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Helping Program 07
I. Clause
II. Adjective clause ( AC)
III. Noun clause ( NC)

Chapter 1
CLAUSE
 Def : rangkaian kata yang bermakna dan berpola S + V, ada yang berpotensi menjadi
kalimat dan bagian dari kalimat.
 Kinds :
1. Main clause (MC)
 Induk kalimat
 Bisa berdiri sendiri
 Pola : S+ V
2. Sub clause (SC)
 Anak kalimat
 Tidak bisa berdiri sendiri
 Pola : Conj + S +V

Eg: Iva comes before Bagus comes.

S V conj S V
MC SC

 Kinds of SC Adjective clause (AC) HP 07

Noun clause (NC)
Adverbial clause (AVC) Hp 8
Eg:
1. I know the girl whom you love. ( Aku tahu gadis yang kamu cintai.)
n AC
2. Naya said that she loves him. ( Naya berkata bahwa dia mencintainya)
S Vt membutuhkan obj (NC)
3. I go because Nadya goes.
S Vi diikuti adv (AVC)

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Chapter 2
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (AC)
 Def : SC yang difungsikan sebagai adj yang menjelaskan ke noun sehingga membentuk
rangkaian noun phrase (n.p).

 Pola n.p : Pre – M H Post – M

LA + DA n AC

Eg : Sebuah pula besar yang mereka beli

M/LA H/n M/ DA M/AC
A big island that they buy
M/DA M/LA H/n conj S V
M SC/AC
n.p

# Cara menyusun AC :
1. Cari noun / pronoun yang sama pada kalimat 1 & 2!
2. Hilangkan noun / pronoun yang sama pada kal- 2 dan ganti dengan conj yang
sesuai diawal - Jadilah AC!
3. Letakan SC setelah Noun / pronoun yang sama pada kal. 1!

e.g : Tiara buys a book.

Lina likes it.
SC(AC) : which Lina likes
Sent : Tiara buys a book which lina likes.

 Kinds of AC :
a. Relative pronoun – As Subject (RPS)
- As Object ( RPO)
-As Possessive ( RPP)
b. Using Quantity and Quality ( UQQ)
c. Relative adverb – Of Place ( RAP)
- Of Time (RAT)
-Of Reason (RAR)

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A. Relative Pronoun
1. Relative pronoun As Subject (RPS)
 AC yang conj–nya menggantikan posisi subjek.
 Conj = Who - person
Which - non person yang
That - Both

 Pola : n + conj + S + V
Who
Which
That
H M / AC / RPS
n.p

e.g : -The boy is arrogant.

He loves Ina.

AC : Who loves Ina

Sent : The boy who loves Ina is arrogant.
M /adj H/n conj+s V O

M /AC/RPS
S/n.p LV S. Comp (adj)
Meaning : cowok yang mencintai Ina itu sombong. (yg + Verb = RPS)

e.g Rina looks for a cat

It steals my fish

SC : Which steals my fish

Sent : Rina looks for a cat which steals my fish.

e.g Gadis yang belajar grammar itu rajin.

The girl who studies grammar is diligent.
e.g Agus menyukai buku yang dibaca oleh Jono.
Agus likes a book which is read by Jono.

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2. Relative Pronoun as Object (RPO)

 SC yang conj-nya menggantikan posisis object.
 Kinds :- RPO of verb
-RPO of prep
a. RPO of verb
Pola : N+ conj S+ Vt + O
Who- informal
Whom –Formal person
Which non person Yang
That Both
H M /AC /RPO of V
n.p

Eg : 1. The girl is kind

Taba loves her.
SC : whom Taba loves
Sent : Anisa whom Taba loves is kind.
H/n conj S Vt
M/AC/RPO
S/n.p LV S.comp/adj
Meaning: Anisa yang Taba cinta itu baik hati. (yg + Subj = RPO)
2. The car was expensive.
Nafi stole it.
SC : which Nafi stole
Sent : The car which Nafi stole was expensive.
H/N SC / AC/RPO of verb
n.p
3. Kelas-kelas yang Naya kunjungi itu luas.
The classes which Naya visits are large.
Note : Perbedaan RPS & RPO of verb.
A. RPS - Pola : n + conj + V ( yang + V)
- Verb : mengikuti noun / head.
B. RPO - Pola : N + conj + S + V ( yang + S)
-Verb : mengikuti subjek

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Eg : Gadis yang aku cintai adalah gadis yang mencintaimu.

(RPO) (RPS)
The girl whom I love is the girl who loves me.

b. RPO Of Prep
Pola : N + conjunction + S + Vt/i + Prep
( Prep) whom ( Prep )
( Prep) which ( Prep )
Ɵ Who Prep
Ɵ That Prep
H M / AC / RPO Of Prep
n.p

Note :
Prep juga bisa diletakkan sebelum conj jika :
 Conj berupa : whom & which
 Prep tidak mengubah makna.

E-g: 1. The music is good

We listen to it.
AC : (to) which we listen (to)
Sent : The music which we listen to is good.
SC/AC/RPO of Prep

2. The girl is beautiful.

Irfan is looking for it.
AC : for Whom Irfan is looking for ( prep tdk bisa didepan karena mengubah
makna)

Sent : The girl whom Irfan is looking for is beautiful.

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3 Relative Pronoun as Possessive (RPP)

 AC yang conj-nya menggantikan kata kepemilikan.
 Conj :- Whose + n Person / non-person
His mother Whose mother
Its book Whose book
-N of Which Non-person
The book of it the book of which

 Kinds :-RPP mirip RPS

-RPP mirip RPO

Note : Jika conj- nya “n of which” SC harus diawali / diapit koma

a.RPP mirip RPS
Pola : N + conj + S+V+O
whose + N
N of which
H M / AC / RPP mirip RPS
n.p

Eg : I love a girl.
Her mother works in hospital.
AC : Whose mother works in hospital
Sent : I love a girl whose mother works in hospital.
S Vt M/adj H /n conj +s V Adv
M /AC/ RPP mirip RPS
O / n.p
M : Saya mencintai gadis yang ibunya bekerja di RS. (yg...nya + Verb = RPP
mirip RPS)
Eg : Anisa has a cat.
The fur of it is good.
AC : the fur of which is good
Sent : Anisa has a cat, the fur of which is good.

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b. RPP mirip RPO

Pola : n + conjuction + S + VT + O
Whose +n
N of which
N M/AC/RPP m RPO
n.p

eg : Anisa has a book.

I like its cover.
Ac : Whose cover I like
Sent : Anisa has a book whose cover I like.
S Vt m/adj H/n conj S Vt
M/AC/RPP mirip RPO
O/n.p
M : Anisa memiliki buku yang sampulnya saya suka. (yg...nya + S = RPP
mirip RPO)

Eg : The house is expensive.

I like the color of it.
AC : The color of which I like
Sent : The house, the color of which I like, is expensive.

B. Using Quantity and Quality.

Quantity : Quality(Superlative)
one of... the best of...
some of... the cutest of...
Many of... The most beautiful of...

Conj : UQQ + whom person.

UQQ + which non. Person
UQQ + whose + n person / non person ( possesive)
Note : UQQ SC selalu diawali / diapit koma.
 Kinds : UQQ mirip RPS
UQQ mirip RPO

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Pola :
a) UQQ mirip RPS
N + Conj unction + S + V
UQQ + whom
UQQ + which
UQQ + whose + n
H M /AC / UQQ m RPS
n.p

E.g : Yuni has 3 children.

2 of them study at Kresna.
AC : 2 of whom study at Kresna
Sent : Yuni has 3 children , 2 of whom study at Kresna.
S Vt M/adj H/N conj + S V Adv
M / AC / UQQ mirip RPS

O / n.p
Meaning : Yuni memiliki 3 anak yang 2 diantaranya belajar di Kresna.

e.g. Many cars are being collected.

The most expensive of them is Lamborghini.
AC: The most expensive of which is lamborghini
Sent : Many cars, the most expensive of which is Lamborghini, are being collected.

E.g : I know the girl.

The most difficult of her problems is about love.
AC : The most difficult of whose problems is about love
Sent : I know the girl, the most difficult of whose problems is about love.

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b. UQQ mirip RPO

N + conjunction + S + V + O
UQQ + whom
UQQ + which
UQQ + whose + n
H M /AC / UQQ m RPO
n.p

eg : Sandy buys many novels.

I like some of them.
AC : Some of which I like
Sent : Sandy buys many novels some of which I like.
S Vt M/adj H/n conj S Vt

M /AC/UQQ n RPO
O/ n.p
Meaning : Sandy membeli banyak novel yang beberapa diantaranya saya suka.

C. Relative Adverb
 AC yang conj-nya menggantikan adverb
 Kinds :
1.Relative Adverb of Place (R A P)
Pola : N(Showing place ) + conjunction + S + V + (O)
where
(prep) which (prep) Dimana
That prep
H M/AC/RAP
n.p

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eg. : 1. The house is big

Taba lives there (in the house)
AC: Where Taba lives/(in) which Taba lives (in)
Sent: The house where Taba lives is big
M/adj H/n M/AC/RAP
S/n.p LV S.comp

2. Ruangan dimana Neva tidur itu bagus.

The room where Neva sleeps is good.
The room which Neva sleeps in is good.

2. Relative Adverb of Time (RAT)

Pola : Noun + conjunction + S + V + (O)
Showing when
time prep + which ketika
that
H M / AC / RAT
N.P

Eg : 1. I cannot forget the day.

We met her then. (on the day)
AC : when we met her
Sent : I cannot forget the day when we met her.
M/adj H/N conj S V O
M / AC / RAT
S V O / n.p
2. Bulan ketika kamu datang ke Pare adala Juli.
The month when you came to Pare was July.

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3. Relative Adverb of Reason (RAP)

Pola : Noun + conjunction + S + V + O
Showing reason why
For which mengapa
That
H M / AC / RAR

n.p

E.g Alasanmu mengapa kamu akan meninggalkanku itu tidak bisa diterima
Your reason why you will leave me is unacceptable.
M/adj H/N conj S vaux vord O
M / AC / RAR
S / N.P LV S.Comp / adj

2. Alasan kenapa Ecy datang terlambat membuatku sedih.

The reason why Ecy comes late makes me sad.

Peringkasan AC
1. Peringkasan RPS
 RPS verbal
 RPS Nominal
a. RPS verbal
 Reducing N + Conj + V Participle(Ving \ v3) / to inf
*Hasil berupa participle.
Pola :
. Active: N + conj +V N + ving ( yang me ........)
. Passive : N + conj +be + V3 N + ( Being) + V3 ( yg di ......)
. Perfect : N + conj + have + V3 N + having + V3 ( yg telah me.....)
. perfect ( pv) : N + conj +have + been + V3 = N + having + been + V3 ( yang
telah di ....)

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Eg : 1. The girl who visit you is beautiful.

Ac – s.pr ( active) Ving
Red : The girl visiting you is beautiful.
2. The book which is written by ina is good.
Ac – s.pr ( passive) (being) + V3
Red : The book ( being) written by ina is good.

3. I met a boy who has loved you.

Ac – pr.pf (Active) ving
Red : I met a boy having loving you.
4. The man who is sleeping there now is crazy.
Ac –pr-c (active) Ving
Red : The man (being) sleeping there now is crazy.

*Hasil berupa to inf

Syarat : Pada head harus berupa/terdapat :
- Superlative degree The richest....
-Indenfintive pron someone...
- The only : satu-satunya
-Idenfinitive time the next...
- Ordinal number the first...

Eg : 1. The cutest girl who helps me is Naya.

N Ac
Red : The cutest girl to help me is Naya.
2. The only girl who comes late is Ecy.
N AC
Red : The only girl to come late is Ecy.
3. Someone who hated you yesterday is cruel.
N AC
Red : Someone to hate you yesterday is cruel.

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b. RPS Nominal
Reducing N + conj + be + 3C.
Hasil : N + 3C N
ADJ
ADV
Hasil :
1. Berupa Noun.

Pola : N + N oppositive
H M
Eg : Laila, who is my friend, is kind.
AC
Red : Laila, my friend, is kind.
N N
2. Berupa Adverb
Pola : N + ADV
H M
Syarat : harus berupa Adv of place
Adv of time
Eg : 1. The book which is on the table is interesting.
AC
Red : The book on the table is interesting.
2. The meeting which is now is canceled.
AC
Red : The meeting now is canceled.

3. Berupa Adjective
Pola : N + adj
H M
Syarat : Adj boleh setelah Noun jika :
1. Adj berakhir ible / able
2. Adj + Prep
3. Certain Adj present, alive, involve, concerned
Note : jika adj tidak memenuhi syarat adj harus dipindah ke sebelum Noun.

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Eg: 1. The girl who is afraid of you is Nadya.

adj + Prep
The girl afraid of you is Nadya.
3. The mission which is impossible happens.
N adj – ible
The mission impossible happens.
4. The girl who is cute is Sandi
N AC
The cute girl is Sandi.

B. Peringkasan RPO
1. Omitting RPO of Verb Langsung hilangkan conj
eg: Meet a girl whom you hate!
AC/RPO
Rpo of prep Langsung hilangkan conj dan letakkan prep di
akhir rangkain AC
Eg : The music to which I listen is good.
AC/RPO
Red : The music I listen to is good.

2. Reducing Khusus RPO of verb

Syarat : -Subj Mc = sc
-Terdapat modal pada sc
-Hasil : to inf

Eg : I have a duty which I must Finish.

RPO
Red : I have a dutty to finish. (passive meaning)

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C.Peringkasan RA
Peringkasan : Omitting
Note : khusus RAP munculkan lagi prep di belakang rangkaian AC
Eg : 1. The house where we live is good .( RAP)
RAP
The house we live in is good.
2. I can’t forget a day when I met you first. (RAT)
SC
3.The reason why you love me is illogical. (RAR)
SC
Kesimpulan : Reducing RPS
RPO of verb

Omitting RPO of verb

RPO of prep
RAP
RAT
RAR

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PUNCTUATION COMMA IN AC

Restrictive Non - Restrictive

Essential Non - Essential
 Info yang dibawa oleh AC dianggap  Info yang dibawa oleh AC dianggap tidak
penting. penting.
 Ciri – ciri :  Ciri – ciri :
1. Tidak diapit tanda koma. 1. Diapit tanda koma.
2. Peringkasan normal (sesuai aturan). 2. RPO tidak bisa di ringkas.
3. Semua conjunction dapat digunakan. 3. Conjunction “that” tidak dapat
digunakan.
 Head :  Head :
a) Singular ===>Common Noun a) Singular ===>Proper Noun
e.g : e.g :
1. The teacher who teaches 1. Mr.Opix, who teaches grammar, is
grammar is kind. kind.

b) Plural===== > Bermakna sebagian

e.g : b) Plural===== > Bermakna keseluruhan
The teachers whom I know are kind. e.g :
The teachers, whom I know, are kind.

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Chapter 3
Noun Clause (NC)

 Def : SC yang difungsikan sebagai Noun

Eg :Sandi said that she loves him.
S Vt SC NC
O
 The functions of NC
1. Nominal Function
a. As subject Subject of verb : S ( NC ) + V
Subject after it : it + be + V3 + NC / it + be + adj + NC
Subject complement : S + Lv + S.C ( NC )
b. As object Object of verb : S + V + O ( NC)
Object of prep : Prep + obj . of . p (NC)
2. Adjetival Function : Post – M
As appositive N + NC
Appositive
 Kinds of NC
1. NC from statement
2. “ Question
3. “ Exclamation
4. “ Request

I. NC From Statement (pernyataan)

 Conj : that (bahwa)
 Cara membuat :
1. Buatlah kalimat statement!
2. Tambah conj that diawal statement ( jadilah NC )!
3. Letakan NC sesuai posisi Noun!
 Peringkasan : omitting, ( kecuali subject of Verb)

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Eg : Statement : Iva loves Irfan.

NC : that Iva loves Irfan
The position of Noun:
a. Subject of verb
That Iva loves irfan is true.
SC V
S NC

b. subject after Anticipatory it

It is true that Iva loves Irfan.
it SC – NC
Real Subj
c. Subjetive complement
The new is that Iva loves Irfan.
S LV SC subjective complement
N.C
d. object of verb
I know that Iva lovs Irfan.
S Vt SC
O NC
e. Obj of prep : Ɵ
f. Appositive letak pada post-m
The news that Iva loves Irfan is true.
N M/SC NC
Appositive

Note : a. NC from statement bisa menempati obj of prep jika conj diawali the fact
b. Perbedaan AC& NC as appositive/ post-m
* AC - Pola : Tidak lengkap
- Head : abstract noun & concrete noun
* NC -Pola: lengkap
-Head: abstract noun

Eg : 1. The news that the fire is hot is true.

SC NC
2. The news that Anisa said is wrong. (pola AC tidak lengkap)
SC AC

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II. Nc From Question

 Kinds :
Yes /No Question
-Conj : If / Whether...... (or not) : apakah ..... atau tidak

Information Question
-Conj : Qw 8 w+ 1 H

 Cara membuat:
1. Buatlah kalimat pertanyaan!
2. Ubah kalimat pertanyaan menjadi statement!
3. Tambahkan conj yang sesuai di awal statement!( jadilah Sc)
4. Letakkan posisi SC sesuai posisi noun!

Eg : 1. Question : Are you hungry? (Yes/no Question)

SC : If you are hungry
Sentence : If you are hungry is my question.
S/NC from Quest LV SC/3C
Note : NC from quest tidak bisa di inversi

2. Question : When will you come ? (Information Quetion)

SC: When you will come
Setence : I don’t know when you will come
S Vaux Vord SC NC
O

3. Question : Do you love her ? ( yes / no question)

SC : Whether you love her.
Sentence : I am afraid of whether you love her.
S LV adj prep Obj of prep /NC

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*Peringkasan :
- Abridgement : conj + S + V to inf.
- Syarat : - Terdapat modal pada SC
- Conj selain If dan why.
- Hasil berupa :To inf

- Pelaku To inf :
a) Berasal dari subjek MC.
I don’t know what I should do.
SC
Abr : I don’t know what to do.
S To inf
b) Berasal dari objek MC
Tell me whether I can get it.
SC
Abr : Tell me whether to get it.
O To inf

*: Modal ikut dihilangkan.

III. NC From Exclamation

 Conj = How Betapa / alangkah
What
 Pola : - How + adj /adv + S + V
-What + a/ an + adj + n(sing) + S + V
Adj + npl /n(U)
 Peringkasan : Ɵ
 Posisi : hanya menempati objek Obj of verb
Obj of prep
Eg : 1. Excl : How kind you are !
SC : How kind you are
Sent : I wonder how kind you are.
S Vt conj adj s v

O /NC from Exc

2. Excl : What a naughty boy you are!
SC : What a naughty boy you are

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Sent : I am angry with what a naughty boy you are.

S LV adj prep obj of prep : NC

IV. NC From Request

 NC ini bagian dari subjunctive.
 Subjuntive : Kata-kata tertentu yang menunjukan adanya :
- Saran, tuntutan, hal-hal penting
Subjuntive in NC from Request – HP 7
-Hal yang bertentangan dengan fakta.
conditional subjuntive – HP 6.
 subjuntive in NC from Request.
- Conj : That Supaya/ agar.
- Aturan : Pada SC selalu menggunakan V1 apapun tenses dan subjeknya.
- Ciri : MC terdapat certain subjunctive.

Certain verb Certain adjective Certain noun Meaning

Advise Advised Advice Menasehati

Suggest Suggested Suggestion Menganjurkan
Recommend Recommended Recommendation Mengusulkan
Propose Proposed Proposal Memgajukan
Require Required Requirement Perlu
Insist Insisted Insistence Memaksa
Mandate Mandatory Mandate Perintah
Obligate Obligatory Obligation Mewajibkan
Urge Urgent Urgency Ndorong
Command Commanded --------- Memerintah
Prefer Preferable --------- Mengajukan
Demand (ask) ----- Demand Mengajukan
Desire ----- Desire Hasrat
Request ----- Request Meminta
Stipulate ----- Stipulation Menetapkan
Necessitate ---- Necessary Mengharuskan
Order ----- Order Memerintah
Decree ------ ------ Memutuskan
Ask ----- ------ Meminta
---- Imperative Imperative Suruhan
---- Essential Essence Penting
---- Important Importance Penting
---- Vital ----- Penting

- Pola : - Verbal Active ( + ) that +S + V1

( - ) that+ S + not + V1
Passive ( + ) that + S + be + V3
( - ) that + S + not + be + V3
-Nominal – Active : ( + ) that S + be + 3C
( - ) that S + not + be + 3C

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 Peringkasan : Ɵ
Eg : 1. Nadya menyarankan supaya Adi belajar Setiap hari
Mc Sc
Nadya suggests that Adi study everyday.
Cert.subjunctive V1

Certain subj
2. It is Important that the students not be naughty.
V1

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Azar, Betty. S., Understanding and Using English Grammar, Second edition,Prentice Hall. Inc, New

York,1989.

2. Azar, Betty. S., Understanding and Using English Grammar, Third edition,Prentice Hall. Inc, New

York,1999.

3. Frank, Marcella., Modern English, Prentice Hall. Inc New York, 1972.

4. Hornby, S. A.,Guide to Pattern and Usage in English, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, Cambridge,

1975.

5. Murphy, Raymond., English Grammar in Use, Second edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,

1994.

6. Thompson, AJ and Martinet, A.V., A Practical English Grammar, Fourth edition, Oxford University Press,

1968.

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