Politeknik Negeri Medan Program Studi Teknik Mesin

Jurusan Teknik Mesin Module – Termodinamika

Soal :
1. An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the
compression process, air is at 100 kPa and 17ºC, and 800 kJ/kg of heat
is transferred to air during the constant-volume heat-addition process.
Accounting for the variation of specific heats of air with temperature,
determine (a) the maximum temperature and pressure that occur during
the cycle, (b) the net work output, (c) the thermal efficiency.

Dik :
r = 8; P1 = 100 kPa; T1 = 17 ºC; qin = 800 kJ/kg
Dit :
a) T3 dan P3 b) wnet c) ηth
Asumsi : Panas Jenis Bervariasi

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 Politeknik Negeri Medan Program Studi Teknik Mesin
Jurusan Teknik Mesin Module – Termodinamika

Penyelesaian :
a)Pada T1 = 17 ºC = 290 K maka diperoleh dari Tabel A17 :
u1 = 206,91 kJ/kg dan vr1 = 676,1
Proses 1-2 adalah kompresi isentropik gas ideal maka :
v𝑟2 v2 1 vr1 676,1
= = → v𝑟2 = = = 84,51
v𝑟1 v1 𝑟 𝑟 8
Pada vr2 = 84,51 maka diperoleh dari Tabel A17 dengan interpolasi :
T2 = 652,4 K dan u2 = 475,11 kJ/kg
Kemudian berdasarkan persamaan gas ideal (Pv = RT) diperoleh :
𝑃2 v2 𝑃1 v1 𝑇2 v1 652,4 𝐾
= → 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 ( ) ( ) = (100 𝑘𝑃𝑎) ( ) (8) = 1799,7 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑇1 v2 290 𝐾
Proses 2-3 adalah penambahan panas pada volume konstan maka :
qin = u3 – u2 → u3 = qin + u2 = 800 + 475,11 = 1275,11 kJ/kg
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 Politeknik Negeri Medan Program Studi Teknik Mesin
Jurusan Teknik Mesin Module – Termodinamika

Pada u3 = 1275,11 kJ/kg maka diperoleh dari Tabel A17 dengan

interpolasi :

1560 1260,99
1560 − 𝑇3 1260,99 − 1275,11
T3 1275,11 (u3) = → 𝑇3 = 1575,1 𝐾
1560 − 1580 1260,99 − 1279,65
1580 1279,65

1260,99 6,301
1260,99 − 1275,11 6,301 − v𝑟3
1275,11 (u3) vr3 = → v𝑟3 = 6,108
1260,99 − 1279,65 6,301 − 6,046
1279,65 6,046

Kemudian berdasarkan persamaan gas ideal (Pv = RT) diperoleh :

𝑃3 v3 𝑃2 v2 𝑇3 v2 1575,1 𝐾
= → 𝑃3 = 𝑃2 ( ) ( ) = (1799,7 𝑘𝑃𝑎) ( ) (1) = 4345 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇3 𝑇2 𝑇2 v3 652,4 𝐾
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 Politeknik Negeri Medan Program Studi Teknik Mesin
Jurusan Teknik Mesin Module – Termodinamika

b)Proses 3-4 adalah ekspansi isentropik gas ideal maka :

v𝑟4 v4
= = 𝑟 → v𝑟4 =𝑟 vr3 = (8)(6,108) = 48,864
v𝑟3 v3
Pada vr4 = 48,864 maka diperoleh dari Tabel A17 dengan interpolasi :
T4 = 795,6 K dan u4 = 588,74 kJ/kg
Proses 4-1 adalah pembuangan panas pada volume konstan maka :
-qout = u1 – u4 → qout = u4 – u1 = 588,74 – 206,91 = 381,83 kJ/kg
Sehingga :
wnet = qnet = qin – qout = 800 – 381,83 = 418,17 kJ/kg
atau
wnet = wout – win = (u3 - u4) - (u2 - u1)
wnet = (1275,11 - 588,74) – (475,11 - 206,91) = 418,17 kJ/kg

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 Politeknik Negeri Medan Program Studi Teknik Mesin
Jurusan Teknik Mesin Module – Termodinamika

c)Efisiensi Thermal
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 418,17 𝑘𝑗/𝑘𝑔
𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜 = = = 0,523 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 52,3 %
𝑞𝑖𝑛 800 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Bila di-asumsikan bahwa Panas Jenis Konstan maka :
1
𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜 = 1 − = 1 − 𝑟 1−𝑘 = 1 − (8)1−1,4 = 0,565 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 56,5 %
𝑟 𝑘−1
yang mana efisiensi ini jauh berbeda dengan nilai yang diperoleh di
atas. Oleh karena itu, kehati-hatian harus dilakukan dalam
menggunakan asumsi panas jenis konstan.

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 Politeknik Negeri Medan Program Studi Teknik Mesin
Jurusan Teknik Mesin Module – Termodinamika

2. An ideal Diesel cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression
ratio of 18 and a cutoff ratio of 2. At the beginning of the compression
process, the working fluid is at 14.7 psia, 80ºF, and 117 in3. Utilizing the
cold-air-standard assumptions, determine (a) the temperature and
pressure of air at the end of each process, (b) the net work output and
the thermal efficiency.

3. A gas-turbine power plant operating on an ideal Brayton cycle has a

pressure ratio of 8. The gas temperature is 300 K at the compressor inlet
and 1300 K at the turbine inlet. Utilizing the air-standard assumptions,
determine (a) the gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the
turbine, (b) the back work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency.

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 Politeknik Negeri Medan Program Studi Teknik Mesin
Jurusan Teknik Mesin Module – Termodinamika

4. Consider a steam power plant operating on the simple ideal Rankine

cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 3 MPa and 350ºC and is condensed in
the condenser at a pressure of 75 kPa. Determine the thermal efficiency
of this cycle.
Dik : P3 = P2 = 3 Mpa; T3 = 350 ºC;
Keadaan 1 : Cairan Jenuh, P1 = 75 kPa
P4 = P1 = 75 kPa;
Dit : ηth
Penyelesaian :
Keadaan 1 :
Pada P1 = 75 kPa dan kondisi cairan jenuh maka dari Tabel A5
diperoleh :
h1 = hf @ 75 kPa = 384,44 kJ/ kg; v1 = vf @ 75 kPa = 0,001037 m3/ kg
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 Politeknik Negeri Medan Program Studi Teknik Mesin
Jurusan Teknik Mesin Module – Termodinamika

Keadaan 2 :
P2 = 3 MPa; s2 = s1
wpompa,in = v1 (P2 – P1) = 0,001037 m3/ kg (3000-75) kPa
wpompa,in = 3,03 kJ/kg
wpompa,in = h2 – h1 → h2 = h1 + wpompa,in = 384,44 + 3,03 = 387,47 kJ/kg

Keadaan 3 :
P3 = 3 MPa dan T3 = 350 ºC
Pada P3 = 3 MPa maka dari Tabel A5 diperoleh Tsat = 233,85 ºC
Oleh karena T3 > Tsat maka keadaan 3 adalah Uap Superheated
Pada P3 = 3 MPa; T3 = 350 ºC; dan kondisi Uap Superheated maka dari
Tabel A6 diperoleh :
h3 = 3116,1 kJ/kg dan s3 = 6,7450 kJ/ kJ/kg·K
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 Politeknik Negeri Medan Program Studi Teknik Mesin
Jurusan Teknik Mesin Module – Termodinamika

Keadaan 4 :
P4 = 75 kPa dan s4 = s3 = 6,7450 kJ/ kJ/kg·K
Pada P4 = 75 kPa maka dari Tabel A5 diperoleh sf=1,2132 kJ/kg·K dan
sg = 7,4558 kJ/kg·K serta hf = 384,44 kJ/kg dan hg = 2662,4 kJ/kg
Oleh karena s3 < sg maka keadaan 4 adalah Campuran Cairan-Uap Jenuh
maka :
𝑠4 − 𝑠𝑓 6,7450 − 1,2132
𝑥= = = 0,8861
𝑠𝑔 − 𝑠𝑓 7,4558 − 1,2132
dan
h4 = hf + x (hg - hf) = 384,44 + 0,8861 (2662,4-384,44)= 2403,0 kJ/ kg
Sehingga :
qin = h3 - h2 = (3116,1 – 387,47) kJ/kg = 2728,6 kJ/kg

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 Politeknik Negeri Medan Program Studi Teknik Mesin
Jurusan Teknik Mesin Module – Termodinamika

qout = h4 - h1 = (2403,0 – 384,44) kJ/kg = 2018,6 kJ/kg

𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 2018,6
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 − =1− = 0,260 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 26,0 %
𝑞𝑖𝑛 2728,6
Efisiensi termal juga dapat ditentukan dari :
wturbin,out = h3 – h4 = 3116,1 - 2403,0 = 713.1 kJ/kg
wnet = wturbin,out – wpompa,in = 713,1 – 3,03 = 710,1 kJ/kg
atau
wnet = qin - qout = (2728,6 – 2018,6) kJ/kg = 710,0 kJ/kg
maka :
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 710,0
𝜂𝑡ℎ = = = 0,260 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 26,0 %
𝑞𝑖𝑛 2728,6

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 Politeknik Negeri Medan Program Studi Teknik Mesin
Jurusan Teknik Mesin Module – Termodinamika

5. A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on

an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle between 0.14 and 0.8
MPa. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s, determine (a)
the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power input
to the compressor, (b) the rate of heat rejection to the environment, and
(c) the COP of the refrigerator.

6. Refrigerant-134a enters the compressor of a refrigerator as superheated

vapor at 0.14 MPa and -10ºC at a rate of 0.05 kg/s and leaves at 0.8
MPa and 50ºC. The refrigerant is cooled in the condenser to 26ºC and
0.72 MPa and is throttled to 0.15 MPa. Disregarding any heat transfer
and pressure drops in the connecting lines between the components,
determine (a) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and
the power input to the compressor, (b) the isentropic efficiency of the
compressor, and (c) the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator.

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