PERTEMUAN 10 DAN 11

ALIRAN FLUIDA MELALUI MEDIA PIPA

JTM UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta

I. VERTCAL LIFT PERFORMANCE

(TUBING)
II. HORIZONTAL FLOW PERFORMANE
(PIPELINE)
 ALIRAN FLUIDA MELALUI MEDIA PIPA

 Kemampuan reservoir dapat diproduksikan ke

permukaan tergantung tekanan sumur (Pwf).
 Besarnya Pwf tergantung pada tekanan dan
konfigurasi sistem perpipaan, sehingga dapat ditulis

𝑃 = 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑝 +Δ 𝑃 𝑓𝑙 +Δ 𝑃𝑐h +Δ 𝑃 𝑡𝑏+Δ 𝑃 𝑟𝑡𝑠

 
𝑤𝑓
 Untuk mementukan kemampuan sistem secara total
perlu menghitung kehilangan tekanan masing-
masing komponen
 Persamaan dasar aliran

 Persamaan dpt untuk menentukan gradien tekanan, jika

penurunan tekanan berharga (+) pada arah aliran:

𝑑𝑝 𝜌 𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑔
 
= + 𝜌 sin 𝜃+¿
𝑑𝐿 𝑔 𝑐 𝑑𝐿 𝑔𝑐
 Dalam bentuk Darcy-Weisbach, f = faktor gesekan :

 

¿
 Persamaan dasar aliran

 Moody friction factor chart

 Friction Loss

Willian-Hazen membuat suatu persamaan empiris untuk

friction loss (hf), yaitu :

  1,85 1,85
( 𝑄 / 34.3 )
h𝑓 =2,0830
100
𝐶 [ ] [ 𝐼𝐷
4,8655 ]
dimana:
hf = feet friction loss per 1000 feet.
C = konstanta dari bahan yang digunakan dalam
pembuatan pipa.
Q = laju produksi, bpd
ID = diameter dalam pipa, inchi
Grafik Friction Loss William-Hazen.
 Bilangan Reynolds (NRe)

 Bilangan Reynolds adalah bilangan tanpa dimensi:

 
𝑁 𝒓𝒆= 𝜌 ¿ ¿ ¿
 Rasio gaya momentum dan gaya viscous
 Digunakan untuk menentukan apakah suatu aliran
laminer atau turbulen
 Turbulen >2100
 Kekasaran Relatif Pipa

 Dinding dalam pipa biasanya halus dan di”coating”

 Kekasaran relatif pipa berdasarkan pada :
 Kekasaran pipa absolut

 Metoda pembuatan

 Lingkungan

 Kekasaran relatif (/D) adalah perbandingan

kekasaran pipa absolut thd diameter dalam pipa:

  𝜀[𝑖𝑛]
Relative   roughness=
𝐷[𝑖𝑛]
 Kekasaran Relatif Pipa
 Beberapa kekasran absolut pipa

Pipe Type  [in]

Drawn tubing 0.00006
Well tubing 0.0006
Line pipe 0.0007
Galvanized pipe 0.006
Cement-lined pipe 0.01 – 0.1
 Kekasaran Relatif Pipa

 Kekasaran pipa
untuk berbagai
pipa
 Kehilangan Tekanan Didakam Pipa

Elevation
 Persamaan gradien tekanan
2
𝑑𝑝
   𝜌 𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑔 𝑓 𝜌𝑣
= + 𝜌 sin 𝜃+
𝑑𝐿 𝑔 𝑐 𝑑𝐿 𝑔𝑐 2 𝑔𝑐 𝐷
Friction

Acceleration
 Gradien tekanan untuk tiga komponen:

  𝑑𝑝
=¿
𝑑𝐿
 Pressure Loss Components
(Two Phase)
2
 
𝑑𝑃 𝑔 𝑓 𝑚 𝜌𝑚 𝑣 𝜌𝑚 𝑣 𝑚 𝑑 𝑣 𝑚
𝑚
= 𝜌𝑚 sin 𝜃+ +
𝑑𝑍 𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑔 𝑐 2 𝑔𝑐 𝑑 𝑔 𝑐 𝑑𝑍

Elevation
Friction
Acceleratio
n
 Correlation Models

 Early Empirical Models

 Generalized Empirical
Models
 Mechanistic Models
 Gas Well Models :
 High GLR
 Low GLR
Early Empirical Correlation Models
 Developed primarily from data on high flow rate wells
 Assume equal gas and oil velocities
 Modify Fanning friction factor to agree with multiphase
flow data

1. Poettman and Carpenter (1952)

2. Baxendell and Thomas (1961)
3. Fancher and Brown (1963)
 Poettman and Carpenter

 Published in 1952
 Based on field data from 49 wells
 34 flowing wells, 15 gas-lift wells
 Tubing size: 2 3/8” and 2 7/8” OD
 Total liquid rate: 300 - 800 STB/D
 Gas-liquid ratio: 100 - 800 scf/STB
 Baxendell and Thomas

 Published in 1961
 Extended P&C to higher flow rates
 Based on data from light-oil test well in
Venezuela
 Tubing size: 2 7/8” and 3 1/2” OD
 Flow rates: 176 - 5082 STB/D
 GOR: 750 scf/STB
 Fancher and Brown
 Published in 1963
 Extended P&C to lower flow rates and higher
GLR’s
 Based on data from 8000’ test well producing
mostly salt water
 Tubing size: 2 3/8” OD
 Total liquid rate: 75 - 936 bbl/D
 Gas-liquid ratio: 105 - 9433 scf/bbl
 Generalized Empirical Models

 Based on dimensional analysis by Duns and Ros

1. Duns and Ros (1963)

2. Hagedorn and Brown (1963)
3. Orkiszewski (1967)
4. Beggs and Brill (1973)
5. Mukherjee and Brill (1983)
 Duns and Ros

 Published in 1963
 Identified 10 dimensionless groups
 Selected 4 as important in multiphase flow
based on extensive experimental data
 Defined “liquid holdup”
 Hagedorn and Brown

 Published in 1963
 Widely accepted throughout industry
 Based on data from 1500’ test “well”
 Tubing size: 1”, 1 1/4”, and 1 1/2” nominal
 Different liquids: water, oil: 10 - 110 cp
 Orkiszewski
 Published in 1967
 Extension of previous work by Griffith and
Wallis
 Based on data from 148 pressure gradient
surveys
 Pressure gradient based on flow regime
 Oil rate: 175 - 3166 STB/D
 GOR: 185 - 6450 scf/STB
 Beggs and Brill

 Published in 1973
 Based on experimental data from inclined 90’
long acrylic pipe
 Pipe size: 1” and 1 1/2”
 Gas flow rate: 0-300 Mscf/D
 Liquid flow rate: 30-1000 bbl/D
 Inclination: ±90, 85, 75, 55, 35, 20, 15, 10, 5,
0°
 Mukherjee and Brill

 Published in 1983
 Based on data from 1 1/2” ID inclined pipe
 Developed three separate correlations
 Uphill and horizontal flow
 Downhill stratified flow

 Other downhill flow regimes

 Mechanistic Models

 Attempt to predict pressure drop by incorporating all

important variables and rigorous description of physical
processes
 MONA (1986)

 Sylvester& Yao (1987)

 Ansari (1987)
Gas Well Model - High GLR

 Cullender and Smith (1956)

 Dry gas only; not recommended
 Fundamental Flow
 Dry gas only
 Fundamental Flow Adjusted
 Adjusts gas density for GLR > 50,000
Gas Well Models - Low GLR

 Gray (1974)
 Wet gases, gas condensates
 Ros and Gray (1961)
 Oil well correlations may also be useful
 Duns and Ros (1963)
 Hagedorn and Brown (1963)