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GODFREY
ISTEM PERMAINAN AKUN HODGSON
HOLMES
TARCA
 m akuntansi biaya bersejarah muncul
ah runtuh tahun 1929 Wall Street
tahun 1960-an beberapa
Tiga sistemalternatif
penguk
bangkan
bb ii aa yy aa ss aa aa tt ii nn ii

oo dd aa ll kk ee uu aa nn gg aa nn (( kk ee kk uu aa tt aa nn pp ee m
m bb ee ll ii aa nn m
m oo dd aa ll kk ee uu aa nn gg aa nn ))

aa ll ff ii ss ii kk (( kk ee m
m aa m
m pp uu aa nn ff ii ss ii kk uu nn tt uu kk m
m ee nn gg hh aa ss ii ll kk aa nn bb aa rr aa nn gg dd aa nn ll aa yy aa nn aa nn ))
pendapatan dan mo

2
e p e m i l i k a n d a n k o n t r o l

ee tt rr ii

p e n t i n g d a r i a k u n t a n s i a d a l a h a k u n t a b i l i t a s - s t e w a r d s h i p ( k o n s e r v a t i s m e )

e n d a p a t a n a d a l a h p a r a m o u n t

ss aa kk ss ii

ee nn dd aa pp aa tt aa nn

aa bb aa

Akuntansi biaya ber

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 gkatan keputusan ekonomi
asarkan aktual, tidak hanya mungkin, transak
telah ditemukan berguna
Argument untuk ak
ep keuntungan terbaik dipahami
bersejarah
s menjaga data terhadap modifikasi internal
tungan berdasarkan alternatif mungkin tidak
na
a pasar dapat berupa data tambahan
yang tidak memadai untuk menolaknya

4
 i p h a n y a t u j u a n s e k u n d e r

a n k e b u t u h a n p e n g a m b i l a n k e p u t u s a n p e n g g u n a a d a l a h t u j u a n u t a m a d a n d a t a b i a y a b e r s e j a r a h

a g a l a n d a l a m h a l i n i

i a y a b e r s e j a r a h

aa nn m
m uu dd aa hh dd ii m
m aa nn ii pp uu ll aa ss ii

pp ee rr tt aa hh aa nn kk aa nn m
m oo dd aa ll ee nn tt ii tt aa ss

Kritikisme: Tujuan a

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 a n k e t i k a m e n g e v a l u a s i k e p u t u s a n m a s a l a l u

u i s i s i , d a t a b i a y a b e r s e j a r a h a d a l a h f i k s i

k e l a n g k a h - l a n g k a h p e n t i n g d a r i m o d a l

k a n l a n g k a h - l a n g k a h k e u n t u n g a n y a n g s e m p u r n a

Kritikisme: Informas
pengambilan keput

6
 a k m e m b e n a r k a n p e n g g u n a a n a k u n t a n s i b i a y a b e r s e j a r a h

nn ii ss gg aa gg aa ll

ii ss nn ii ss yy aa nn gg tt ee rr uu ss tt aa nn pp aa bb aa tt aa ss m
m ee ll aa kk uu kk aa nn hh aa nn yy aa aa tt aa uu ss aa m
m aa ss ee kk aa ll ii yy aa nn gg m
m ee rr ee kk aa ll aa kk uu kk aa nn

nn ii ss ,, kk ee cc uu aa ll ii yy aa nn gg aa dd aa ss aa aa tt ii nn ii ,, bb ee rr hh ee nn tt ii oo pp ee rr aa ss ii

n i s m e m i l i k i a l t e r n a t i f d a n p i l i h a n y a n g a k a n m a j u

Kritikisme: Dasar bi
bersejarah

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 i d a k m u n g k i n a n p r a k t i s

a r s e w e n a n g - w e n a n g

s e i m b a n g a n p e n t i n g

d a l a m n o n - a s s e t s y a n g d i k l a s i f i k a s i k a n s e b a g a i a s e t d a n n o n - l i a b i l i t a s y a n g d i k l a s i f i k a s i k a n s e b a g a i

u n t u k v o l a t i l i t a s d a n k e l a n c a r a n

Kritikisme: Pencoco

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u s i k a n d a n m e n y e m b u n y i k a n

a d a l a h i l l - c o n c e i v e d

k r e a t i f a d a l a h t e m p a t u m u m

t u k m e n g h a s i l k a n d a t a y a n g m e n y e s a t k a n

e s t o r m e m p e r h a t i k a n d a t a a k u n t a n s i b i a y a b e r s e j a r a h t e n t a n g p e r u s a h a a n

Kritikisme: Nosi keb

investor

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nilai aset di pasar mereka saat ini membeli harga
euntungan ditentukan menggunakan alokasi biaya
cocok berdasarkan biaya saat ini untuk membeli
tungan lebih tepat didefinisikan sebagai perubaha
Tujuan dari akuntan
l selama periode akuntansi
ini
jer lebih baik dapat mengevaluasi keputusan mas
ereka dan lebih baik menggunakan sumber daya
ahaan untuk memaksimalkan keuntungan masa

gang Saham, investor dan lain-lain mampu

uat alokasi sumber daya yang lebih baik

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 i k s a

aa aa tt ii nn ii

uu tt pp uu tt yy aa nn gg dd ii jj uu aa ll aa tt aa ss bb ii aa yy aa ss aa aa tt ii nn ii ii nn pp uu tt tt ee rr kk aa ii tt

yy aa tt aa

ss ee tt ss aa aa tt ii nn ii yy aa nn gg dd ii aa dd aa kk aa nn

Tujuan dari akuntan

megang
ini
ntungan / kerugia
emap

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 c h a n g e i n c a p i t a l

i n s a r e i n c l u d e d i n p r o f i t u n d e r f i n a n c i a l c a p i t a l

i n s a r e e x c l u d e d f r o m p r o f i t u n d e r p h y s i c a l c a p i t a l

Financial capital v
capital

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 gnition principle
es the conservatism principle - but actual
mena
olding Arguments for an
lding gains profits or revaluation adjustments?
ctivity of current cost
current cost
objectivity
nological change
rs to ignore technological advances

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 cates of historic cost accounting
s the realisation principle; subjectivity of increase
parisons of the results with historic cost
y variations
More specific criti
cates of exit price
ical expression of opportunity cost is the current selling pric
itrary allocation of expenses is still a problem issue
ity problem exists
r of reasons for an asset having value to a business
ant
nt to most business decisions
al capital concept fraught with weaknesses

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 s e l l i n g p r i c e = f a i r m a r k e t v a l u e

a j o r d e p a r t u r e s f r o m h i s t o r i c c o s t a c c o u n t i n g :

oo ff nn oo nn -- m
m oo nn ee tt aa rr yy aa ss ss ee tt ss aa rr ee ss ee ll ll ii nn gg pp rr ii cc ee ss aa nn dd aa nn yy cc hh aa nn gg ee ss aa rr ee ii nn cc ll uu dd ee dd ii nn pp rr oo ff ii tt aa ss uu nn rr ee aa ll ii ss ee dd gg aa ii nn ss

tt hh ee gg ee nn ee rr aa ll pp uu rr cc hh aa ss ii nn gg pp oo w
w ee rr oo ff m
m oo nn ee yy aa ff ff ee cc tt bb oo tt hh ff ii nn aa nn cc ii aa ll cc aa pp ii tt aa ll aa nn dd pp rr oo ff ii tt ss

Exit price accounti

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s c l e a n s u r p l u s a c c o u n t i n g

e s t a t e m e n t e x p l a i n s a l l o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t i n g b e t w e e n t h e o p e n i n g a n d c l o s i n g b a l a n c e s h e e t s

Exit price accounti

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tive = data for adaptive decision making
ssumption is that the business world is dynamic and
ss must adapt to survive
and those associated with them go into markets to
dvantage of opportunities as they arise
Objective of accou
bility to engage in market transactions is revealed by
ancial position (net current market value)
tely all accounting information users are interested in
nd cash equivalent values
final analysis, the economic survival and performanc
m depends on the amount of cash it can command

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ll ee ff ii nn aa nn cc ii aa ll pp rr oo pp ee rr tt yy w
w hh ii cc hh ii ss uu nn ii ff oo rr m
m ll yy rr ee ll ee vv aa nn tt aa tt aa pp oo ii nn tt oo ff tt ii m
m ee ff oo rr aa ll ll pp oo ss ss ii bb ll ee ff uu tt uu rr ee aa cc tt ii oo nn ss ii nn

tt hh ee m
m aa rr kk ee tt ss ee ll ll ii nn gg pp rr ii cc ee oo rr rr ee aa ll ii ss aa bb ll ee pp rr ii cc ee oo ff aa nn yy oo rr aa ll ll gg oo oo dd ss hh ee ll dd ..

Objective of accou

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ides useful information
ides relevant and reliable information
is one way to determine profit that is superior to al
Arguments for exi
s
he difference between capital at two points in time exclusive
accounting
nal
al investments by and distributions to owners
relevant, information must be useful in the decisio
ls of accounting data users
esent selling price is the only item of information
relevant to all decisions

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 ii ff ff ee rr ee nn tt m
m ee aa ss uu rr ee m
m ee nn tt ss yy ss tt ee m
m ss tt hh ee nn nn oo pp rr aa cc tt ii cc aa ll oo rr cc oo m
m m
m ee rr cc ii aa ll m
m ee aa nn ii nn gg cc aa nn bb ee dd ee dd uu cc ee dd ff rr oo m
m tt hh ee

uu ss ee hh ii ss tt oo rr ii cc cc oo ss tt aa cc cc oo uu nn tt ii nn gg aa ss tt hh ee ss oo ll ee m
m ee aa ss uu rr ee m
m ee nn tt ss yy ss tt ee m
m ,, tt hh ee jj uu m
m bb ll ee oo ff hh ii ss tt oo rr ii cc cc oo ss tt ss oo nn dd ii ff ff ee rr ee nn

nn ss w
w ee cc aa nn nn oo tt pp uu tt aa nn yy m
m ee aa nn ii nn gg oo nn tt hh ee cc aa ll cc uu ll aa tt ii oo nn oo ff nn ee tt aa ss ss ee tt ss oo rr pp rr oo ff ii tt

cc cc oo uu nn tt ii nn gg dd oo ee ss nn oo tt hh aa vv ee tt hh ii ss pp rr oo bb ll ee m
m

Arguments for exi

accounting

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aa ll ss tt aa tt ee m
m ee nn tt ss aa rr ee aa ll ll oo cc aa tt ii oo nn ff rr ee ee

aa rr ee tt oo tt hh ee rr ee aa ll -- w
w oo rr ll dd ii nn tt hh aa tt ee vv ee rr yy dd ii ss cc ll oo ss ee dd aa m
m oo uu nn tt rr ee ff ee rr ss tt oo aa pp rr ee ss ee nn tt ,, aa cc tt uu aa ll m
m aa rr kk ee tt pp rr ii cc ee

bb ii ll ii tt yy

Arguments for exi

accounting

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 ee ss aa rr ee rr ee ll aa tt ii vv ee ll yy m
m oo rr ee oo bb jj ee cc tt ii vv ee tt hh aa nn m
m oo ss tt bb ee ll ii ee vv ee

o f r i s k

tt ee tt hh ee ff ii nn aa nn cc ii aa ll rr ii ss kk oo ff pp uu rr cc hh aa ss ii nn gg aa nn aa ss ss ee tt

Arguments for exi

accounting

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t concept
not provide a meaningful concept of profit
itical event does not relate to the performance of
Arguments agains
m
accounting
not produce realistic financial reports
tivity
es the principle of exclusion of anticipatory
lation that it claims to reject

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valuation of liabilities
g liabilities at face value and not market value is
ally inconsistent
Arguments agains
ent cost or exit price
accounting
at stage of the operating cycle should exit price
ate asset valuation?

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lar when markets are liquid and efficient
e are factors common to both
t prices are more relevant for decision making
Value in use versu
ity and reliability are prime requirements
cost accounting has too many defects
exchange
are complements not substitutes
e in use assesses long term survival
ency), value in exchange assesses the
y to adapt in the short term (liquidity)

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ent cost in the United States
periment but abandoned (1976 -1984)
ent cost in the United Kingdom
A global perspective a
mented but abandoned (1975 – 1985)
financial reporting s
ent cost in Australia
mended but abandoned (1976 – 1980’s)

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B h a v e a g r e e d t h a t f a i r v a l u e i s t h e b e s t m e a s u r e m e n t b a s i s ( 2 0 0 4 )

tt ff oo rr w
w hh ii cc hh aa nn aa ss ss ee tt cc oo uu ll dd bb ee ee xx cc hh aa nn gg ee dd ,, oo rr aa ll ii aa bb ii ll ii tt yy ss ee tt tt ll ee dd ,, bb ee tt w
w ee ee nn kk nn oo ww ll ee dd gg ee aa bb ll ee ,, w
w ii ll ll ii nn gg pp aa rr tt ii ee ss

nn gg tt hh tt rr aa nn ss aa cc tt ii oo nn

International acco
standards and curre

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 ric cost accounting still generally applied
nct movement toward current value system
moving toward International
exit prices (2004) acco
till a mixed valuation approach
standards and curre
value means – current market entry price,
nt market selling price, historic cost and
unted future cash flows
t i o n i n t h e s t a n d a r d s o f c a p i t a l m a i n t e n a n c e c o n c e p t s

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 i s i n v o l v e d i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e a c q u i s i t i o n c o s t o f a n i t e m

t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e e v e n m o r e s u b j e c t i v e

How is historic cos

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h i s t o r i c c o s t a c c o u n t i n g h a s ‘ e n d e d ’

ii rr rr ee ll ee vv aa nn tt ,, uu nn rr ee ll ii aa bb ll ee ,, nn oo nn -- cc oo m
m pp aa rr aa bb ll ee aa nn dd nn oo nn -- uu nn dd ee rr ss tt aa nn dd aa bb ll ee dd aa tt aa

Historic cost unde

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u e s - e x i t p r i c e s - a r e i m p l i e d i n t h e ‘ f a i r v a l u e ’ a p p r o a c h i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l f i n a n c i a l r e p o r t i n g s t a n d a r d s

t h e o r e t i c a l c o n c e p t o f v a l u a t i o n , c a p i t a l m a i n t e n a n c e a n d p r o f i t m e a s u r e , h a s r e s u l t e d i n a s t i l l m i x e d

e n t s y s t e m a n d a l a c k o f c o n s i s t e n c y

A mixed measure
and internation

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 m e a s u r e m e n t m o d e l c r e a t e s m i s s t a t e m e n t s o t h a t a u d i t o r s s t r u g g l e t o m e e t o n e o f t h e i r p r i m a r y

gg w
w hh ee tt hh ee rr tt hh ee ff ii nn aa nn cc ii aa ll ss tt aa tt ee m
m ee nn tt ss pp rr ee ss ee nn tt aa tt rr uu ee aa nn dd ff aa ii rr vv ii ee ww

Issues for auditors

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view of three main measurement systems
istoric cost system and arguments for and
st
nt cost accounting
Summary
cial capital versus physical capital
rice accounting
in use and value in exchange
al initiatives and fair value accounting
s for auditors

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 cost valuation
t cost valuation
ial capital and physical capital
ition principle Key terms and con
ce valuation
e behaviour
information
nt and reliable information
ity
ion

vity
ure of risk
n use and value in exchange
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35