PENGANTAR ILMU ANTROPOLOGI (2nd class)

REVIEW MATERI PERTEMUAN KEDUA & ANALISA BUKU REFERENSI

1. Review pengertian antropologi dan ruang lingkup kajian antropologi
2. Paham Penciptaan dan Paham Evolusi
3. Argumentasi Evolusi Darwin.
4. Bukti demonstratif teori Darwin.

Anthropology berarti ilmu tentang manusia dan merupakan suatu istilah yang sangat tua.
Dahulu istilah itu digunakan dalam arti yang lain, yaitu ilmu tentang ciri-ciri tubuh manusia
(malahan pernah juga dalam arti ilmu anatomi). Dalam perkembangan fase ketiga sejarah
perkembangan antropologi, istilah itu mulai dipakai terutama di Inggris dan Amerika dalam
arti yang sama dengan ethnology ilmu bangs-bangsa pada awalnya. Di Inggris kemudian
istilah anthropology malahan mendesak istilah ethnology dan di Amerika istilah anthroplogy
dipakai dalam arti yang amat luas karena meliputi baik bagian-bagian fisik maupun sosial
dari ilmu tentang manusia. Di Eropa Barat dan Tengah istilah anthropology terbagi dalam
dua pokok istilah, yaitu cultural anthropology terutama dipakai di Amerika diikuti di negara-
negara lain sebagai istilah untuk menyebut bagian dari ilmu antropologi dalam arti luas yang
tidak mempelajari manusia dari sudut fisiknya, jadi sebagai lawan daripada physical
anthropology, saat ini dipakai secara resmi di Universitas Indnesia menjadi :antropologi
budaya untuk menggantikan istilah Prof. G.J. Held ilmu kebudayaan. Dan istilah kedua,
yiatu social anthropology dipakai di Inggris untuk menyebut antropologi sebagai lawwan dari
ethnology, di Amerika diselaraskan menjadi satu, social anthropology di mana ethnology
termasuk subbagian dari ilmu antropologi.
Antropologi di universitas-universitas Amerika Serikat telah berkembang secara ruang
lingkup dan batas lapangan perhatiannya yang luas menyebabkan sedikitnya ada lima
masalah penelitian khusus, yaitu:
1. masalah sejarah asal dan perkembangan manusia (atau evolusinya) secara biologi;
2. masalah sejarah terjadinya beragam makhluk manusia dipandang dari sudut ciri-ciri
tubuhnya;
3. masalah sejarah asal, perkembangan, dan penyebaran beragam bahasa yang diucapkan
manusia di dunia;
4. masalah perkembangan, penyebaran, dan terjadinya beragam kebudayaan manusia di
seluruh dunia;
5. masalah mengenai asas-asas kebudayaan manusia dalam kehidupan masyarakat dari semua
suku bangsa yang tersebar di muka bumi.
Masing-masing membutuhkan ahli-ahli, dan berkaitan dengan pengkhususan itu, ilmu
antropologi mengenal juga ilmu-ilmu bagian, yaitu:
1. antropologi fisik dalam arti luas terdiri dari paleo-antropologi dan antropologi fisik;
2. antropologi budaya terdiri dari etnolinguistik, prehistori, etnologi.
- paleo-antropologi meneliti asal-usul manusia tersimpan dalam lapisan bumi melalui metode
penggalian tertentu.
- Antropologi fisik mempelajari sejarah terjadinya beragam manusia dilihat dari ciri-ciri
tubuhnya.
- Etnolinguistik atau antropologi linguistik dengan fokus penelitian pada analisis kebudayaan.
- Prehistori mempelajari sejarah perkembangan dan penyebaran semua kebudayaan manusia
di bumi sebelum mengenal huruf.
- Etnologi mempelajari asas-asas manusia melalui kebudayaan dari semua suku bangsa.
Ilmu antropologi berspesialisasi di bidang ekonomi disebut antropologi ekonomi (economic
anthropology), bidang pembangunan disebut antropologi pembangunan (development
anthropology), bidang pendidikan disebut antropologi pendidikan (educational athropology),
bidang kesehatan disebut (medical anthropology), bidang demografi kependudukan disebut
antropologi penduduk (population anthropology), bidang politik disebut antropologi politik
(political anthropology), dan bidang penyakit-penyakit jiwa disebut antropologi untuk
psikiatri (anthropology in mental health).
[sumber: Koentjaraningrat. Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi (PT Rineka Cipta, Revisi 2009): 9
48]



PAHAM PENCIPTAAN (CREATIONISM)
Despite many peoples tendency to think of all creationist in one group and all evolutionist in
another, creationism refers to a wide range of beliefs. This will cover the breadth of
creationist beliefs (and a little of the variety of evolutionist belief) from influential people,
organization, books, and periodicals which espouse its own positions.
The differences between types of creationism are not minor. Most of the creationist beliefs
described are mutually exlusiveand often their differences are as great as their differences
with evolution. Many creationist disagree asa much with other creationist as they do with
evolutionists.
Creation and evolution are not a dichotomy, but ends of a continuum and most creationist and
evolutionist positions may be fit along this continuum (Scott 1999). Creationist is divided in:
1.) Flat Earthers; 2.) Geocentrist; 3.) Young Earth CreationistOmphalos; 4.) Old Earth
CreationistsGap Creationists; Day-Age Creationists; Progresive Creationists; and
Intelligent Design Creationist; 5.) Evolutionary Creationists. Evolutionist is divided in: 1.)
Theistic Evolutionists; 2.) Methodological Materialistic Evolutionists; and 3.) Philosophical
Materialistic EvoluionistsEvolution.
Flat Earthers
they believe that earth is flat and covered by a solid dome or firmament . Waters above the
firmament were the source of Noah's flood; based on the Bible. {International Flat Earth
Society, Box 2533, Lancaster, CA : Charles K. Johnson}
Geocentrism
accept a spherical earth but deny that the sun is the center of the solar system or that the earth
moves; based on the Bible. "It is not an interpretation at all , it is what the words say." {Willis
2000}
both Flat Earther and Geocentrism reflect the cosmological views of ancient Hebrews.
Young Earth Creationism
they claim a literal interpretation of the Bible as a basis of their beliefs; what accept a
spherical earth and heliocentric solar system and also popularized the modern movement of
scientific creationism by taking the ideas of George Mc Cready Price, A Seventh Day
Adventist, and publishing them in The Genesis Flood (Withcomb and Morris, 1961).
{Institute of Creation Research (ICR), El Cajon, CA : Henry Morris, John D. Morris, Duane
Gish, Steven A. Austin, Larry Vardiman, Kenneth B. Cumming, Andrew Snelling.
Http://www.icr.org. Whitcomb and Morris, The Genesis Flood (The Presbyterian and
Reformed Publishing Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1961). Morris, Henry M., Scientific Creationism
(Master Books, Green Forest, AR, 1974, 1985). Newsletter : Acts and Facts (Included Back
to Genesis and Impact)--Omphalos argued based on book of Philip Henry Gosse (1857) that
the universe was created young but with the appearance of age, indeed that an appearance of
age is necessary.
Old Earth Creationism
its creationist accept the evidence for an ancient earth but still believe that life was specially
createm by God and still based on the Bible. {American Scientific Affiliation, Ipswich, MA.
Periodical : Perspective on Science and Christian Faith. Http://www.asa3.org/index.html}
- Gap Creationism (or Restitution Creationism) views that there was a long temporal gap
between Genesis 1:1 with God recreating the world in 6 days after the gap; allows both an
ancient earth and a Biblical special creation. {Armstrong, Herbert W., Mistery of the Ages.
Dodd, Mead, New York, NY, 1985)}
- Day-Age Creationism interprets each day of creation as a long period of time even
thousands or millions of years. {Anonymous, Life--How Did It Get Here? By Evolution or
Creation? (Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Booklyn, NY, 1985)}
- Progressive Creationism accepts most of modern physical science even viewing the Big
Bang as evidence of the creative power of God, but rejects much of modern biology.
{Reasons to Believe, Pasadena, CA, Hugh Ross). Http://www.reasons.org.}
- Intelligence Design Creationism argues that God's design could be seen in life (Paley 1803)
{Discovery Institute, Seattle, WA., Center for Renewal of Science and Culture (CRSC) :
Philip Johnson, Michael Behe, William Dembski Paul Nelson, Jonathan Wells, Stephen C.
Meyer. Periodical: Origins and Design. http://www.discovery.org/crsc. Behe, Michael.
Darwins Black Box (Free Press, NY, 1996). Dembski, William. The Design Inference
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, UK 1995)}
Evolutionary Creationism
Its creationist says that God operates not in the gaps, but the nature has no existence
independent of His will, consistent with both literal Genesis and objective science.
{Schneider, Susan 1984. Evolutionary Creationism Torah Solves the Problem of Missing
Links. http://www.orot.com/ec.html.}
Theistic Evolution
Says that God creates through evolution, promoted by the Pope and taught at mainline
Protestant seminaries {Teilhard de Chaedin, Pierre. The Phenomenon of Man (Harper Collin,
San Francisco 1959, 1980)}
Methodological Materialistic Evolution
They limit itself to describing the natural world with natural causes it says nothing at all
about the supernatural, neither affirming nor denying its existence or its role in life. {Gold
Stephen J., Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Future of Life (Ballantine Publishing
Group, NY 1999)}
Philosophical Materialistic Evolution
Says that the supernatural does not exist, not only is evolution a natural process, but is
everything else. (Richard Dawkins and William Provine)
There are some positions on origins which dont fit cleanly in the continuum given before;
based on other religion except Christianity as people hold them.
Raelians
They believe that life was created by scientists from another planet {http://www.rael.org.
Rael. The True Face of God (The Raelian Foundation 1998)}
Panspermia
It is the position that primitive life in the form of bacteria or other microbes was carried to
earth from other star systems. Other life evolved from there. {Hoyle, Fred, and Chandra
Wickamsinghe. Evolution from Space: A Theory of Cosmic Creationism (Simon and
Schuster, NY 1981) http://www.panspermia.org}
Catastrophic Evolutuion
This position says that evolution occurred suddenly driven by extreme planet-wide
catastrophes. {Velikousky, Immanuel. Earth in Upheaval (Pocket Books, NY 1955)}
Creationism has also from scientific other religion of the world.
Islamic Creationism
Contemporary Islam has a greater tendency to literalism than Christianity does. The Koran is
taken by almost all Moslem as a direct and unaltered word of Allah and Genesis is considered
a corrupted version of Gods message. However the creation accounts in the Koran are more
vague and are spread among several surahs (chapters) (2:109-111; 7:52-57; 16:1-17; 40:66-
70; 41:9-12; 42:28; 65:12) allowing arrange of interpretation similar to these described
before. Most Islamic Young Earth Creationism is imported directly from the US (Edid 1994)
Vedic Creationism
Hinduism speaks of a very ancient earth. One book influenced by Hindu belief argues that
anatomically modern humans have existed for billions of years. {Remo, Michael and Richard
L. Thompson, Forbidden Archaeology: The Hidden o The Humans Race (Govardhan Hill
Inc., San Diego, CA 1994)}
There are too many differences sampling creation myths. Unless otherwise noted, all
examples come from Sproul (1979)
diakses tanggal 13-09-2010.}{sumber Http://www.talkorigins.org/faq/wic.html#ack
Hingga saat ini banyak kalangan masih meragukan kebenaran teori evolusi Darwin, terutama
mereka dari kalangan agama. Secara ilmiah teori Darwin belum runtuh, sebelum
ditemukannya bukti-bukti empiris yang bertentangan dengan kesimpulan tersebut.
Begitulah bagian akhir makalah Drs Bambang Agus Suripto SU MSc memahami kembali
Teori Evolusi Charles Darwin, Rabu (21/11), pada Diskusi Serial Pemikiran Great Thinkers
di Gedung Perpustakaan Pascasarjana UGM.
http://www.ugm.ac.id/index.php?page=rilis& diakses tanggal 20-09-2010.artikel=1035
Bahkan di tahun 1858, katanya, Darwin mengajukan dua teori pokok yaitu spesies yang
hidup sekarang berasal dari spesies yang hidup sebelumnya, dan evolusi terjadi melalui alam.
Perkembangan tentang teori evolusi memang sangat menark untuk diikuti. Darwin pun
berpendapat bahwa berdasar polanya evolusi bersifat gradual, berdasarkan arah adaptasinya
bersifat divergen dan berdasar hasilnya sendiri selalu dimulai terbentuknya varian baru,
ungkap Bambang Suripto.
Dalam perkembangannya teori evolusi Darwin mendapat tantangan (terutama dari golongan
agama, dan penganut paham teori penciptaan---Universal Creation), dengan berbagai
dukungan dan pengkayaan-pengkayaan. Jadi teori evolusi sendiri juga berevolusi, sehingga
teori evolusi biologi yang dikenal dengan istilah Neo-Darwinian dan Modern Sintesis,
bukanlah murni seperti yang diusulkan oleh Darwin.
Berbagai istilah hasil pengkayaan menjadi cermin pergulatan pemikiran dan argumentasi
ilmiah seputar teori evolusi ini. Dari sinipun dikenal berbagai istilah seperti berdasar
kecepatan evolusi (evolusi quasi dan evolusi quantum), berdasar arah adaptasi (evolusi
divergen dan evolusi konvergen), berdasar polanya (evolusi gradual, evolusi punctual, dan
evolusi saltasi) dan berdasar skala produknya dikenal evolusi makro dan evolusi mikro,
tandas Bambang. (Humas UGM)
http://www.ugm.ac.id/index.php?page=rilis& diakses tanggal 20-09-2010.artikel=1035
Kemudian, secara demonstratif, seekor binatang jenis katak atau ada yang berpendapat
kodok merupakan hasil proses evolusi begitu lama, yang saya tau, mulai dari zama