3 FA 2
BIOTEKNOLOGI FARMASI
Out line
Pengertian Plasmid Sebagai Vektor
01 Dalam Rekayasa Genetik
Proses ligasi
04
Pengertian Plasmid
Sebagai Vektor dalam
Rekayasa Genetika
o Vektor adalah molekul DNA yang
berfungsi sebagai wahana atau
kendaraan yang akan membawa suatu
fragmen DNA masuk ke dalam sel
inang dan memungkinkan terjadinya
replikasi dan ekspresi fragmen DNA
asing tersebut.
o Vektor yang dapat digunakan pada sel
inang prokariot, khususnya E. coli,
adalah plasmid, bakteriofag, kosmid,
dan fasmid.
o Salah satu vektor yang bisa digunakan untuk
membawa molekul DNA asing masuk dalam sel
inang adalah plasmid.
Mempunyai sekurang-
kurangnya 2 gen marker
yang dapat menandai
masuk tidaknya plasmid
ke dalam sel inang.
Ukurannya relatif kecil
dibanding dengan pori
dinding sel inangnya.
PLASMID
Gambar plasmid pBR
Plasmid pBR322 mengandung gen
322 dengan tempat
penyandi resistensi terhadap ampisilin
pengenalan pemotongan
dan tetrasiklin. Adanya gen resistensi
DNAnya
terhadap antibiotik yang di dalamnya
mengandung situs enzim restriksi yang
akan memudahan dalam menyeleksi
plasmid rekombinan, dengan adanya
enzim yang hanya memotong bagian
gen yang resisten terhadap antibiotik.
Misalnya, enzim BamHI yang akan
memotong plasmid pBR322 pada
bagian gen yang resistensi terhadap
tetrasiklin (gen TetR). Proses
pemotongan plasmid bukanlah sesuatu
yang mudah.
Gambar 1
Plasmid pBR322 yang telah disisipi dengan fragmen dari Plasmid pBR322 ini kemudian
kehilangan bagian yang DNA asing dimasukkan ke dalam sel
resistensi terhadap tetrasiklin inangnya yaitu E. coli.
Koloni E. coli yang telah Pengujian lebih lanjut apakah plasmid ini
sedangkan pada telah tersisipi oleh fragmen DNA asing
kehilangan marker tetrasiklin
medium ampisilin, atau tidak adalah dengan
akan sensitif tetrasiklin,
koloni ini tetap tumbuh menbedahkannya pada medium
karena masih resistensi ampisilin, untuk kemudian
ampisilin. memplatingnya ke dalam medium
tetrasiklin dan ampisilin
Gambar plasmid pUC 19 dan tempat
pengenalan pemotongan DNAnya dapat dilihat
pada gambar2.
Plasmid pUC118 dan pUC119 adalah plasmid lain yang telah lama
digunakan sebagai vektor untuk mengklon gen. Plasmid
tersebut merupakan pengembangan dari pBR322. Plasmid pUC118
dan pUC119 mengandung gen lacZ yang menyandikan enzim β-
galaktosidase. Pada lacZ terdapat daerah yang disebut daerah
polikloning. Pada daerah ini terdapat banyak situs restriksi dari
berbagai enzim restriksi. Dalam hal ini, kita dapat menggunakan
berbagai enzim restriksi untuk memotong pUC118 dan pUC119 pada
bagian lacZ. Bila gen lacZ disisipi oleh DNA asing maka gen lacZ
tersebut tidak berfungsi (tidak menghasilkan β-galaktosidase). Bila
kita menggunakan pUC118 atau pUC119 sebagai vektor, maka
koloni yang membawa plasmid rekombinan dapat dideteksi dengan
menggunakan Xgal (5-bromo-4-chloro-indolyl-β-D-galactosida).
Enzim β-galaktosidase akan memecah Xgal menjadi galaktosa dan
5-bromo-4-chloroindigo yang berwarna biru. Koloni bakteri akan
berwarna putih bila pUC118 atau pUC119 telah disisipi DNA asing
pada bagian lacZ. Dalam hal ini sel bakteri tidak menghasilkan
enzim β-galaktosidase karena gen lacZ. Gen lacZ tidak berfungsi
karena disisipi oleh DNA asing.
Proses penggunaan plasmid di dalam rekayasa genetika
Penggunaan plasmid untuk rekayasa genetika harus disesuaikan kebutuhannya sebab ada berbagai
macam plasmid yang digunakan. Proses penggunaan plasmid dalam rekayasa genetika melalui langkah-
langkah sebagai berikut :
Penentuan terlebih dahulu jenis Bila plasmid telah ditentukan maka selanjutnya adalah
Contents
plasmid yang hendak digunakan sebab menentukan tempat pengenalan enzim restriksi
ada beberapa jenis plasmid seperti Contents (pemotongan) yang hendak digunakan sebagai tempat
pBR 322 dan pUC19 yang bisa penyisipan DNA asing dan marker untuk menandai masuk
digunakan untuk prokariot dan plasmid tidaknya plasmid pada sel inang
Ti yang bisa digunakan untuk
organisme eukariot
.
Apabila telah diketahui tempat pengenalan restriksi dan Langkah selanjutnya adalah plasmid
Contents
markernya maka langkah selanjutnya adalah menyiapkan Contents dipotong dengan enzim restriksi yang
enzim restriksi sebagai pemotong plasmid. Enzim yang sesuai pada daerah potongannya
digunakan untuk memotong plasmid harus sama dengan
pemotong DNA asing sehingga nanti keduanya bisa bersatu
misal : EcoR1
.
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