x (t ) | X ( f ) |
xs (t )
| Xs( f )|
4
Aliasing effect
LP filter
aliasing
Nyquist
criteria
5
PROSES KUANTISASI (QUANTIZATION)
t t
Quantizer
V v
0 M Steps
Output Q-zer
-V Input (analog)
Sampling Signal
t
7
QUANTISER UNIFORM
8
t t
T
Encod
Contoh di atas menunjukkan proses encoding,
1 simbol masukan dikodekan menjadi 8 bit
Jumlah bit untuk mengkodekan tiap simbol ditentukan oleh
perangkat ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)
Encoding 9
V 111
N
110
101
M 2
100
0 011
010
001
-V 000
11111010001101010010111
t
10
Bentuk gelombang
NRZ-L 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
+V +V Manchester
-V -V
Unipolar-RZ +V +V Miller
0 -V
+V +V Dicode NRZ
Bipolar-RZ 0 0
-V -V
0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T 0 T 2T 3T 4T 5T
Spectrum sinyal PCM 11
12
Quantization Error
2 1
v v
0
v
v 2 v v
2 2 2
v v
et f t f Q t et
2 2
Quantization Error 14
15
v v time
2 2
Signal to Noise Ratio
16
v 2 v 2
1 1 v 3
e t v
2 2
dv
v 2
v v 3 v 2
1 v v 3 3
3v 8 8
2
v
12
f t
2
12 2 2V
SNR Q 2 f t ; v
e t v
2 M
12
2
M 2 2
f t
4V
3M f t 3M
2 2 2 2
V PeakPower
where
V 2
f t AvgPower
2
17
QUANTISER NON-UNIFORM
tegangan keluaran (volt)
B
tegangan masukan (volt)
A
Uniform
Compressor
Quantizer
log(1 μ m )
- law v where >
0 log(1 μ )
if = 0 Uniform Quantizer
Standard
Amerika Utara
QUANTISER NON-UNIFORM 20
A - law Am 1
, 0 m
1 log A A
v
1 log( A m ) 1
, m 1
1 log A A
- A = 1 Uniform Quantizer
- Practical value of A A 100
- Reciprocal slope
Standard Eropa
(digunakan di
Indonesia)
Multiplexing TDM 21
0 1 2 15 16 17 29 30 31
8
bit
Informasi signaling
Frame alignment signal x = bit reserved for international use
pada frame 1, 3, 5, dst Y = bit reserved for national use
x 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
A = 0 tidak ada alarm
A = 1 ada alarm
bergantian
1 TS = 8 bit
Terdiri dari 32 TS = 30 kanal suara + 1 sinkronisasi + 1 signaling
Sinkronisasi : TS 0
Signaling : TS 16
Voice : TS 1 – 15 + TS 17 – 31
Dalam 1 detik tdp 8000 sample, sehingga :
Bit rate = (8 x 8000 ) x 32 = 2048 kbps
Multiframe PCM-30 24
ms
s
0 1 16 31 0 1 16 31 0 1 16 31
0 0 0 0 1 A U 1 a b c d a b c d a b c d a b c d
1 MF = 16 frame
Signaling lengkap untuk 30 kanal voice (1 TS 16 untuk signaling 2 kanal
voice)
TS-16 untuk frame ke-0 digunakan untuk alignment / sinkronisasi
multiframe
PCM-24 (T-1, Standar Amerika) 25
T1 (DS-0) System
24 voice channels are time-division multiplexed
Each voice signal is sampled at a rate of 8000 samples/sec. (sample
duration = 125 sec)
Each sample is quantized in amplitude into one of 256 levels (8 bits are
used to represent each level)
T1 rate = (24*8 + 1)/125 sec = 1.544 Mbps
26
PCM-24 (T-1, Standar Amerika)
Multi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Frame
1 TS = 8 bit
Terdiri dari 24 TS = 24 kanal suara Dalam 1 detik tdp 8000 sample
Sinkronisasi menggunakan 1 bit tambahan (=BF)
Bit Rate = ((24 x 8) + 1) x 8000 = 193 x 8000 = 1544 kbps
1 MF = 12 frame
Signaling diambil pada bit ke-8 tiap TS pada frame ke-6 dan kelipatannya
27
Eropa
Amerika Jepang
Level Utara
Bit Rate (Mbps)
1 2.048 1.544 1544
1C - 3.152 -
2 8.448 6.312 6.312
3 34.368 44.736 32.064
4 139.264 274.176 97.728
5 564.992 400.352
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
Unipolar
NRZ
Polar NRZ
NRZ-Inverted
(Differential
Encoding)
Bipolar
Encoding
Manchester
Encoding
Differential
Manchester
Encoding
30
REFERENSI
TERIMA KASIH