Bab 2 Pembangunan Produk
Bab 2 Pembangunan Produk
Pembangunan
Produk
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Bab 2 Pembangunan Produk
• 2.1Penghasilan Produk
2.1.1Menyatakan Produk yang Hendak Dihasilkan
Berdasarkan Kajian Keperluan Pelanggan dan Projek
Brief
2.1.2Mengenal Pasti Asas Teknologi yang Sesuai dengan
Kehendak Reka Bentuk Produk
2.1.3Merancang Konsep, Elemen dan Prinsip Reka
Bentuk yang Dipersetujui dalam BentukLakaran
2.1.4Menghasilkan Lakaran Produk yang Hendak Dibuat
2.1.5Menyediakan Jadual Kerja
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Bab 2 Pembangunan Produk
2.1.6
Membuat Senarai Bahan, Peralatan dan Bajet Produk
2.1.7Menghasilkan Produk Berfungsi atau Berfungsi
Sebahagian
2.1.8Membuat Pengujian dan Penilaian Kefungsian serta
Kesesuaian Produk
2.1.9Membuat Cadangan Penambahbaikan Produk
Berdasarkan Laporan Keputusan Ujian
2.1.10Menyediakan Dokumentasi
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2.1 Penghasilan
Produk
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MAKSUD
Aktiviti menghasilkan produk baharu atau mengubah suai produk
sedia ada bagi memenuhi keperluan atau kehendak pelanggan
dengan mengaplikasikan teknologi terkini
LANGKAH-LANGKAH
Kajian
keperluan Penjanaan Lakaran idea Pendokumentasian
pelanggan idea
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2.1.1 Menyatakan Produk yang
Hendak Dihasilkan Berdasarkan
Kajian Keperluan Pelanggan dan
Projek Brief
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A. Kajian Keperluan Pelanggan (Menggunakan borang)
Kriteria
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Penyelesaian Masalah Inventif
Kaedah penyelesaian masalah secara Proses penyelesaian masalah inventif:
sistematik di mana penyelesaiannya
dikenal pasti terlebih dahulu dan bukan
merupakan idea spontan
Kenal pasti masalah inventif
Proses diulang beberapa kali untuk Bina model fungsi dengan garisan interaksi
mendapatkan keputusan yang lebih
baik, cepat dan menjimatkan
Lakukan analisis berantai punca-kesan
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AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
Hubung kait antara kajian keperluan pelanggan
dengan penyelesaian masalah inventif.
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B. Projek brief
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Contoh
Borang Projek Brief
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AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
Kesan sekiranya seorang pengurus projek tidak
melakukan projek brief.
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2.1.2 Mengenal Pasti Asas Teknologi yang
Sesuai dengan Kehendak Reka Bentuk
Produk
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A. Justifikasi Pereka Bentuk Semasa Memilih Teknologi
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AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
Kepentingan memilih teknologi yang bersesuaian
dengan produk yang ingin dihasilkan.
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2.1.3 Merancang konsep, elemen dan
prinsip reka bentuk yang
dipersetujui dalam bentuk
lakaran
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A. Konsep Penghasilan Idea
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Reka bentuk mewujudkan fungsi bagi produk yang
telah dihasilkan
Reka bentuk menentukan cara produk berfungsi dan
biasanya ia menarik
Contoh: Senduk dan penapis 'Loch Ness' yang direka
Fungsi
mengikut bentuk menyerupai raksasa
bentuk
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AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
Kesan sekiranya konsep penghasilan idea dalam bentuk
lakaran tidak sepadan dengan apa yang telah dipersetujui oleh
pelanggan semasa projek brief.
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B. Elemen dan Prinsip Reka Bentuk
Elemen Reka Bentuk
Unsur-unsur yang digunakan dalam lakaran bagi mempamerkan
idea awal suatu rekaan
Garisan Bentuk
(Cantuman (Objek yang
satu siri titik yang mempunyai ruang,
mempunyai jarak isipadu dan lebih
dan panjang) daripada 1 permukaan)
Warna Rupa
(Kesan (Dibentuk apabila
pembalikan hujung garisan
cahaya ke atas bertemu
sesuatu objek) permulaannya)
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Ruang
Nilai (Kawasan
(Kesan terang kosong yang
atau gelap sesuatu
dikelilingi
rona/warna)
elemen garisan))
Tekstur
Saiz
(Teknik memberikan
(Ukuran atau
impak terhadap dimensi sesuatu
orang yang melihat objek)
sesuatu permukaan)
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AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
Perbezaan antara rupa dan bentuk.
Rupa Bentuk
Dibentuk apabila Merujuk kepada objek
hujung garisan bertemu yang ada ruang, isi padu
permulaannya dan lebih daripada 1
permukaan
Merujuk kepada
elemen dalam bentuk Bentuk 3D (Ilusi)
2D
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Prinsip Reka Bentuk
Keseimbangan
Kesamaan, perhatian atau tumpuan
pelbagai elemen yang digabungkan untuk
membentuk komposisi
Pergerakan
Aliran yang memimpin pergerakan
pandangan mata terhadap objek
Kontras
Perbezaan ketara pada ciri elemen
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Pengulangan
Penyusunan elemen sama yang berulang
Penekanan
Tumpuan terhadap elemen yang
diserlahkan
Keringkasan
Olahan terhadap idea yang kompleks
untuk menghasilkan elemen penting
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Kesatuan
Gabungan elemen untuk membentuk imej,
konsep atau tema
Kepelbagaian
Aplikasi pelbagai elemen, gaya, kualiti,
nilai dan idea
Harmoni
Sesuatu yang memberikan kedamaian
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C. Lakaran Perkembangan Idea
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AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
Aplikasi prinsip reka bentuk dalam penghasilan produk.
Pengulangan
Pergerakan
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2.1.4 Menghasilkan Lakaran
Produk Yang Hendak
Dibuat
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Lakaran idea terbaik yang mempunyai maklumat penting sesuatu
reka bentuk produk
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A. Lakaran 3D Saiz produk
dan komponen
Prinsip reka
bentuk yang Nama produk
digunakan
Maklumat yang
perlu ada pada
lakaran 3D
Komponen/
Bahagian
produk
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B. Lakaran Ceraian
Menunjukkan hubungan antara setiap komponen/bahagian pada suatu
reka bentuk produk
Fungsi-fungsinya termasuklah:
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Contoh Lakaran Ceraian
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AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
Media lakaran yang digunakan untuk
menghasilkan lakaran dalam bentuk 3D.
Art marker
Pewarna pastel
Pensel warna
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C. Lukisan Kerja
Lukisan Unjuran
Lukisan Isometrik Lukisan Skematik
Ortografik
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C. Lakaran Reka Bentuk dari Aspek Elemen dan Prinsip Reka
Bentuk
Perlu dianalisis dari aspek elemen dan prinsip reka bentuk bagi
memastikan lakaran tidak tersasar daripada kehendak dan
keperluan pelanggan
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AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
Kepentingan lakaran ceraian dalam
memerihalkan mengenai komponen pada suatu
reka bentuk produk.
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2.1.5 Menyediakan Jadual
Kerja
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Perancangan aktiviti yang dipersembahkan dalam bentuk jadual
berdasarkan senarai aktiviti dan tempoh masa yang ditetapkan
Tentukan aktiviti
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Contoh Jadual Kerja (Carta Gantt)
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2.1.6 Membuat Senarai Bahan,
Peralatan dan Bajet
Produk
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Kesesuaian bahan dan peralatan perlu dipertimbangkan ketika
merancang penghasilan produk agar tidak membazirkan
bahan dan kos
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A. Senarai Bahan untuk Menghasilkan Suatu Produk
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AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
Kesan tidak menyenaraikan bahan dan peralatan
dengan betul untuk menghasilkan suatu produk.
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C. Bajet Produk
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Bajet yang dibuat berdasarkan kuantiti barangan atau
perkhidmatan
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AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
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2.1.7 Menghasilkan Produk
Berfungsi atau Berfungsi
Sebahagian
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Mock-up Produk Berfungsi Produk
(Model Olokan) Sebahagian (Model) Berfungsi (Prototaip)
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AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
Perbandingan antara mock-up dengan prototaip.
Mock-up Prototaip
Model olokan produk Produk berfungsi yang
yang tidak mempunyai dibina dalam bentuk
fungsi yang sebenar
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A. Ciri-ciri Produk Berfungsi dan Produk Berfungsi Sebahagian
Mock-up
Bahan: Direka bentuk bukan Skala: Tidak mengikut saiz sebenar; Kefungsian: Tidak berfungsi
menggunakan bahan sebenar; lebih kecil, sama besar, lebih besar sepenuhnya
kertas, gabus, kadbod, kayu lembut,
polisterina
Produk Berfungsi
Bahan: Direka bentuk Skala: Mengikut saiz sebenar Kefungsian: Berfungsi sepenuhnya,
menggunakan bahan sebenar; kayu, diuji dalam situasi sebenar dari segi
keluli, zink, getah, plastik, perspeks reka bentuk dan kefungsian
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B. Kepentingan Merancang Pembinaan Produk Berfungsi atau Produk
Berfungsi Sebahagian
Menghasilkan produk yang menepati keperluan dan
kehendak pengguna
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AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
Kebaikan membina mock-up sebelum membina
produk berfungsi sebahagian atau produk
berfungsi.
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C. Langkah-langkah Menghasilkan
Produk Berfungsi
I Mengukur, menanda dan
memotong bahan
Mengukur
Berdasarkan lukisan unjuran ortografik
Menggunakan peralatan seperti pembaris, pembaris keluli atau sesiku L
Menanda
Dilakukan pada permukaan yang hendak dipotong atau digerudi
Menggunakan peralatan seperti pensel, tolok penanda atau jangka lukis
Memotong
Dilakukan untuk mendapatkan bentuk mengikut reka bentuk yang dikehendaki
Membuang bahagian-bahagian yang tidak diperlukan
Menggunakan peralatan seperti gergaji jig, apit G, ragum meja, mesin gerudi atau
pemotong styrofoam
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II Membina dan Mencantum
Bahagian-bahagian Produk
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III Membuat Kemasan
Menambahkan nilai estetika, nilai
komersial dan ketahanan terhadap
sesuatu produk
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AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
Contoh bahan kemasan yang sesuai digunakan.
Cat licau/sembur,
Logam semburan lekar jernih,
pelekat
Cat licau/sembur,
Epoxy
semburan lekar jernih
Plastik Pelekat
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D. Penghasilan Produk
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Contoh
Rajah
Produk
yang
Telah
Siap
Dilabel
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Kebaikan melabel rajah produk dengan
maklumat yang lengkap.
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2.1.8 Membuat Pengujian dan
Penilaian Kefungsian serta
Kesesuaian Produk
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Proses terakhir untuk mengukur tahap keberkesanan
produk yang telah dihasilkan
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A. Pengujian
Bagi produk akhir seperti prototaip, pengujian dilakukan untuk
menguji aspek kefungsian dan ketahanan
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B. Penilaian
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Contoh Analisis terhadap Maklum Balas
daripada Borang Soal Selidik
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AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
Cara analisis keputusan ujian parameter suatu
produk dilakukan.
Menggunakan keputusan perbandingan ujian
parameter yang dilakukan
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C. Kesesuaian Produk
D. Tahap Keselamatan
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2.1.9 Membuat Cadangan
Penambahbaikan Produk
Berdasarkan Laporan
Keputusan Ujian
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Perlu sekiranya laporan pengujian dan penilaian yang diperoleh adalah
tidak memuaskan
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Perkara yang perlu diambil kira semasa membuat penambahbaikan
produk:
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2.1.10 Menyediakan
Dokumentasi
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A. Pendokumentasi
Laporan bertulis yang menghuraikan perincian reka bentuk, iaitu
maklumat daripada peringkat penjanaan idea sehinggalah ke
peringkat mock-up atau model produk dihasilkan
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AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
Kepentingan permohonan paten bagi suatu produk
yang dihasilkan.
Mengelakkan idea produk daripada diplagiat
oleh individu lain
Only authorised schools / purchasers are allowed to use this product, action will
be taken against any unauthorised distribution or sharing of this product.
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B. Format Laporan Penghasilan Produk
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be taken against any unauthorised distribution or sharing of this product.
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Pengurusan kewangan Penghasilan produk Pengujian dan penilaian
(Perancangan kewangan (Penerangan setiap (Laporan penghasilan
menggunakan konsep peringkat) produk dan keputusan
SMART) pengujian)
Only authorised schools / purchasers are allowed to use this product, action will
be taken against any unauthorised distribution or sharing of this product.
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© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V)
AKTIVITI INTERAKTIF
Sebab penyediaan laporan penghasilan perlu
mengikut format.
Sebab √/×
Mudah untuk disemak √
Mencantikkan laporan ×
Lebih tersusun √
Mendapat markah tambahan ×
Penyelarasan √
Only authorised schools / purchasers are allowed to use this product, action will
be taken against any unauthorised distribution or sharing of this product.
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© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V)
C. Persembahan
Only authorised schools / purchasers are allowed to use this product, action will
be taken against any unauthorised distribution or sharing of this product.
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© Alaf Sanjung Sdn. Bhd. (516756-V)