Penggunaan Kemoterapi
Pada Kanker
Jimmy Posangi
Bagian Farmakologi dan Terapi
FK UNSRAT
Etiologi Kanker
Pertumbuhan abnormal dari
sel kanker disebabkan oleh
adanya perobahan pada DNA
yang disebabkan oleh bahan
kimia, virus, radiasi dll
G0
Resting
Mitosis
M
G1
Synthesis of
components G2
needed for
mitosis
Synthesis of
components
needed for
DNA synthesis
Synthesis of DNA
Kepekaan antikanker
- Lebih peka pada sel kanker yang
mempunyai nilai growth fraction
tinggi
- Sel normal yang mempunyai growth
fraction tinggi seperti sumsum tulang,
epitel sal.pencernaan, folikel rambut,
dan sel-sel pembentuk sperma
Kepekaan antikanker
(sambungan)
HAMBATAN KEMOTERAPI
- Toksisitas pada sel normal
- Sel kanker harus mati 100%
- Kesulitan diagnosa dini
- Tumor solid kurang berespons
HAMBATAN KEMOTERAPI
(samb.)
- Resistensi obat
- Heterogenitas sel tumor
- Keterbatasan obat mencapai sel
tumor
HAMBATAN KEMOTERAPI
HAMBATAN KEMOTERAPI
HAMBATAN KEMOTERAPI
One
Billion
One
million
Sub clinical
1 kg (LETHAL)
1 gm
(SMALLEST DETECTABLE)
1 mg
HIGHER GROWTH FRACTION
SHORTER DOUBLING TIME
One
thousand
1 g
Time
HAMBATAN KEMOTERAPI
Resistensi obat
- Sel kanker dapat berubah
menjadi resisten terhadap obat
(mutasi)
- P-glucoprotein bekerja
memompa obat keluar dari sel
HAMBATAN KEMOTERAPI
HAMBATAN KEMOTERAPI
CELLS REMAINING
Normal
cells
(Arrows indicate times of drug administration)
Cancer
cells
TIME
Acute lymphocytic
leukemia of
childhood
Percent of Patients
With Complete
Remission
38
63
57
90
97
Percent of Patients
With Complete
Remission
<10
< 5
<10
20
81
Therapeutic Regimen
Toxicity
Anticancer
Neutropenia Neurotoxicity
Effect
Cyclophospamide
++
++
Vincristine
++
++
++++
++
++
Cyclophospamide +
Vincristine
Dosage size
Dosing
schedule
Mice surviving
240 mg/kg
1 dose/day*
None
II
15 mg/kg
8 dose/day*
100%
PENATALAKSANAAN TOKSISITAS
ANTIKANKER
Penekanan sumsum tulang
1. Neutropenia, pemberian CSF, GMCSF
2. Trombositopenia, pemberian
platelet
3. Anemia, jarang terjadi
PENATALAKSANAAN TOKSISITAS
ANTIKANKER
Gangguan saluran pencernaan
growth fraction tinggi sehingga
terjadi
stomatitis dan diare,
kemoterapi
dihentikan
rangsangan pada zona triger
kemoreseptor sehingga terjadi mual
muntah, premedikasi antimuntah
PENATALAKSANAAN TOKSISITAS
ANTIKANKER
Toksisitas penting lainnya
- Alopecia
- Toksisitas alat reproduksi
- Hiperuricemia
PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN
UNTUK PENGOBATAN
- Penderita harus dijelaskan baik
buruknya
- Tiga keuntungan: sembuh, paliatif,
perpanjangan hidup
- Keadaan umum penderita berdasarkan
Karnofsky Performance Scale (<40
tidak sanggup menerima kemoterapi)
Karnofsky Performance
Scale Criteria
Definition
Percent
Able to carry on
normal activity and
work; no special
care needed
100
90
80
Unable to work;
able to live at
home and care for
most personal
needs; a varying
amount of
assistance needed
70
60
50
Definition
Unable to care
for self; requires
equivalent of
institutional or
hospital care;
disease may be
progressing
rapidly
Percent
40
30
20
10
0
Criteria
Disabled; requires special care
and assistance
Severely disabled; hospitalization
is indicated although death or
imminent
Very sick; hospitalization
necessary; active supportive
treatment necessary
Moribund; fatal processes
progressing rapidly
Death
Cytotoxic
Alkylating agents
Antimetabolites
Antitumor antibiotics
Mitotic Inhibitors
Miscellaneous
G0
Resting
Mitosis
M
G1
Synthesis of
components G2
needed for
mitosis
Synthesis of
components
needed for
DNA synthesis
Synthesis of DNA
Alkylating agents
Nitrogen Mustard
Nitrosoureas
Cyclophosphamide
Chlorambucil
Ifosfamide
Melphalan
Mechlorethamine
Carmustine
Lomustine
Streptozocin
Ethylenimines
Triazenes
Others
TEM
Thiotepa
Altretamin
Dacarbazine
Busulfan
Carboplatin
Cisplatin
Antimetabolites
Folic acid analogues Methotrexate
Pyrimidine analogues
Cytarabine
Fluorouracil
Floxuridine
Gemcitabine
Purine analogues
Mercaptopurine
Thioguanine
Fludarabine
Pentostatine
Azathioprine
Cladribine
Antitumor antibiotics
Bleomycin
Dactinomycin
Daunorubicin
Doxorubicin
Idarubicin
Epirubicin
Mitomycin
Mitoxantrone
Plicamycin
Mitotic Inhibitors
Vinblastin
Vincristine
Vinorelbine
Paclitaxel
Docetaxel
Fluoxymesterone
Testosteron
Antiandrogen
Flutamide
Estrogen
Diethylstilbestrol
Ethinyl estradiol
Antiestrogen
Tamoxifen
Progestins
Medroxyprogeteron
Megestrol
Glucocorticoid
Prednisone
Epipodophyllotoxins
Etoposide
Teniposide
Enzyme
L-Asparginase
Miscellaneous
Hydroxyurea
Procarbazine
Mitotane
Kandungan
Curlonga
Curzedo
Androhep
No-Flam
Gynura
Allium
Crucifera
Kunir/Kunyit
Kunir putih
Sambiloto
Jinten hitam
Sambungnyowo
Bawang putih
Sawi putih
Kandungan
Centella
Aloe
Typhonium
Vinca
Solanig
Phylanthus
Morinda
Benalu
Pegagan
Lidah buaya
Keladi tikus
Tapak dara
Solanumnigrum
Meniran
Mangkudu
Benalu buah