Setelah membaca sekilas main idea masing-masing paragraph, selanjutnya anda harus segera
membaca pertanyaan pada soal-soal yang terdapat pada bacaan tersebut. Rekamlah kata-kata
kunci pada masing-masing pertanyaan pada pikiran anda sehingga anda dapat mencari
jawabannya pada bacaan dengan sekali tempo untuk beberapa pertanyaan. Anda juga dapat
memeberi tanda pada kata kunci di lembar soal, karena anda tidak dilarang memberikan
coretan. Cara ini sangat efektif untuk menghemat waktu, sehingga pandangan anda tidak
bolak-balik antara teks bacaan dengan pertanyaaan.
>Kunci 3 : Jangan panic apabila tema bacaan bukan merupakan disiplin yang anda kuasai..
Ujian TOEFL sudah didisai sedemikian rupa sehingga peserta ujian tidak dipersyaratkan
untuk menguasai tema-tema dari disiplin ilmu tertentu. Semua informasi yang ditanyakan
dalam soal section 3 sudah tersedia dalam teks bacaan. Sehingga apapun latar belakang
keilmuan yang anda kuasai anda akan tetap dapat menjawab soal-soal pada bacaan yang sama
sekali berbeda dari disiplin anda.
KUNCI KHUSUS
Materi yang diujikan dalam tes reading biasanya memiliki pola-pola dan standar tertentu.
Biasanya anda diminta untuk mengetahui tema bacaaan, menentukan main idea, mengetahui
arti dari kosakata tertentu, mengetahui informasi tertentu, melakukan penyimpulan,
melakukan identifikasi ats pengecualian-pengecualian dan mengetahui rujukan dari pronoun
tertentu.
Untuk membekali diri anda dalam mengahadapi are apersoalan yang diujikan dalam reading
tes, perhatikan kunci-kunci berikut ini :
>Kunci 4 : Lakukan previewing untuk mengetahui topic bacaan..
Topik merupakan salah satu item yang hampir dapat dipastikan keluar pada setiap tes
TOEFL. Untuk mengetahui topic sebuah bacaan, anda tidak perlu membaca secara detail dan
mendalam. Anda cukup membaca kalimat pertama dan terakhir pada tiap-tiap paragraph
bacaan. Anda tidak dituntut untuk memahami bacaan secara rinci melainkan hanya untuk
menentukan topic, oleh karena nya anda harus membaca secepat mungkin.
>Kunci 5 : Perhatikan kalimat pertama dari sebuah paragraph untuk mengetahui main idea.
Tes reading sering kali mengujikan pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan main idea.
Main idea biasanya terdapat pada kalimat pertama dari sebuah paragraph. Dengan
mengetahuinya, anda dapat memahami pesan apa yang ingin disampaikan oleh penulis. Main
Idea dari sebuah bacaan biasanya terdapat pada dua kalimat pertama.
>Kunci 6 : Pahamilah konteks yang terdapat pada bacaan untuk mengetahui arti kata tertentu.
Konteks dalam bacaan bahasa Inggris adalah kombinasi dari kosakata dan grammar yang
digunakan pada sebuah kata. Ia dapat berupa sebuah kalimat, paragraph, atau bacaan. Dengan
memahami sebuah konteks anda akan dapat memperkirakan arti sebuah kata. Karena dengan
mengetahui arti secara umum dari sebuah kalimat berarti anda juga memahami arti kata-kata
yang terdapt pada kalimat tersebut.
>Kunci 7 : Lakukan scanning untuk menemukan informasi tertentu yang berkaitan dengan
permintaan soal.
Sebuah teks bacaan dalam ujian TOEFL biasanya diikuti dengan sepuluh pertanyaan, karena
batasan waktu yang sangat mendesak sebaiknya anada membaca kesepuluh pertanyaan
tersebut. Ketika membaca semua pertanyaan anda harus menemukan kata kunci dari sebuah
pertanyaan dan merekamnya dalam pikiran. Bacalah secara cepat dengan cara scanning untuk
menemukan kata-kata tertentu yang menjadi kata kunci dari sebuah pertanyaan. Hal ini sngat
berguna dalam melakukan klarifikasi pada teks bacaan untuk menemukan informasi yang
ditanyakan. Dengan mengingat semua kata kunci pertanyaan, pandangan, dan focus anda
tidak perlu terpecah untuk mencocokkan pertanyaan dengan teks. Karena biasanya urutan
nomor soal tidak menanyakan kalimat atau bagian dari teks secara berurutan. Sehingga bila
anda hnaya membaca satu pertanyaan kemudian mencarinya di teks bacaan akan
menghabiskan banyak waktu karena anda perlu melakukan hal yang sama berkali-kali.
>Kunci 8 : Kumpulkan fakta dan data dalam bacaan untuk melakukan inferasi atau
penyimpulan
Tidak semua jawaban dari sebuah pertanyaan dalam tes TOEFL dapat ditemukan secara
langsung dalam teks bacaan. Hal ini karena informasi yang dimaksud tidak secara eksklusif
disebutkan dalam sebuah pernyataan langsung. Sering kali dlam ujian reading anda diminta
untuk membuat kesimpulan mengenai informasi tertentu. Untuk itu ketika membaca teks
sebaiknya anda memberikan perhatian khusus terhada data atau fakta tertentu yang mengarah
pada sebuah kesimpulan yang informative. Lagi-lagi dalam hal ini mengetahui kata kunci
dari sebuah pertanyaan terlebih dahulu merupakan sebuah keuntungan tersendiri. Dengan
berbekal kata kunci anda akan menentukan data dan fakta apa yang patut and apilih dan
kump[ulkan untuk membuat sebuah kesimpulan.
>Kunci 9: Berkonsentrasi selama membaca teks bacaan.
Konsentrasi sangat diperlukan dan merupakan salah satu kunci keberhasilan yang paling
menentukan dalam readng test. Sering kali peserta ujian lupa dengan apa yang telah
disampaikan oleh kalimat atau paragraph sebelumnya ketika ia mula membaca kalimat atau
paragraph baru. Akhirnya ia membaca ulang lagi kalimat tersebut. Apabila ini juga terjadi
pada anda, langlah berikut dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meminimalisasi kek\salahan tersebut.
Ketika anada membaca sebuah kalimat, latihlah didri anda untuk menerka atau
memperkirakan apa isi atau informasi yang akan disampaikan oleh kalimat selanjutnya.
Perhatikan kesesuaian sebuah teks dengan judul atau main idea yang sudah anda ketahui
sebelumnya, dengan cara ini anda tetap dapat menangkap pesan untama yang diasampaikan
oleh masing-masing kalimat sekalipun anda sudah beranjak pada kalimat-kalimat berikutnya.
>Kunci 10 : Tingkatkan kecepatan membaca anda.
Dengan keterbatasan waktu ujian yang singkat, maka kemampuan anda untuk membaca
secara cepat dan singkat sangat penting dalam ujian TOEFL. Memang kecepatan membaca
ini tidaklah sesuatu yang instant. Melainkan ia harus dilatih secara terus menerus apalagi
membaca teks yang bukan bahasa asli kita. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan memilih katakata yang paling penting dalam sebuah kalimat, yang mana hal ini akan memberikan anda
ringkasan atas arti sebuah bacaan.
2. RECOGNIZE THE ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS
Dalam tes reading seringkali akn ada pertanyaan tentang pengorganisasioan ide-ide dalam
teks pada jenis pertanyaan ini anda akan diminta untuk menentukan bagaimana ide-ide dalam
paragraph berhubungan dengan ide-ide lain dalam paragraph lain.
Example
The passage :
f asked who invented the game of baseball, most Americans would probably reply that it was
Abher Doubleday. At the beginning of this century, there was some disagreement over how
the game of baseball had actually originated, so sporting-goods manufacturer Spaulding
inaugurated a commission to research the question. In 1908 a report was published by the
commission in which Abner Doubleday, a U.S Army officer from Cooperstown, New York,
was given credit for the invention of the game. The National Baseball Hall of Fame was
established in Cooperstown in honor of Doubleday., most sports historians are in agreement
that Doubleday really did not have much to do with the development of baseball. Instead,
baseball seems to be a close relation to the English game of rounders and probably has
English rather than American roots.
The question
The second paragraph
(A) provides examples to support the ideas in the first paragraph
(B) precedes the ideas in the first paragraph
(C) outlines the effects of ideas in the first paragraph
D) refuses the ideas in the first paragraph
TOEFL EXERCISE
PASSAGE ONE (QUESTIONS 1-2)
Conflict within an organization is not always viewed as undesirable, various managers have
widely divergent ideas on the value that conflict can have.
According to the traditional view of conflict, conflict is harmful to an organization. Managers
with this traditional view of conflict see it as their role in an organization to rid the
organization of any possible sources of conflict.
The interactionist view of conflict on the other hand, holds that conflict can serve an
important function in an organization by reducing complacency among workers and causing
positive changes to occur. Managers who hold an interactionist view of conflict may actually
take steps to stimulate within the organization.
1. How is the information in the passage organized?
(A) The origin of ideas about conflict is presented.
(B) Contrasting views of conflicts are presented.
C) Two theorists discuss the strength and weaknesses of their views on conflict.
(D) Examples of conflict within organizations are presented
2. What type of information is included in the third paragraph?
(A) A comparison of the interactionist and traditional views of conflict
(B) A discussion of the weaknesses of the interactionist view of conflict
(C) An outline of the type of manager who prefers the interactionist view of conflict
(D) A description of one of the opposing views of conflict
PASSAGE TWO (Questions 3-4)
IQ, or intelligence Quotient as the radio of a patrons mental age to chronological age, with
the radio multiplied by 100 remove the decimal. Chronological age is easily determined;
mental age is generally measured by some kind of standard test and is not so simple to define.
In theory, a standardized IQ test is set up to measure an individuals ability to perform
intellectual operations such as reasoning and problem solving. These intellectual operations
are considered to represent intelligence.
In practice, it has been impossible to arrive at consensus at to which types of intellectual
operations demonstrate intelligence. Furthermore, it has been impossible to devise a test
without cultural bias, which is to say that any IQ tests so far proposed have been shown to
reflect the culture of the test makers. Test makers from that culture would, it follows, score
higher on such a test than test takers from a different culture with equal intelligence.
3. What type of information is included in the first paragraph
(A) An argument
(B) A definition
(C) An opinion
(D) A theory
4. How does the information in the third paragraph differ from that in the second paragraph?
(A) It presents a contrasting point of view.
(B) It follows chronologically from the ideas in the second paragraph.
Example
The passage
Carnivorous plants, such as the sundew and the Venus Flytrap are generally found in the
humid areas where there is an inadequate supply of nitrogen in the soil. In order to survive,
these plants have developed mechanisms to trap insects within their foliage. They have
digestive fluids to obtain the necessary nitrogen from the insects. These plants trap the insects
in a variety of ways. The sundew has sticky hairs on its leaves; when an insect lands on these
leaves, it gets caught up in the sticky hairs, and the leaf wraps itself around the insect. The
leaves of the Venus-Flytrap function more like a trap, snapping suddenly and forcefully shut
around an insect.
The questions :
1. The pronoun they in line 4 refers to
2. (A) humid areas
3. (B) these plants
4. (C) insects
5. (D) digestive fluids
6. 2. The pronoun it in line 6 refers to
7. (A) a variety
8. (B) the sundew
9. (C) An insect
10. (D) the leaf
5. INDIRECTLY ANSWERED QUESTIONS
Beberapa pertanyaan dalam tes TOEFL akan meminta jawaban yang tidak secara langsung
disebutkan dalam teks. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini anda harus menarik kesimpulan dari
informasi yang di berikan dalam teks.
Pertanyaan jenis ini meliputi dua : (1) implied detailed questions and (2) transitions
questions.
ANSWER IMPLIED DETAILED QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
Example
The passage
The Hawaiian language is a melodious language in which all words are derived from an
Alphabet of only twelve letters, the five vowels, A,E,I,O,U and the seven consonants
H,K,L,M,N,P,W. Each syllable in the language ends in a vowel, and two consonants never
appear together, so vowels have a much higher frequency in the Hawaiian language than they
do in English.
This musical sounding language can be heard regularly by visitors to the islands. Most
Hawaiians speak English, but it is quite common to hear English that is liberally spiced with
words and expressions from the traditional language of the culture. A visitor may be greeted
with the expression aloha, and may be referred to as a malihini because he is a new comer to
the island. This visitor may attend an outside luau where everyone eats too much and be
invited afterwards to dance the hula.
The questions :
1. Which of the following is probably NOT a Hawaiian word?
(A) mahalo
(B) mahimahi
(C) meklea
(D) moana
2. It is implied a luau is
(A) a dance
(B) a feast
(C) a concert
(D) a language
TOEFL EXERCISE
PASSAGE ONE (Questions 1-2)
Eskimos need efficient and adequate means to travel across water in that the areas where they
live are surrounded by oceans, bays, and inlets and dotted with lakes and seas. Two different
types of boats have been developed by the Eskimo, each constructed to meet specific needs.
The Kayak is something like a canoe that has been covered by deck. A kayak is generally
constructed with one opening in the deck for one rider, however, some kayaks are made for
two, Because the deck of a kayak is covered over except for the hole (or holes) for its rider
(or riders), a kayak can tip over in the water and roll back without filling with water and
sinking. One of the primary uses of the kayak is for hunting.
The umiak is not closed over, as is in the kayak, instead it is an open boat that is built to hold
ten to twelve passengers. Eskimos have numerous uses for the umiak which reflect the size of
the boat; e.g. the umiak is used to haul belongings from campsite to campsite, and it is used
for hunting larger animals that are too big to be hunted in a kayak.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that an example of the animal mentioned in lines 12-13
might be
(A) a kangaroo
(B) a snake
(C) a whale
(D) a salmon
PASSAGE TWO (Questions 3-5)
Two types of trees from the same family of trees share honors in certain respects as the most
impressive of trees. Both evergreen conifers, the California redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)
and the giant sequoia (Sequoiandendrom gigantteum) are found growing natively only in the
state of California. The California redwood is found along the northern coast of the state,
while the giant sequoia is found inland and at a higher elevations, along the western slopes of
the Sierra Nevadas.
The California redwood is the tallest living tree and is in fact the tallest living thing on the
face of the earth; the height of the tallest redwood on the record is 385 feet (120 meters).
Though not quite as tall as the California redwood, with the height of 320 feet ( 100 meters),
the giant sequoia is nonetheless the largest and the most massive of living things ; giant
sequoias have been measured at more than 100 feet (30 meters) around the base, with weights
of more than 6,000 tons.
3. It is implied in the passage that
(A) the leaves of only California redwood turn brown in the autum
(B) the leaves of only the giant sequoia turn brown in the winter
(C) the leaves of both types of trees in the passage turn brown in the winter
(D) the leaves of neither types of tree in the passage turn brown in the winter
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the Siera Nevadas are
(A) a type of giant redwood
(B) a coastal community
(C) a group of lakes
(D) a mountain range
5. Which of the following is implied in the passage?
(A) The giant sequoia is taller than the California redwood.
(B) The California redwood is not as big around as the giant sequoia.
(C) The California redwood weighs more than the giant sequoia.
(D) Other living things are larger than the giant sequoia.
TRANSITION QUESTION CORRECTLY
You will sometimes be asked to determine what a probably came before the reading passage
(in the preceding paragraph) or what probably comes after the reading passage (in the
following paragraph). Of course, the topic of the preceding or following paragraph is not
directly stated, and you must draw a conclusion to determine what a probably in these
paragraph.
This type of question. It asks you to demonstrate that you understand that good writing
contains transition from one paragraph to the next. A paragraph may start out with the idea of
the previous paragraph as a way of linking the ideas in the two paragraphs. A paragraph may
also end with an idea that will be further developed in the following paragraph.
Example
The passage:
Another myth of the oceans concerns Davy Jones, who in folklore is the mean-spirited
sovereign of the oceans depths. The name Jones is thought by some etymologists to have
been derived from the name Jonah the Hebrew prophet who spent three days in a whales
belly.
According to tradition, any object that goes overboard and sinks to the bottom of the ocean is
said to have gone to Davy Joness locker, the ocean sized, mythical receptacle for anything
that falls into the water, needless to say, any sailor on the seas is not so eager to take a tour of
Davy Joness locker, although it might be a rather interesting trip considering all the treasures
located there.
The questions:
1. The paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses
1. The youth of Davy Jones
2. Davy Jones career as a sailor
3. A different traditional story from the sea
4. Preparing to travel on the ocean
1. The topic of the paragraph following the passage most likely is
1. valuable items located of the bottom of the ocean.
2. Where Davy Jones is found today
3. Jonah and the whale
4. Preventing objects from failing overboard
6. VOCABULARY QUESTIONS
Dalam tes reading akan ada sejumlah soal tentang vocabulary. Jawaban atas soal ini
seringkali sudah ada dalam teks itu sendiri. Berikut ini beberapa macam jenis soal vocab.
FIND DEFINITIONS FROM STRUCTURAL CLUES
(Menemukan definisi dari kata kunci yang ada dalam teks :)
Ketika anda diminta untuk menemukan kata dalam tes reading kemungkinannya:
1. Teks memberikan informasi tentang kata itu
2. Ada tanda-tanda trtentu yang mengarahkan kita pada kata tersebut
Example
The passage ;
One of the leading schools of psychological thought in the
twentieth century is behaviorism the belief that the role of the
psychologist is to study behavior, which is observable, rather than conscious and unconscious
thought, which is not. Probably the best known proponent of behaviorism is B.E Skinner,
who is famous for his research on how rewards and punishment influence behavior. He came
to believe that positive reinforcements such as praise, food, or money were more effective in
promoting good behavior than negative reinforcement or punishment.
The questions
1. In behaviorism In line 2, a psychologist is concerned with
(A) unconscious thought patterns
(B) observable actions
(C) unobservable actions
(D) unobservable actions
2. What is positive reinforcement in line 7
A) a gift
B) A reward
C) A bribe
D) A penalty
3. What is negative reinforcement in line 9?
(A) A promotion
(B) A reward
(C) A surprise
D) A punishment
To answer the first question, you should look at the part of the passage following word
behaviorism. The dash punctuation (-) gives extra or further information about behaviorism.
In the information following the dash you should see that the behaviorist in behavior which is
observable, so the best answer to this question is answer (C).
To answer the second question, you should look at the part of the passage following the
expression positive reinforcements. The expression such as indicate that examples of positive
reinforcement are going to follow. Your job is to look at the examples of positive
reinforcement and draw a conclusion about what positive reinforcement might be. Since
price, food, or money might be given in return for a job well done, then positive
reinforcement must be a reward. The best answer to this question is therefore answer
(B).To answer the third question, you should look at the part of the passage following the
expression negative reinforcement. The word or following negative reinforcement tells you
that the idea is going to be restated in different words. You can see in the passage that another
word for negative reinforcement is punishment, so answer (D) is the best answer to this
questions
DETERMINE MEANINGS FROM WORD PARTS
When you are asked to determine the meaning of long words but you do not know THE
MEANING in the reading comprehension section of the TOEFL test, it is sometimes possible
to determine the meaning of the word by studying the word part.
Example
The Passage
Ring lardner himself was born into a wealthy, educated, and cultured family. For the book of
his carrier, he worked as a reporter for newspapers in South Bend, Boston, Santa Louis, and
Chicago. However, it is for his short stories of lower middle clash Americans that ring
lardner is perhaps best known. In these stories, Lardner vividly creates the language and the
ambiance of this lower class, often using the misspelled words, grammatical errors and
incorrect diction that typified the language of the lower middle class.
The questions
1. The word vividly in line 6 is closest in meaning to
A) in a cultured way
(B) in a correct way
(C) in a lifelike way
(D) in a brief way
2. The word misspelled in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) highly improper
(B) vulgar
(C) incorrectly written
(D) slang
1. The word diction in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) Writing
(B) Sentence structure
(C) Form
(D) Speech
In the first question, the word vividly contains the word part viv, which means life, so the best
answer is answer (C).
In the second question, the word misspelled contains the word part mis, which means error or
incorrect, so the best answer is answer (C).
In the third question, the word diction contains the word part dic, which means speak, so that
answer is answer (D).
USE CONTEXT TO DETERMINE MEANINGS OF DIFFICULT WORDS
On the TOEFL test you will sometimes be asked to determine the meanings of a difficult
word, a word that you are expected to know. In this case, the passage will give you a clear
indication of what the word means.
Example
Line in the passage :
The barges headed across the lake
The question :
A barge is probably, which of the following?
A) A trai
(B) A plane
C) A bicycle
(D) A boat
USE CONTEXT TO DETERMINE MEANINGS OF SIMPLE WORDS
You will sometimes be asked to determine the meaning of a simple word, a word that you see
often in everyday English. In this type of question, you should not give the normal everyday
meaning of the word, instead, the TOEFL test wants you to know the meaning of the word in
this situation.
Example
A line from the passage :
He put his answer this way
The question :
The word put is closest meaning to which of the following?
A) Placed
(B) Set
(C) Expressed
D) handed
She always helps many people. She, however, is bad with her mother.
Cardamon is not as widely used as a spice in the United States as it is in other parts of the
world. This fruit of the ginger plant provides an oil that basically has been used solely as a
stimulant in American and English medicines. Other cultures have recognized the
multipurpose benefits of this aromatic fruit. In Asia it is used to season sauces such as curry;
in Middle Eastern countries it is seeped to prepare a flavorful golden colored tea; in parts of
northern Europe it is used as spice in various types of pastry.
1. The word solely in line 2 could best be replaced by
A) initially
B) only
C) reportedly
D) healthfully
2. The word multipurpose in line 3 is closest in meaning to the word season in line 4?
(A) Health
(B) Singular
(C) Recognized
(D) varied
3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word season in line 4?
(A) Divide
(B) Forecast
(C) Spice
(D) Put a time limit
4. Curry in line 4 is
(A) the fruit of ginger plant
(B) A spicy type of sauce
(C) A culture in the area of the Middle East
(D) A type of golden-colored tea
5. The word seeped in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) Steamed
(B) Dried
(C) Stored
(D) grown
The life-span of an elephant that dies from natural causes is about sixty-five years. Of course,
an elephant can perish from a number of unnatural causes; e.g it can be killed by hunters,
most probably for the valuable ivory in its tusks; it can die from deases that spread
throughout an elephant herd; or it can die from drought or from the lack of food that almost
certainly accompanies the inadequate supply of water.
If, however, an elephant survives disasters, it falls prey to old age in its mid-sixties. Around
this age, the cause of death is attributed to the loss of the final set of molars. When this last
set of teeth is gone, the elephant dies from malnutrition because it is unable to obtain
unadequate nourishment. In old age, elephant tend to search out a final home where there is
shade for comfort from the sun and soft vegetation for cushioning; the bones of many old
elephants have been found in such places.
1. The word perish in line 2 means
2. (A) fall ill
3. (B) shoot
4. (C) die
5. (D) get rich
1. The word unnatural in line 2 is closest meaning to
2. (A) wild
3. (B) violent
4. (C) domesticated
5. (D) abnormal
1. The word drought in line 4 means
2.
3. (A) a drowning
4. (B) a lack of food
5. (C) an inadequate supply of water
6. (D) an overabundance of animals
1. Which of the following could be used to replace the word survives in line 6?
2.
3 (A) Rises to
4 (B) Succumbs to
5 (C) Denies
6 (D) Lives through
1. Molars in line 7 are
2. (A) germs
3. (B) old-age characteristics
4. (C) types of food
5. (D) teeth
1. In line 8, malnutrition is used to describe someone who
2. (A) is in good health
3. (B) has an illness
4. (C) suffers from poor eating
5. (D) experiences dental problems
1. The expression a final home in line 9 is closest in meaning to
2. (A) a place to die
3. (B) a comfortable house
4. (C) a place for sale
5. (D) the only remaining place to live
1. The word shade in line 9 is closest in meaning to
2. (A) color
3. (B) heat
4. (C) diminished light
5. (D) a front porch
6. GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE
NORMAL SENTENCE PATERN
IN ENGLISH
Subject Verb Complement Modifier
(predicate) (object) (adverb)
John and I ate a pizza last night
We studied present perfect last week.
Learn the following sentences and their sentence patterns!
They smile.
They smile.
Subject Verb / predicate
We sleep.
We sleep.
Subject Verb / predicate
My father drinks coffee.
Contoh :
He started to study TOEFL. OR He started studying TOEFL.
Joan hates to ride her bicycle. OR Joan hates riding her bicycle to school.
He dreads meeting the headmaster. OR He dreads to meet the headmaster.
D. Be berapa verbs yang dapat diikuti baik oleh infinitive = to verb atau gerund = verbing, tapi maknanya berubah.
stop
remember
forget
For examples
John stopped studying. (John sedang belajar kemudian berhenti, dan tidak melanjutkan lagi)
John stopped to study. (John sedang melakukan suatu pekerjaan, kemudian berhenti unuk
belajar)
I remember meeting him in a seminar last year. (Aku ingat peristiwa ketika bertemu dia di
sebuah seminar tahun lalu.)
I remember to meet him today. (Aku ingat bahwa aku harus / berencana untuk menemui dia
hari ini.)
Tambahan* Daftar kata sifat yang diikuti oleh gerund (verb ing)
Accustomed to : terbiasa dengan
Intent on : bermaksud sungguh-sungguh untuk
Afraid of : takut pada
Interested in : tertarik pada
Capable of : mampu untuk
Successful in : sukses dalam
Fond of : senang pada
Tired of : lelah dengan
For examples
Mitch is afraid of getting married now.
I am accustomed to smoking
We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.
Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year.
Crag is fond of dancing.
Tambahan* Daftar kata benda yang diikuti oleh the gerund (verb ing)
Choice of : pilihan terhadap/atas
Possibility of : kemungkinan terhadap
Excuse for : alasan untuk
Intention of : keinginan untuk
Reason for : alasan untuk
Method for / method of : metode.
Contoh :
George has excuse for dropping out of school.
There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.
There is no reason for leaving this early.
Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem.
Tambahan* Daftar kata sifat diikuti oleh infinitive (to verb)
Anxious : khawatir
Eager : ingin tahu
Pleased : senang
Usual : biasa
Boring : membosankan
Easy : mudah
Prepared : siap
Common : umum
Dangerous : berbahaya
Good : bagus
Ready : siap
Difficult : sulit
Hard : keras
Strange : aneh
Able : dapat
For Examples
Muhammad is anxious to see his family.
It is dangerous to drive in this weather.
We are ready to leave now.
It is difficult to pass this test.
Do the following exercise
1. The teacher decided (accepting/to accept) the paper.
2. They appreciate (to have/ having) this information.
3. We found it very difficult (reaching / to reach) a decision)
4. Dona is interested in (opening/to open a bar).
5. Marry regrets (to be/ being) the one to have to tell him.
6. George pretended (to be/being) sick yesterday.
7. He demands (to know/knowing) what is going on.
8. Henry shouldnt risk (to drive/driving) so fast.
9. There is no excuse for (to leave/leaving) the room in this condition.
10. She is looking forward to (return/returning) to their country.
THE VERB NEED
The boy needs cutting his hair or The boy needs to cut his hair?
Kata kerja need diikuti infinitive / to verb hanya jika subjeknya benda hidup. Tapi jika
subjeknya benda mati maka kata kerja need diikuti oleh gerund (verb ing) atau diikuti oleh
to be + past participle (Verb 3)
A. Subjek benda hidup + infinitive
John and his brother need to paint the house.
My friend needs to learn Spanish
He will need to drive
B. Subjek benda mati + verb ing (to be+ past participle)
The grass needs cutting. OR The grass needs to be painted.
The television needs repairing. OR The television needs to be repaired.
The composition needs rewriting. OR The composition needs to be written.
Perhatikan, kita menggunakan in need of dengan aturan berikut.
subject + be + in need of + noun
For examples
Jill is in need of money. (Jill needs money)
The roof is in need of repairing. (The roof needs to be repaired.)
The organization is in need of volunteers. (The organization needs volunteers.)
Exercise
1. Its too hot and my hair needs (cut).
2. The computer needs (repair).
3. James needs .. (see) a doctor.
ABC
that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her.
D
Apa jawaban anda?
Jawaban yang benar adalah A. To be are yang ditulis disana salah, seharusnya to be nya
adalah is.
Nah dari sini seharusnya kita kita kritis bertanya, mengapa yang benar is bukan are?
Kapan digunakan is, kapan digunakan are?
Pertama, to be is digunakan manakala subjeknya adalah he, she, atau it atau orang ketiga
tunggal (manusia, hewan, atau benda, atau apa saja yang kita bicarakan dan itu tunggal).
Contoh The boy is handsome. The cat is funny.
Kedua, to be are digunakan manakala subjeknya adalah you, they, we atau orang ketiga
jamak (manusia, hewan, atau benda, atau apa saja yang kita bicarakan dan itu jamak)
Contoh : The boys are handsome. The cats are funny.
Adapun untuk soal di atas to be yang benar adalah is karena subjeknya adalah buying
clothes (membeli pakaian). Buying clothes disini dianggap tunggal karena sama maknanya
dengan kata it (sesuatu yang kita bicarakan, dan itu tunggal).
Perhatikan kalimat berikut!
Membeli banyak pakaian tidak baik. (Buying clothes is not good.)
Coba kita perhatikan frase membeli banyak pakaian itu termasuk subjek tunggal. Jangan
terkecoh pada kata banyak pakaian (clothes)! Frase buying clothes tetap itu dianggap tunggal
karena frase itu merupakan sebuah topic/ issue tunggal.
Tipe soal 2
Penggunaan many atau much, a few atau a little
Find the incorrect word/words!
Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the students
ABC
lost their opportunity to lease the appartment.
D
Apa jawaban anda?
Jawaban yang benar adalah B.
Karena too many time.. adalah salah. Seharusnya too much time.
Mengapa yang benar pakai much bukan many? Bagaimana aturannya?
Rules
Diikuti kata benda terhitung
/countable nouns Diikuti kata benda tak terhitung /uncountable nouns
a, the, some, any
some chairs the, some, any
some water
this, that, these, those this, that
none, one, two, three None
Many
a lot of
a large number of
a great number of
(a) few
(b) fewer than
(c) more than much (usually in negatives or questions)
a lot of
a large amount of
(a) little
(b) less than
(c) more than
Tipe soal 3
Penggunaan pronoun kata ganti; my/me, they/them, himself/hisself?
Find the incorrect word/words!
These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we
ABCD
will return later.
Apa jawaban anda?
Jawaban yang benar adalah C.
..all too expensive for we to buy. Kata for we disini salah, yang benar
seharusnya for us.
Mengapa?
Karena kata kita disini berposisi sebagai object of preposition/complement of
preposition(objek preposisi)
Contoh mudahnya sebagai berikut, mana yang benar?
I buy an apple for. (he/him).tentu yang benar adalah him
He builds a house for (they/them.)
Berikut teori lengkapnya:
A. Subject pronouns Vs Object/complement pronouns
I like him.
He likes me.
They like us.
We like them.
I write a letter for her.
And so on..
Subject pronouns Object pronouns
(Complement pronouns)
I Me
You You
They Them
We Us
He Him
She Her
It It
B. Subject pronouns Vs Possessive adjectives
I have a car.
My car is new.
He has a house.
His house is old
And so on.
Subject pronouns Possessive adjectives
I My
You Your
They Their
We Our
He His
She Her
It Its
George has not completed the assignment yet, and Maria hasnt neither.
ABCD
Apa jawaban anda?
Jawaban yang benar adalah pada pilihan D.
Seharusnya yang benar adalah Maria hasnt either, atau Maria has neither.
Kata either artinya juga.
Sama, kata neither artinya juga.
Kedua-duanya digunakan untuk kalimat bermakna negatif.
Anda mau mengatakan :
Dia tidak makan, dan aku juga.
Anda dapat mengatakan :
He does not eat, and neither do I.
Atau
He does not eat, and I dont either.
Jadi rumusnya :
Neither + auxiliary verb + subject
Subject + auxiliary verb + not + either
Tipe soal 6
Susunan modifier dan complement yang dibalik
John decided to buy in the morning a new car, but in the afternoon
ABC
he changed his mind.
D
Apa jawaban anda?
Jawaban yang benar adalah B.
Seharusnya kalimat diatas John decided to buy a new car in the morning, but ..
Jadi masalah di atas terkait dengan posisi complement(objek) dengan modifier (keterangan)
yang di awali preposis yang terbalik. Seharusnya complement dulu, baru modifier yang
diawali preposisi.
Pelajari teori berikut.
Normal Sentence Pattern in English
Subject Verb Complement Modifier
John and I ate a pizza last night
We studied present perfect last week.
They smile.
They smile.
Subject verb
We sleep.
We sleep.
Subject verb
My father drinks coffee.
My father drinks coffee.
Subject verb complement
The lady writes a letter.
The lady writes a letter.
Subject verb complement
The man lives in a village.
The man lives in a village.
Subject verb modifier
The man makes handicrafts in a village.
ABCD
Tipe soal 12
Keterangan waktu pada tenses dasar
The manager has finished working on the report last night, and now she will
ABC
begin to write the other proposal.
D
I have eaten now.
I have eaten two hours ago.
S + v2
S + have/has + v3
I have eaten now.
I ate two hours ago.
I have bought a dictionary today.
I have bought a dictionary this morning.
Tipe soal 13
Masalah pronoun
Because Sam and Michelie had done all of the work theirselves., they were
ABC
unwilling to give the results to Joan.
D
Tipe soal 14
Masalah conditional sentence
Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not be able
AB
to attend the concert.
D
TIPE 1
If I meet Mr. Yanto, I will address him.
If I get money , I will treat you.
If it rains, I will wear a raincoat.
TIPE 1
If I am hungry, I will buy some food.
If you are sick, I will take care of you.
If he comes, I will be happy.
Tipe 2
If I brought money, I would treat you.
If he met me, I would be happy.
If they helped me, I would thank them.
TIPE 2
If I were healthy, I would work.
If I were rich , I would build a villa
Tipe 3
If I had brought money , I would have given you some food.
If I had passed, I would have studied abroad.
If they had come, they would have helped us.
If I had been healthy, I would have helped you.
If I had been rich, I would have built a villa.
Tipe soal 15
Prepositions + gerunds (Verb-ing)
After to take the medication the patient became drowsy and more manageable.
ABCD
Tipe soal 16
Verbs + prepositions followed by gerund
We insist on you leaving the meeting before any further outburst take place.
ABCD
Approve of
Give up
Rely on
Worry about
Be better off
Insist on
Succeed in
Count on
Keep on
Think about
Depend on
Put off
Think of
Tipe soal 17
Question tag
It has been a long time since we have talked to John , isnt it?
ABCD
You are sick, arent/isnt you?
You will go, wont you?
He sleeps, doesnt he?
Tipe soal 18
Verbs + prepositions followed the word to as preposition
(object to, look forward to, confess to)
Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and
ABC
John does so.
D
I want to go.
He comes to sleep.
Tipe soal 19
Verbs that are followed by gerund / verb ing
Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several Congress members during her vocation.
ABCD
Admit
Delay
Miss
Regret
Risk
Appreciate
Deny
Postpone
Report
Suggest
Avoid
Enjoy
Practice
Resent
Cant help
Finish
Quit
Resist
Consider
Mind
Recall
Resume
Tipe soal 20
Verbs that are always followed by infinitive (to + verb)
After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery , the reputed mobster decided find
ABCD
another attorney.
Agree
Desire
Intend
Prepare
Tend
Attempt
Fail
Learn
Pretend
Try
Claim
Forget
Need
Refuse
Want
Decide
Hesitate
Offer
Seem
Wish
Demand
Hope
Plan
Strive
LISTENING COMPREHENSION
KUNCI UMUM
Kunci 1 : Pahamilah bentuk-bentuk perintah (direction) pada masing-masing bagian (part)
dengan baik sebelum hari- H ujian.
Kunci 2 : Baca pilihan-pilihan jawaban pada masing-masing soal sebanyak mungkin ketika
narrator sedang membacakan directions dan contoh soal (example)
Kunci 3 : Dengarkan dengan penuh konsentrasi dan fokuskan perhatian Anda pada
percakapan yang sedang Anda dengarkan.
Kunci 4 : Maksimalkan kemampuan listening Anda pada soal-soal pertama pada masingmasing part.