11/20/20

Prinsip Etik Penelitian

pada Hewan Coba
Wienta Diarsvitri, dr, M.Sc, Ph.D, FISPH, FISCM
Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, FK UHT
wienta.diarsvitri@hangtuah.ac.d
081316834913

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Tujuan Perkuliahan

´Memahami perlunya etik penelitian pada

hewan coba
´Memahami dasar-dasar etik penelitian
pada hewan coba
´Memahami proses kaji etik pada hewan
coba

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3 Penggunaan Hewan oleh

Manusia
´Bahan makanan
´Bahan pakaian
´Transportasi
´Olahraga
´Pertunjukan
´Hewan peliharaan
´Penelitian

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4 Hak Asasi Manusia

´ Hak asasi manusia: hak yang melekat

pada diri manusia sejak manusia lahir
yang tidak dapat diganggu gugat
dan bersifat tetap.
´ Contoh:
´ Hak untuk hidup
´ Hak mendapatkan keamanan,
pendidikan, pekerjaan
´ Hak untuk mengekspresikan diri

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5 Hak Dasar Hewan

"The question is not, can

they reason? nor, can they
talk? but, can they suffer?"

Jeremy Bentham 1789.

Introduction to the Principles
of Morals & Legislation.

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6 Pro dan Kontra

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Penggunaan hewan coba
untuk penelitian

´Penggunaan hewan untuk penelitian memiliki

sejarah panjang. Dahulu peneliti secara
brutal membunuh hewan dan memberi
mereka penyakit yang menyakitkan.
´Penggunaan hewan coba untuk penelitian
medis pertama kali dimulai pada abad 3 SM
di Yunani ketika seorang dokter bernama
Galen melakukan pembedahan pada babi
dan kambing.
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Penggunaan hewan coba
untuk penelitian

´Tahun 1822 hukum perlindungan hewan

pertama dibuat dan dipromosikan oleh
Charles Darwin yang terkenal dengan teori
evolusi.

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10 Kontra Penggunaan Hewan

Coba untuk Penelitian

´Hewan memiliki hak asasi

´Hewan memiliki hak untuk hidup dengan
bebas tanpa penderitaan dan eksploitasi
´Hewan bukan milik kita yang bisa kita
gunakan untuk:
´Makanan, pakaian, ditelantarkan
´Pertunjukan, penelitian

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11 Isu kontroversial

In 1997 Dr Jay Vacanti and his team

grew an ear on the back of a mouse

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14 Pro Hewan Coba

´ Beberapa keuntungan dengan

penggunaan hewan coba dalam
penelitian:
´ Umur harapan hidup manusia meningkat
´ Lebih murah dan lebih aman daripada
menggunakan manusia secara langsung
´ Obat, vaksin dan prosedur pembedahan
baru telah digunakan untuk
meningkatkan kualitas hidup hewan
coba

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15 Hewan coba: ya atau

tidak?

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´Hewan coba yang digunakan untuk penelitian

sudah sangat banyak. Apa tanggung jawab kita?

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http://www.sfcaustralia.com/vivisection.htm

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3Rs (Russel & Burch, 1959)

on animal
Principles of ethical research
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REDUCTION

REPLACE- REFINE-
MENT MENT

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Reduction

´Reducing the number of animals used in

experiments by:
´Improving experimental techniques
´Improving techniques of data analysis
´Sharing information with other researchers (avoid
duplication of work)

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Refinement

´Refining the experiment or the way the

animals are cared for so as to reduce their
suffering by:
´5F (5 freedom)

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Refinement (5F)

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Refinement (5F)

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Replacement

´Replacing experiments on animals with

alternative techniques such as:
´Experimenting on cell cultures instead of whole
animals
´Using computer models (e.g. in silico)

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What happened to the animals after the testing?

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Scientists find that releasing the animals after the

testing can be dangerous so after the testing,
outcome positive or negative, the animals have to
be euthanized to prevent a new disease forming and
the chance people dying.

There are strict rules at all institutes that have animal

testing, some as simple as not taking the animals
home and some as complex as long applications on
every test that a scientist performs.
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26 Peraturan tentang
Kesejahteraan Hewan
´Peraturan yang mengatur seluruh kegiatan
penggunaan hewan
´Isi:
´Hewan coba bisa digunakan dalam penelitian
hanya jika benar-benar diperlukan
´Jika hewan coba digunakan dalam penelitian,
maka hewan coba harus diperlakukan secara
manusiawi

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27 Syarat Penggunaan Hewan

Coba dalam Penelitian

´Jika tidak ada alternatif lain

´Penelitian baru (bukan penelitian duplikasi)
´Penelitian bertujuan untuk meningkatkan
kesehatan manusia atau hewan

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Syarat Penggunaan Hewan Coba

28 dalam Penelitian

´Peneliti wajib meminimalkan nyeri, stress dan

kondisi yang tidak nyaman bagi hewan
coba
´Menggunakan obat anti nyeri (sedatif,
analgesik, anestesi)
´Proses transportasi tidak boleh
menyebabkan stress bagi hewan coba
´Kondisi lingkungan / pengandangan harus
bersih dan sesuai untuk hewan coba
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Pengandangan untuk hewan coba

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Berat Badan (g) Luas lantai / hewan Tinggi (inchi)

coba (inchi 2)
MICE
< 10 6 5
10 – 15 8 5
> 15 - 25 12 5
> 25 > 15 5
RATS
< 100 17 7
100 - 200 23 7
dst
Sumber: Guide for Care & Use of Laboratory Animals
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30 Kaji Etik Penelitian pada

vertebrata
´ Tujuan penelitian
´ Kerangka konseptual
´ Metode penelitian
´ Desain penelitian (post-test, pretest post-test)
´ Besar sampel (diminimalkan tapi masih valid)
´ Tahap pra perlakuan (adaptasi)
´ Tahap perlakuan (kesejahteraan hewan coba
vertebrata: menggunakan anestesi, makan,
pengandangan, dll)
´ Tahap pasca perlakuan (euthanasia, karkas
dikubur atau dibakar)
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31 Cosmetic testing
´The first cosmetic testing started in 1933 when a
woman used eyelash darkener and the chemicals
burnt at her eyes causing blindness and eventually
killed her.
´In 1938 the first cosmetic animal testing started to
stop civilian deaths from some substances. Now
drugs, cosmetics and even foods are tested on
animals to prevent the deaths of other humans and
even animals.

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Cosmetic animal testing

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´Cosmetic animal testing is when untested products

are put into the eyes, mouth or nose of an animal to
record the affects.
´Cosmetic testing is a very controversial topic
because people don’t think that there is a need for it
when people are not dying
from big diseases such as malaria
like there is in third world countries.

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33 Why do scientists test on

animal?

´People test on animals to record the damage to the

animal’s nose, eyes or mouth from the cosmetic.
´The animals are tested on to prevent the damage to
a human if the same substance is put on the human.
´In the past people have had untested cosmetics on
their faces or bodies and have died from a result of
the drug.

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34 What tests are used on the

animals?

´Two of the most common tests are the Draize,

named after Dr John Draize, and the LD50.
´The Draize test is when a substance is dropped
directly into an animal eye (normally an albino
rabbit) and the results are recorded.
´The LD50 tests stands for Lethal Dose 50 and it is
when a substance is force fed to animals until 50%
die.
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Cosmetics with animal testing

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´Cosmetic testing usually takes place in a company’s

science lab or away labs paid for by big companies
who don’t have the facilities.
´Many cosmetic companies are notorious for using
animals when testing their substances.

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36 Cosmetics without animal testing

´As time has gone on big brands

have turned to other ways of
testing.
´Companies that do not use animal
testing put a logo for not tested on
animals Logo for no animals tested

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Medical testing

´To test non-pharmaceutical products,

e.g., toxicity tests for chemical products,
such as pesticides
´To test pharmaceuticals (in vivo tests),
e.g., new drugs and vaccines (stage 2)
´To investigate animal behaviour, e.g.,
stress copying mechanisms
´For medical purposes, e.g., research on
cancer, AIDS, and xenotransplantation

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Medical testing
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´Some experiments cannot be performed on

humans or are better performed on animals
´Useful (perhaps, necessary) for present &
future medical advancements:
´treatment for rabies (dogs, rabbits); rickets
(dogs); leprosy (monkeys, armadillos); etc.
´prevention of diphtheria (horses); polio
(rabbits); rubella (monkeys); measles
(monkeys)
´discovery of insulin (dogs); modern
anaesthesia (dogs); DNA (mice & rats)
´development of laparoscopic surgical
techniques (pigs); open heart surgery (dogs);
etc.
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Schweitzer s Definition of a Scientist:

The scientist must have the hands of

craftsman, head of a philosopher and a
heart that realizes that we are living things in
the midst of other living things.

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40 Perlu etik penelitian?

´Penelitian pada larva nyamuk

´Penelitian pada lalat
´Penelitian pada siput
´Penelitian pada ikan
´Penelitian pada tikus
´Penelitian pada kelinci

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Daftar Pustaka
´APA Council of Representatives. 2012. Guidelines for
ethical conduct in the care and use of nonhuman
animals in research.
http://www.apa.org/science/leadership/care/guidelines.aspx

´Festing, S., and Wilkinson, R. 2007. The ethics of

animal research. EMBO reports 8(6): 526-30.
´Perry, P. 2007. The ethics of animal research: a UK
perspective. ILAR Journal 48(1): 42-46.
´Rowans, A.N. 1997. The benefits and ethics of animal
research. Scientific American: 79-93.
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