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 Bab 4: Pembiakan
Chapter 4: Reproduction
Persenyawaan Dalam dan Persenyawaan Luar
Internal and External Fertilisation
Persenyawaan dalam
Internal fertilisation
 Induk jantan membebaskan gamet jantan ke dalam
badan induk betina.
The male parent releases the male gamete into the
body of the female parent.
 Persenyawaan antara gamet jantan dengan gamet
betina berlaku di dalam badan induk betina.
The fertilization between the male and female
gametes occurs inside the body of the female parent.
 Zigot membentuk dan berkembang menjadi anak.
A zygote is formed and developed into an offspring.
 Ciri-ciri lain/ Other characteristics:
(a) Jenis persenyawaan ini berlaku dalam
mamalia, reptilia, burung, dan serangga.
This type of fertilization occours in mammals,
reptiles, birds and insects.
(b) Kadar persenyawaan yang berjaya adalah
tinggi.
The rate of successful fertilisation is hight.
(c) Biasanya kurang telur dihasilkan oleh induk
betina.
Normally less eggs are produced bu the female
parent.
Persenyawaan dalam oleh pepatung
Internal fertilisation of dragonflies
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Persenyawaan luar
External fertilisation
 Induk jantan membebaskan gamet jantan dan induk
betina membebaskan gamet betina.
The male parent releases the male gamete and the
female parent parent releases the female gamete.
 Persenyawaan antara gamet jantan dengan gamet
betina berlaku di luar badan induk betina.
The fertilization between the male and female
gametes occurs outside the body of the female
parent.
 Zigot terbentuk dan berkembang menjadi anak.
A zygote is formed and developed into an offspring.
 Ciri-ciri lain/ Other characteristics:
(a) Jenis persenyawaan ini berlaku dalam haiwan
akuatik seperti ikan dan katak.
This type of fertilization occurs in aquatic
animals, for example fish and frog.
(b) Kadar persenyawaan yang berjaya adalah
rendah.
The rate of successful fertilisation is low.
(c) Biasanya banyak telur dihasilkan oleh induk
betina.
Normally many eggs are produced by the
female parent.
Persenyawaan luar oleh katak
External fertilisation of frog
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Jenis-jenis Pembiakan Aseks
Types of Asexual Reproduction

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Akar/ Root Daun/ Leaf

Begonia Setawar
Begonia Bryophyllum

Ubi keledek Lobak merah

Sweet potato Carrot

Bahagian Vegetatif Tumbuhan

Vegetative Parts of Plant

Batang/ Stem
Batang bawah tanah Batang rayap Bebawang
Underground stem Runner Bulb

Ubi kentang/ Potato Strawberi/ Strawberry Bawang/ Onion

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Vesikel semen/ Seminal vesicle

Merembeskan bendalir yang Duktus sperma/ Sperm duct

mengandungi nutrien untuk
sperma. Menyalurkan sperma dari testis
ke uretra.
Secrets nutritional fluid for the
Kelenjar prostat/ Postate Channel/ flows the sperms from
sperms.
glands testis to the urethra.

Menghasilkan bendalir
bernutrien yang menjadi Uretra/ Urethra
medium untuk sperma berenang
dan melindungi sel sperma. Salur untuk mengalirkan
Secretes nutritional fluid that sperma dan air kencing keluar
acts as a medium for the sperms dari badan.
to swim and protects the sperm A channel to discharge sperms
cell. and urine from the body.

Skrotum/ Scrotum Zakar/ Penis

Melindungi dan memagang Memindahkan sperma ke dalam

testis di luar badan serta faraj perempuan semasa
mengekalkan suhu optimum persetubuhan.
testis. Transports sperms into the
Protects and holds the testes female vagina during
outside the body and maintains Testis/ Testis copulation.
the optimum temperature of the
testes. Menghasilkan gamet jantan
(sperma) dan hormone seks jantan.
Produces male gamete (sperms)
and male sex hormones.

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Uterus/ Uterus
Tiup falopio/ Fallopian tube
Tempat embrio berkembang
dan membesar. Tempat persenyawaan antara
A place where the embryo sperma dengan ovum berlaku.
develops and grows. A place where the fertilisation
between sperm and ovum
occurs.

Ovari/ Ovary

Menghasilkan gamet betina Serviks/ Cervix

(ovum) dan hormone seks
wanita. Menghasilkan mucus untuk
Produces the female gamete memudahkan sperma berenang
(ovum) and female sex ke dalam uterus.
hormones Produces mucus to enable
sperms to swim into the uterus.

Faraj/ Vagina

Tempat sperma dipindahkan semasa persetubuhan

dan menjadi saluran semasa bayi dilahirkan.
A place where sperms are transported during
copulation and as a channel through which a baby
is born.

Perbandingan Gamet
Comparison of Gametes
Sperma/ Sperm Ciri-ciri/ Characteristic Ovum/ Ovum
Gamet jantan Jenis Gamet betina
Male gamete Type Female gamete
Bahagian tengah Struktur
Nukleus Lapisan jeli
Middle piece Kepala Structure
Nucleus Gel layer
Head

Ekor
Tail Nukleus
Leher Sitoplasma Membran sel
NeckNucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane
Sel yang paling kecil dalam badan lelaki Saiz Sel yang paling besar dalam badan
The smallest cell in the male’s body Size perempuan
The largest cell in the female’s body
Dihasilkan di dalam testis Tempat dihasilkan Dihasilkan di dalam ovari
Produced inside the testis Place it is produced Produced inside the ovary
Boleh bergerak sendiri Kebolehan bergerak Tidak boleh bergerak sendiri
Can move by itself Ability to move Cannot move by itself
Dihasilkan dengan banyak Kuantiti Hanya satu dibebaskan dalam setiap kitar
Produced in a large amount Quantitiy haid bagi perempuan normal
Only one is released in each menstrual
cycle for a normal woman

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Perubahan Fizikal Semasa Akil Baligh
Physical Changes During Puberty
Lelaki
o Bermula pada usia 14 - 17 tahun.
Starts at the age of 14 – 17.
o Perubahan pada suara / Changes in voice.
 Peti suara (larinks) membesar, suara menjadi
garau.
Vocal cord (larynx) enlarges, voice becomes
deeper.
o Perubahan pada badan/ Changes in the body.
 Bulu tumbuh di muka, ketiak dan dada.
Hair grows on the face, on the armpits and on
the chest.
 Misai dan janggut juga mula tumbuh.
Moustache and beard also begin to grow.
o Perubahan pada organ pembiakan/ Changes in the
reproductive organ.
 Testis menghasilkan sperma dan hormon seks,
zakar dan skrotum mula membesar, bulu mula
tumbuh di bahagian sulit.
Testes produce sperms and sex hormones, the
penis and scrotum start to enlarge, hair starts
to grow at pubic region.
o Perubahan sikap terhadap perempuan.
Changes in behaviour towards women.
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Perempuan
o Bermula pada usia 10 – 12 tahun.
Starts at the age of 10 – 12.
o Perubahan pada suara/ Changes in voice.
 Suara menjadi semakin nyaring.
The voice becomes louder.
o Perubahan pada badan/ Changes in the body.
 Buah dada membesar, punggung mula melebar
dan padat, bulu mula tumbuh di ketiak.
Breasts enlarge, hips become firm and
broader, and hair starts to grow on the
armpits.
o Perubahan pada organ pembiakan/ Changes in the
reproductive organ.
 Ovari mula membebaskan ovum dan
menghasilkan hormon seks, kitar haid bermula,
bulu mula tumbuh di bahagian sulit.
The ovary starts to release the ovum and
produces sex hormones, the menstrual cycle
begins, hair starts to grow at pubic region.
o Perubahan sikap terhadap lelaki.
Changes in behaviour towards men.
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Hari 1 - 5 (Fasa haid)/ Day 1 - 5 (Menstruation phase)
Lapisan uterus terurai dan
mengalir keluar
Uterine lining breaking down
and flowing out

Lapisan dining uterus meluluh dan keluar dari badan melalui faraj bersama-sama darah dan ovum yang tidak
tersenyawa. Hari pertama haid merupakan hari pertama kitar haid.
The uterine lining breaks down and discharges from the body through the vagina together with blood and
unfertilised ovum.The first day of menstruation is the first day of the menstrual cycle.

Hari 6 - 11 (Fasa pemulihan)/ Day 6 - 11 (Repair phase)

Lapisan uterus menebal

Uterine lining thickens

Dinding uterus berkembang dan menebal semula. Uterus bersedia untuk penempelan sel yang telah disenyawakan.
Ovum berada di dalam ovari dan sedia untuk dibebaskan.
The uterine lining rebuilds and thickens again. The uterus is ready for implantation of the fertilised cell. The ovum is
inside the ovary and ready to be released.

Hari 12 - 17 (Fasa subur)/ Day 12 - 17 (Fertile phase)

Ovum
Ovum

Pada hari ke-14 kitar haid, ovum dibebaskan dari ovari (pengovulan berlaku). Ovum bersedia untuk disenyawakan
oleh sperma. Perkembangan dinding uterus dan salur darah terus berlaku.
On the 14th day of the menstrual cycle, the ovum is released from the ovary (ovulation occurs). The ovum is ready to
be fertilised by the sperm. The development of the uterine lining and blood vessels continue to occur.

Hari 18 - 28 (Fasa prahaid)/ Day 18 - 28 (Premenstrual phase)

Lapisan uterus terus menebal

Uterine lining continues to thicken

Dinding uterus semakin menebal dan kaya dengan salur darah. Penempelan embrio akan terjadi di dinding uterus
sekiranya berlaku persenyawaan. Sekiranya ovum tidak disenyawakan, kitar haid akan berulang semula.
The uterine lining continues to thicken and becomes richly supplied with blood vessels. The implantation of the
embryo
will occur on thiN uterine lining if fertilisation occurs. If the ovum does not get fertilised, the menstrual cycle will
repeat again.

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Sperma
Sperm

Persenyawaan antara ovum dengan sperma

The fertilisation between the ovum and the sperm

Ekor sperma yang berjaya

Membran ovum menghalang sperma- The tail of the successful sperm
sperma lain daripada memasuki ovum Nukleus sperma yang berjaya bercantum
The ovum membrane prevents other dengan nucleus ovum
sperms from penetrating the ovum The nucleus of a sperm that fused
successfully with the nucleus of the ovum

1. Sperma memasuki faraj semasa persetubuhan dan berenang ke arah tiub falopio.
Sperms move inside the vagina during copulation and swim towards the fallopian tube.

2. Persenyawaan berlaku jika ovum hadir di dalam tiub falopio. Percantuman antara nukleus sperma dengan
nucleus ovum membentuk zigot.
Fertilisation occurs if the ovum is present inside the fallopian tube. The fusion between the nucleus of the sperm
and nucleus of the ovum form a zygote.

3. Selepas persenyawaan, zigot membahagi beberapa kali dan membentuk bebola sel yang dikenal sebagai embrio.
Embrio akan menempel di dinding uterus (penempelan) dan terus berkembang.
After fertilisation, the zygote divides a few times and become a ball of cells known as an embryo. The embryo
will be implanted on the uterine lining (implantation) and continue to develop.

4. Selepas kira-kira 2 bulan, embrio telah lengkap berkembang menjadi fetus. Fetus mempunyai rupa yang jelas
dan lengkap dengan organ dalaman.
After about 2 months, the embryo develops completely to become a foetus. The foetus resembles a baby and
complete with (baby) internal organs.

5. Bayi dilahirkan selepas kira-kira 40 minggu kehamilan.

A baby is born after about 40 weeks of pregnancy.

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Plasenta/ Placenta

 Membenarkan oksigen dan nutrient meresap dari darah ibu ke dalam

 Membenarkan karbon dioksida dan bahan kumuh diangkut dari darah
Bendalir amnion/ Amniotic fluid
 Menyerap hentakan bagi
melinduingi fetus daripada
gegaran dan kecederaan.
Absorbs concussion to protect
the foetus from vibration and
injuries.
 Membolehkan fetus terapung
supaya dapat bergerak bebas
di dalam kandungan ibu.
Allows the foetus to float so it
can move freely inside the
mother’s womb
Amnion/ Amnion
 Membran berbentuk pundi yang
mengandungi bendalir dan meliputi
fetus.
A sac-shaped membrane that
contain fluid and covers the foetus.
aliran darah fetus.
Allows oxygen and nutrients to be absorbed from the mother’s blood
into the blood flow of the foetus.
fetus ke dalam aliran darah ibu untuk disingkirkan.
Allows carbon dioxide and excretory products to be transported from
the foetus’s blood into the blood flow of the mother to be excreted
Tali pusat/ Umbilical cord
 Mengangkut oksigen dan
nutrient dari plasenta ke
dalam fetus.
Transports oxygen and
nutrients from the
placenta to the foetus.
 Mengangkut karbon
dioksida dan bahan
kumuh dari fetus ke
plasenta.
Transports carbon
dioxide and excretory
products from the foetus
to placenta.

Dinding uterus/ Uterine wall

 Merupakan tempat embrio menempel dan

berkembang.
A place whete the embryo is implanted and
develops.

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Nutrients Needed and Substances that are Not Allowed during Pregnancy

Kelas makanan yang diperlukan oleh wanita hamil

Classes of food needed by pregnant women

Serat/ Fibre

 Fungsi: untuk mencegah sembelit

Function: to prevent constipation
 Contoh: Bijirin, sayur-sayuran, buah-buahan
Examples: Cereals, vegetables, fruits

Protein/ Protein

 Fungsi: untuk pertumbuhan sel-sel baharu dalam fetus

Function: for the growth of new cells of the foetus
 Contoh: Ayam, daging, ikan, susu, keju
Examples: Chicken, red meat, fish, milk, cheese

Vitamin C/ Vitamin C

 Fungsi: untuk kulit yang sihat dan mencegah gusi berdarah

Function: for a healthy skin and prevents bleeding gum
 Contoh: Buah-buahan sitrus, jambu batu, kubis, tomato
Examples: Citrus fruits, guava, cabbage, tomatoes

Karbohidrat dan lemak/ Carbohydrates and fat

 Fungsi: membekalkan tenaga

Function: to supply energy
 Contoh: Nasi, roti, mentega, keju
Examples: Rice, bread, butter, cheese

Ferum/ Iron

 Fungsi: penting untuk pembentukan hemoglobin bagi mencegah anemia

Function: important in the formation of haemoglobin to prevent anaemia
 Contoh: Hati, daging merah, ikan
Examples: Liver, red meat, fish

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 Fungsi: untuk perkembangan sistem saraf fetus

Function: for the nervous system development of the foetus
 Contoh: Brokoli, bayam, kacang tanah
Examples: Broccoli, spinach, groundnuts

Kalsium dan fosforus/ Calcium and phosphorus

 Fungsi: untuk pembentukan tulang fetus yang sihat dan memelihara tulang serta gigi wanita hamil
Function: for a healthy formation of foetus bones and to protect the bones and teeth of the mother
 Contoh: Ikan bilis, keju, susu
Examples Anchovies, cheese, milk

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Substances that are not allowed during pregnancy
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Minuman beralkohol/ Alcoholic drink

 Boleh menyebabkan perkembangan otak, sistem saraf dan jantung fetus terganggu
Can cause disruptions to the development of the brain, nervous system and heart of the foetus
 Bayi mungkin mengalami Sindrom Alkohol Fetus
Foetus may face the Foetal Alchohol Syndrome

Dadah/ Drug

 Fetus mungkin mengalami kecacatan

Foetal defects may occur

Rokok/ Cigarette

 Nikotin dalam rokok boleh memperlahankan pertumbuhan fetus

Nicotine in the cigarettes can slow down the growth of foetus
 Bayi yang dilahirkan mungkin bersaiz kecil atau lahir pramatang
The baby may be born smaller in size and premature
 Bayi mungkin terencat akal dan cacat fizikal
Baby may become retarded and have physical disabilities
 Keguguran fetus boleh berlaku
Miscarriage of foetus may happen

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