Doctor
Patient
Hospital
Insurance/general tax
Doctor
Health
Insurance
FFS,
Tax
Bonus
premium
Patient
Government Hospital
Konsep Manajemen Pembiayaan
Membayar langsung
Konsumen Penyedia
Pelayanan
Pelayanan
Kesehatan
re kesehatan
g ul si
as la
Pre
Pemerintah/ u
i reg
mi
Perkumpulan
Cak
/pa
profesional
upa
jak
im
n
ara
n
Kla
asu
bay
regulasi
r ans
Pem
i
Pembeli Pelayanan
Kesehatan
(pemerintah/asuransi)
National health accounts
100%
Private
Out-of-Pocket
80%
Private
Insurance
60%
Other Pri.
40%
Public
Social
Insurance
20%
General
0% Revenue
GDP/ cap 1,117 621 877 994 605 1,457 1,050 1,037 7,595 9,512 4,321 3,361 5,003 2,490 2,891 2,078 6,702 9,606 2,587 5,260 3,262 4,148 4,781 3,641
Pop. (mil.) 18.8 35.9 10.4 11.7 11.0 25.3 136.5 31.9 62.0 24.8 81.5 214.71,288.40 81.3 1064.4 13.4 44.6 4.0 8.8 27.1 5.5 12.3 6.5 13.0 Source: WHO
Sistem Asuransi Publik di Jerman
Beberapa hal menarik dari sistem
Asuransi Kesehatan Publik
Di Jerman
publik privat
Pilihan
Pegawai atau pensiunan yang mempunyai pendapatan
tahunan lebih dari € 77.400
Wiraswasta (self employed)
Kebanyakan pegawai negeri (Beamte)
Sistem Asuransi Kesehatan Publik di Jerman
Dijam in Bantuan
Asuransi Pem erintah sosial Tanpa
Privat 1,1% 1,3% Asuransi
9,7% 0,2%
Asuransi
publik
87,7%
Sistem Asuransi Kesehatan Publik di Jerman
Asuransi Provider
Pasien
Asosiasi Associations
asuransi of Providers
Setiap orang boleh memilih perusahaan asuransi yang diinginkan (kecuali untuk
perkumpulan khusus: petani, penambang dll)
Kompetisi dan pilihan bebas asuransi kesehatan untuk semua sejak 1.1.1997
The German public insurance system
RCS-Standardrevenue
Contribution
BKK
revenues of
all insured
contribution
EK
......
Cross income age of insured
RCS- dibayar Pemasukan dari peserta dibagi ke
dengan prinsip solidaritas perusahaan asuransi berdasarkan risk
Semua peserta dari semua equivalent factors yaitu:
asuransi membayar Gaji kena pajak
12,7 % dari gaji sampai umur, sex
batas yang ditentukan Jumlah dependents
Kecacatan
= Standard-revenues (Normerlöse)
The German public insurance system
13,7
Workers´ Substitutional East 14,0
13,1
Health Insurance Funds
13,0
AOK 13,7
14,3
Employees Substitutional
13,9
Health Insurance Funds
14,0
Federal Miners´
14,5
Insurance Institution
14,2
Quelle: BMG 1.1.98
The German public insurance system
other expenditures
7,3% remedies and aids
cures drugs 7,4%
13,5%
1,9%
Challenges - Need for health insurance reforms
Gesundheitsausgaben - insgesamt - in %des BIP
14,0
12,0
10,0
United States
Germany
8,0 Switzerland
Netherlands
6,0 United Kingdom
4,0
2,0
0,0
1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 OECD HEALTH DATA 2002
1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
United States 5,1 6,9 8,7 11,9 13,3 13,2 13,0 12,9 13,0 13,0
Germany 4,8 6,3 8,8 8,7 10,6 10,9 10,7 10,6 10,7 10,6
Switzerland 4,9 5,6 7,6 8,5 10,0 10,4 10,4 10,6 10,7 10,7
Netherlands 6,9 7,5 8,0 8,4 8,3 8,2 8,1 8,2 8,1
United Kingdom 3,9 4,5 5,6 6,0 7,0 7,0 6,8 6,8 7,1 7,3
Challenges - Need for health insurance reforms
Gesundheitsausgaben - absolut pro Kopf - in $
5000
4500
4000
1500
1000
500
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 OECD HEALTH DATA 2002
1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
United States 144 349 1058 2739 3703 3854 4005 4178 4373 4631
Germany 90 223 824 1600 2264 2341 2465 2520 2616 2748
Switzerland 136 288 881 1836 2555 2615 2841 2952 3080 3222
Netherlands 284 668 1333 1787 1818 1958 2040 2172 2246
United Kingdom 74 144 444 972 1315 1422 1481 1527 1666 1763
Challenges - Need for health insurance reforms
Hospitals: length of stay in days (1995)
14
12
11,4
12
9,9
10
8 6,5
6 5,9
4,8
6
50 46
40 39
40
33
30
20
20
10
0
Denmark Germany France Netherlands Swiss UK USA
Sistem Asuransi di Taiwan
All Citizens
Foreigners with resident permits
Dependents of the aforementioned
•Staying abroad
•In transition of jobs
•Reluctant to join
Government Employees 70 30
Academic
Medical Centers
6 12 1. 5 0~6
Regional
Hospitals 4 6 1. 5 0~6
District
Hospitals/Clinics 1.5 4. 5 1. 5 0~6
Co-payment exemption: catastrophic diseases, child delivery, preventive health services, medical services
offered at mountain areas or offshore islands, low-income households, veterans, children under the age of 3
Catastrophic diseases
Child delivery
Preventive health services
Medical services offered at the defined
mountain areas or on offshore islands
Low-income households
Veterans
Children under the age of 3
Employer
NT$101 billion
33%
Government
Insured
27% NT$83 billion
NT$118 billion 40%
Medisave
Medifund