic mean is obtained by adding up all the
values for the variable and dividing by the number of
observations in the data set.
n
xi
x1 + x2 + ... + xn
x= = i =1
n n
Median
The median divides the ordered data set into two equal parts.
Quartiles divide the ordered data into 4 equal parts.
Centiles divide the ordered data into 100 equal parts.
The median is the 50th centile or the second quartile.
n + 1
Median = th l arg est _ po int_ if n is _ odd
2
Note
Statistics
Nilai Biostatistika
Valid 50
N
Missing 0
Mean 76.3800
Median 76.5000
Mode 75.00
SKEWED TO THE RIGHT
Statistics
Age of Respondent
N Valid 1495
Missing 5
Mean 46.23
Median 43.00
Mode 28a
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
SKEWED TO THE LEFT
Statistics
When the values of a data set lie close to their mean, the
dispersion is less than when they are scattered over a wide
range.
Range
1 2
( xi − x )
n
s =
2
n − 1 i =1
Standard Deviation
s= s 2
MEASURES OF SPREAD
Statistics
How can we use x and s to get an impression of the spread of the distribution?
If the distribution is normal, then
x 1s comprises about 2/3 of the distribution
x 2s
x 2,5s (more precisely, 1.96s) comprises about 95% of the distribution
(more precisely, 2.576s) comprises about 99% of the distribution
OUTLYING VALUE & EXTREME OUTLYING VALUE