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MATERI B INGGRIS-TOEFL-READING COMPREHENSION
READING COMPREHENSION
Section 3 dalam ujian TOEFL adalah Reading comprehension. Ini digunakan untuk mengukur
kemempuan peserta ujian dalam memahami teks tertulis dalam bahasa inggris. Bagian ini
mengujikan setidaknya 5 bacaan, dimana masing-masing bacaan biasanya terdiri dari sepuluh
pertanyaan. Sehingga pertanyaan pada bagian ini berjumlah limapuluh pertanyaan. Anda harus
menyelesaikan semua pertanyaan dalam waktu limapuluh menit. Bagian ini hanya mengujikan
teks bacaan saja, tanpa gambar, diagram, atau alat Bantu visual lainnya.
Tema bacaan yang diujikan dalam bagian ini cukup bervariasi, namun secara umum berkaitan
dengan materi perkuliahan yang diajarkan oleh universitas-universitas di Amerika Serikat.
Misalnya, sejarah, sastra, seni, arsitektur, geologi, biologi, kesehatan, astronomi, geografi, dan
seterusnya. Adapun pertanyaan pada section 3 bisa dikategorikan ke dalam dua bentuk
pertanyaan sebagai berikut:
1. Reading comprehension
Pada section 3 ini anda akan diminta untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berkaitan
dengan informasi yang terdapat pada teks bacaan. Mulai dari main idea, bagian bacaan yang lebih
rinci, sampai inferasi atau penyimpulan atas informasi yang terdapat pada bacaan.
2. Vocabulary
Section 3 juga meminta anda untuk menjawab arti dari kata-kata tertentu yang terdapat pada teks
bacaan. Namun apabila anda sama sekali tidak tahu arti kata-kata tertentu, anda masih tetap bias
mengetahui arti kata-kata tersebut dengan memahami konteks bacaan. Dengan demikian anda
bias memperkirakan arti dari kata-kata yang ditanyakan dalam soal.
Permasalahan yang biasa dihadapi oleh peserta tes TOEFL dalam ujian Reading Comprehension
adalah batasan waktu yang singkat. Banyak peserta tes yang tidak bias menyelesaikan semua
pertanyaan ketika waktu yang disediakan telah habis. Untuk itu
Berbagai kemampuan yang dibutuhkan dalam reading harus anda kuasai sebelum benar-benar
menjalankan ujian TOEFL. Sekalipun demikian, Anda masih berpeluang untuk mendapatkan skor
TOEFL yang lebih tinggi apabila menguasai trik-trik taktis. Berikut disajikan beberapa kunci yang
bisa membantu anda berkompetisi dengan waktu yang ketat sekaligus untuk mendapatkan hasil
yang lebih baik.
1. Kunci umum
Kunci 1: Jangan terlalu lama membaca teks bacaan.
Harus diingat bahwa anda tidak memiliki cukup waktu untuk membaca teks bacaan secara
mendalam. Pertanyaan yang muncul dalam tes reading ini umumnya dpat dijawab secara tepat
dengan tanpa langsung membaca bacaan secara rinci. Anda dapat mengalokasikan satu atau dua
menit untuk membaca main idea pada masing-masing paragraph dari sebuah bacaan sebelum
mulai membaca pertanyaan. Dengan demikian anda sudah mendapatkan gambaran sekilas
tentang informasi yang disampaikan oleh bacaan.
Kunci 2 : Perhatikan semua pertanyaan yang terdapat pada sebuah bacaaan dan ingat-ingat kata
kuncinya.
Setelah membaca sekilas main idea masing-masing paragraph, selanjutnya anda harus segera
membaca pertanyaan pada soal-soal yang terdapat pada bacaan tersebut. Rekamlah kata-kata
kunci pada masing-masing pertanyaan pada pikiran anda sehingga anda dapat mencari
jawabannya pada bacaan dengan sekali tempo untuk beberapa pertanyaan. Anda juga dapat
memeberi tanda pada kata kunci di lembar soal, karena anda tidak dilarang memberikan coretan.
Cara ini sangat efektif untuk menghemat waktu, sehingga pandangan anda tidak bolak-balik
antara teks bacaan dengan pertanyaaan.
Kunci 3 : Jangan panic apabila tema bacaan bukan merupakan disiplin yang anda kuasai..
Ujian TOEFL sudah didisai sedemikian rupa sehingga peserta ujian tidak dipersyaratkan untuk
menguasai tema-tema dari disiplin ilmu tertentu. Semua informasi yang ditanyakan dalam soal
section 3 sudah tersedia dalam teks bacaan. Sehingga apapun latar belakang keilmuan yang anda
kuasai anda akan tetap dapat menjawab soal-soal pada bacaan yang sama sekali berbeda dari
disiplin anda.
KUNCI KHUSUS
Materi yang diujikan dalam tes reading biasanya memiliki pola-pola dan standar tertentu. Biasanya
anda diminta untuk mengetahui tema bacaaan, menentukan main idea, mengetahui arti dari
kosakata tertentu, mengetahui informasi tertentu, melakukan penyimpulan, melakukan identifikasi
Kunci 7 : Lakukan scanning untuk menemukan informasi tertentu yang berkaitan dengan
permintaan soal.
Sebuah teks bacaan dalam ujian TOEFL biasanya diikuti dengan sepuluh pertanyaan, karena
batasan waktu yang sangat mendesak sebaiknya anada membaca kesepuluh pertanyaan tersebut.
Ketika membaca semua pertanyaan anda harus menemukan kata kunci dari sebuah pertanyaan
dan merekamnya dalam pikiran. Bacalah secara cepat dengan cara scanning untuk menemukan
kata-kata tertentu yang menjadi kata kunci dari sebuah pertanyaan. Hal ini sngat berguna dalam
melakukan klarifikasi pada teks bacaan untuk menemukan informasi yang ditanyakan. Dengan
mengingat semua kata kunci pertanyaan, pandangan, dan focus anda tidak perlu terpecah untuk
mencocokkan pertanyaan dengan teks. Karena biasanya urutan nomor soal tidak menanyakan
kalimat atau bagian dari teks secara berurutan. Sehingga bila anda hnaya membaca satu
pertanyaan kemudian mencarinya di teks bacaan akan menghabiskan banyak waktu karena anda
perlu melakukan hal yang sama berkali-kali.
Kunci 8 : Kumpulkan fakta dan data dalam bacaan untuk melakukan inferasi atau penyimpulan
Tidak semua jawaban dari sebuah pertanyaan dalam tes TOEFL dapat ditemukan secara langsung
dalam teks bacaan. Hal ini karena informasi yang dimaksud tidak secara eksklusif disebutkan
dalam sebuah pernyataan langsung. Sering kali dlam ujian reading anda diminta untuk membuat
kesimpulan mengenai informasi tertentu. Untuk itu ketika membaca teks sebaiknya anda
memberikan perhatian khusus terhada data atau fakta tertentu yang mengarah pada sebuah
kesimpulan yang informative. Lagi-lagi dalam hal ini mengetahui kata kunci dari sebuah
pertanyaan terlebih dahulu merupakan sebuah keuntungan tersendiri. Dengan berbekal kata kunci
anda akan menentukan data dan fakta apa yang patut and apilih dan kump[ulkan untuk membuat
sebuah kesimpulan.
Kunci 9: Berkonsentrasi selama membaca teks bacaan.
Konsentrasi sangat diperlukan dan merupakan salah satu kunci keberhasilan yang paling
menentukan dalam readng test. Sering kali peserta ujian lupa dengan apa yang telah disampaikan
oleh kalimat atau paragraph sebelumnya ketika ia mula membaca kalimat atau paragraph baru.
Akhirnya ia membaca ulang lagi kalimat tersebut. Apabila ini juga terjadi pada anda, langlah
berikut dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meminimalisasi kek\salahan tersebut.
Ketika anada membaca sebuah kalimat, latihlah didri anda untuk menerka atau memperkirakan
apa isi atau informasi yang akan disampaikan oleh kalimat selanjutnya.
Perhatikan kesesuaian sebuah teks dengan judul atau main idea yang sudah anda ketahui
sebelumnya, dengan cara ini anda tetap dapat menangkap pesan untama yang diasampaikan oleh
masing-masing kalimat sekalipun anda sudah beranjak pada kalimat-kalimat berikutnya.
Kunci 10 : Tingkatkan kecepatan membaca anda.
Dengan keterbatasan waktu ujian yang singkat, maka kemampuan anda untuk membaca secara
cepat dan singkat sangat penting dalam ujian TOEFL. Memang kecepatan membaca ini tidaklah
sesuatu yang instant. Melainkan ia harus dilatih secara terus menerus apalagi membaca teks yang
bukan bahasa asli kita. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan memilih kata-kata yang paling penting
dalam sebuah kalimat, yang mana hal ini akan memberikan anda ringkasan atas arti sebuah
bacaan.
Conflict within an organization is not always viewed as undesirable, various managers have widely
divergent ideas on the value that conflict can have.
According to the traditional view of conflict, conflict is harmful to an organization. Managers with
this traditional view of conflict see it as their role in an organization to rid the organization of any
possible sources of conflict.
The interactionist view of conflict on the other hand, holds that conflict can serve an important
function in an organization by reducing complacency among workers and causing positive changes
to occur. Managers who hold an interactionist view of conflict may actually take steps to stimulate
lunar calendar is synchronized to the lunar month rather than the solar year. Since the lunar month
is twenty-nine and thirty days. A twelve-month lunar year thus has 354 days, 11 days shorter than
a solar year.
Solar eclipse
Lunar eclipse
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) All calendars are the same.
(B) The solar calendar is based on the sun.
(C) Different calendars have dissimilar bases.
(D) The lunar month is twenty-nine and a half days long.
2. How is the information in the passage organized?
(A) Characteristics of the solar calendar are outlined.
(B) Two types of calendars are described.
(C) The strengths and weakness of the lunar calendar are described.
(D) The length of each existing calendar is contrasted.
Vaccines are prepared from harmful viruses or bacteria and administered to patients to provide
immunity to specific diseases. The various types of vaccines are classified according to the method
by which they are derived.
The most basic class of vaccines actually contains disease-causing microorganisms that have been
killed with a solution containing formaldehyde. In this type of vaccine, the microorganisms are
dead and therefore cannot cause disease; however, the antigens found in and on the
microorganisms can still stimulate the formation of antibodies. Examples of this type of vaccine are
the ones that fight influenza, typhoid fever, and cholera.
A second type of vaccine contains the toxins produced by the microorganisms rather than the
microorganisms themselves. This type of vaccine is prepared when the microorganism itself does
little damage but the toxin within microorganism is extremely harmful. For example, the bacteria
that cause diphtheria can thrive without much harm, but when toxins are released from the
bacteria, muscles can become paralyzed and death can ensue.
A final type of toxin contains living microorganisms that have been rendered harmless. With this
type of vaccine, a large number of antigen molecules are produced and the immunity that results is
generally longer lasting than the immunity from other types of vaccines. The Sabin oral antipolio
vaccine and BCG vaccine against tuberculosis are examples of this type of vaccine.
.
1. All of the following are true about blood plasma EXCEPT
2. (A). it is a deeply colored liquid
3. (B). blood cells have taken out of it
4. (C). patients are often transfused with it
5. (D). it is generally more important to the patient than other part of whole blood
6. 2. Which of the following is NOT stated about whole blood?
7. (A). it is different from plasma
8. (B). it cannot be dried
9. (C). it is impossible to keep in storage for a long time.
10. (D). it is a clear, colorless liquid.
11. Passage two (question 3-4)
12. Elizabeth Cochrane Seaman was an American journalist at the turn of the century who wrote for
the newspaper New York World under the pen name Nellie Bly, a name which was taken from the
Stephen, Foster song Nellie Bly. She achieved fame for her exposes and in particular for the bold
and adventuresome way that she obtained her stories.
13. She felt that the best way to get the real story was from the inside rather than as an outside
observer who could be treated to a prettified version of reality. On one occasion she pretended to
be a thief so that she would get a nested and see for herself how female prisoners were really
treated. On another occasion she faked mental illness in order to be admitted to a mental hospital
to get the real picture on the treatment of mental patients.
14. 3. Which of the following is NOT true about Nellie Bly?
15. (A). Nelly Blys real name was Elizabeth Cochrane seaman.
16. (B). Nellie Bly was mentally ill
17. (C). The name Nellie Bly came from a song.
18. (D). The name Nellie Bly was used on articles that Seaman wrote.
19. 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as something that Nellie Bly did to get a good
story?
20. (A). she acted like a thief
21. (B). she got arrested by the police.
22. (C). she pretended to be ill.
23. (D). she worked as a doctor in a mental hospital.
4. FIND PRONOUN REFERENTS
Dalam tes reading seringkali anda diminta untuk menentukan sebuah pronoun mengacu pada
noun yang mana?
Cara menjawab pertanyaan ini adalah dengan melihat kalimat /kata-kata sebelum pronoun. Anda
akan mendapatkan noun yang dimaksud disana.
Example
The passage
Carnivorous plants, such as the sundew and the Venus Flytrap are generally found in the humid
areas where there is an inadequate supply of nitrogen in the soil. In order to survive, these plants
have developed mechanisms to trap insects within their foliage. They have digestive fluids to
obtain the necessary nitrogen from the insects. These plants trap the insects in a variety of ways.
The sundew has sticky hairs on its leaves; when an insect lands on these leaves, it gets caught up
in the sticky hairs, and the leaf wraps itself around the insect. The leaves of the Venus-Flytrap
function more like a trap, snapping suddenly and forcefully shut around an insect.
The questions :
1. The pronoun they in line 4 refers to
Beberapa pertanyaan dalam tes TOEFL akan meminta jawaban yang tidak secara langsung
disebutkan dalam teks. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini anda harus menarik kesimpulan dari
informasi yang di berikan dalam teks.
Pertanyaan jenis ini meliputi dua : (1) implied detailed questions and (2) transitions questions.
Example
The passage
The Hawaiian language is a melodious language in which all words are derived from an Alphabet of
only twelve letters, the five vowels, A,E,I,O,U and the seven consonants H,K,L,M,N,P,W. Each
syllable in the language ends in a vowel, and two consonants never appear together, so vowels
have a much higher frequency in the Hawaiian language than they do in English.
This musical sounding language can be heard regularly by visitors to the islands. Most Hawaiians
speak English, but it is quite common to hear English that is liberally spiced with words and
expressions from the traditional language of the culture. A visitor may be greeted with the
expression aloha, and may be referred to as a malihini because he is a new comer to the island.
This visitor may attend an outside luau where everyone eats too much and be invited afterwards to
dance the hula.
The questions :
impressive of trees. Both evergreen conifers, the California redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and
the giant sequoia (Sequoiandendrom gigantteum) are found growing natively only in the state of
California. The California redwood is found along the northern coast of the state, while the giant
sequoia is found inland and at a higher elevations, along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas.
The California redwood is the tallest living tree and is in fact the tallest living thing on the face of
the earth; the height of the tallest redwood on the record is 385 feet (120 meters). Though not
quite as tall as the California redwood, with the height of 320 feet ( 100 meters), the giant sequoia
is nonetheless the largest and the most massive of living things ; giant sequoias have been
measured at more than 100 feet (30 meters) around the base, with weights of more than 6,000
tons.
3. It is implied in the passage that
(A) the leaves of only California redwood turn brown in the autum
(B) the leaves of only the giant sequoia turn brown in the winter
(C) the leaves of both types of trees in the passage turn brown in the winter
(D) the leaves of neither types of tree in the passage turn brown in the winter
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the Siera Nevadas are
(A) a type of giant redwood
(B) a coastal community
(C) a group of lakes
(D) a mountain range
5. Which of the following is implied in the passage?
(A) The giant sequoia is taller than the California redwood.
(B) The California redwood is not as big around as the giant sequoia.
(C) The California redwood weighs more than the giant sequoia.
(D) Other living things are larger than the giant sequoia.
transition from one paragraph to the next. A paragraph may start out with the idea of the previous
paragraph as a way of linking the ideas in the two paragraphs. A paragraph may also end with an
idea that will be further developed in the following paragraph.
Example
The passage:
Another myth of the oceans concerns Davy Jones, who in folklore is the mean-spirited sovereign of
the oceans depths. The name Jones is thought by some etymologists to have been derived from
the name Jonah the Hebrew prophet who spent three days in a whales belly.
According to tradition, any object that goes overboard and sinks to the bottom of the ocean is said
to have gone to Davy Joness locker, the ocean sized, mythical receptacle for anything that falls
into the water, needless to say, any sailor on the seas is not so eager to take a tour of Davy Joness
locker, although it might be a rather interesting trip considering all the treasures located there.
The questions:
1. The paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses
1. The youth of Davy Jones
2. Davy Jones career as a sailor
3. A different traditional story from the sea
4. Preparing to travel on the ocean
1. The topic of the paragraph following the passage most likely is
1. valuable items located of the bottom of the ocean.
2. Where Davy Jones is found today
3. Jonah and the whale
4. Preventing objects from failing overboard
6. VOCABULARY QUESTIONS
Dalam tes reading akan ada sejumlah soal tentang vocabulary. Jawaban atas soal ini seringkali
sudah ada dalam teks itu sendiri. Berikut ini beberapa macam jenis soal vocab.
FIND DEFINITIONS FROM STRUCTURAL CLUES
(Menemukan definisi dari kata kunci yang ada dalam teks
Ketika anda diminta untuk menemukan kata dalam tes reading kemungkinannya:
positive reinforcements. The expression such as indicate that examples of positive reinforcement
are going to follow. Your job is to look at the examples of positive reinforcement and draw a
conclusion about what positive reinforcement might be. Since price, food, or money might be given
in return for a job well done, then positive reinforcement must be a reward. The best answer to this
question is therefore answer
(B).To answer the third question, you should look at the part of the passage following the
expression negative reinforcement. The word or following negative reinforcement tells you that the
idea is going to be restated in different words. You can see in the passage that another word for
negative reinforcement is punishment, so answer (D) is the best answer to this questions
DETERMINE MEANINGS FROM WORD PARTS
When you are asked to determine the meaning of long words but you do not know THE MEANING in
the reading comprehension section of the TOEFL test, it is sometimes possible to determine the
meaning of the word by studying the word part.
Example
The Passage
Ring lardner himself was born into a wealthy, educated, and cultured family. For the book of his
carrier, he worked as a reporter for newspapers in South Bend, Boston, Santa Louis, and Chicago.
However, it is for his short stories of lower middle clash Americans that ring lardner is perhaps
best known. In these stories, Lardner vividly creates the language and the ambiance of this lower
class, often using the misspelled words, grammatical errors and incorrect diction that typified the
language of the lower middle class.
The questions
1. The word vividly in line 6 is closest in meaning to
A) in a cultured way
(B) in a correct way
(C) in a lifelike way
(D) in a brief way
2. The word misspelled in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) highly improper
(B) vulgar
(C) incorrectly written
(D) slang
1. Which of the following could be used to replace the word survives in line 6?
2.
3 (A) Rises to
4 (B) Succumbs to
5 (C) Denies
6 (D) Lives through
1. Molars in line 7 are
2. (A) germs
3. (B) old-age characteristics
4. (C) types of food
5. (D) teeth
1. In line 8, malnutrition is used to describe someone who
2. (A) is in good health
3. (B) has an illness
4. (C) suffers from poor eating
5. (D) experiences dental problems
1. The expression a final home in line 9 is closest in meaning to
2. (A) a place to die
3. (B) a comfortable house
4. (C) a place for sale
5. (D) the only remaining place to live
1. The word shade in line 9 is closest in meaning to
2. (A) color
3. (B) heat
4. (C) diminished light
5. (D) a front porch
6. GRAMMAR/STRUCTURE
They smile.
Subject Verb / predicate
We sleep.
We sleep.
Subject Verb / predicate
My father drinks coffee.
/ object
The lady writes a letter.
/ adverb
She can dance.
She can dance.
Subject verb phrase
Mr. Joko has gone.
Mr.Joko Has gone.
Subject Verb phrase
He is shopping.
He is shopping.
Subject verb phrase
Linking verb : am, is, are
Incorrect : She drove on the street the car.
Verb modifier complement
Correct : She drove the car on the street.
Verb complement modifier
Urutannya subject + Verb + complement + modifier, tidak bisa dibalik antara complement
dengan modifier
. Identify the subject, verb, and modifier
1. George is cooking dinner.
2. Henry and Marcia have visited the president.
3. We can eat lunch in this restaurant today.
4. Pat should have visited the president.
5. We can eat lunch in this restaurant today.
6. Trees grow
7. It was raining at seven oclock this morning.
8. Jill is buying a new hat in the store.
9. Harry is washing dishes right now.
10. She opened her book.
My mine
Your yours
Their Theirs
Our Ours
His His
Her Hers
Its Its
D. Object/complement pronouns Vs Reflexive pronouns
He cooked for me yesterday.
Rumusnya
Object/complement pronouns Reflexive pronouns
Me myself
You yourself
yourselves
Them themselves
Us ourselves
Him Himself
Her Herself
It Itself
Verbs as Complements, artinya kata-kata kerja sebagai pelengkap. Maksudnya sering kali kata
kerja itu berfungsi sebagai pelengkap, yaitu pelengkap dari kata-kata kerja lain. Contoh :
1. He agrees to meet.
2. He enjoys sitting there.
3. Kata meet adalah sebagai pelengkap kata agrees, tapi coba perhatikan meet ditulis dengan to
meet. Bukan meet saja atau ditambah ing meeting.
4. Sedangkan kata enjoys diikuti verb ing sitting, bukan sit saja, atau to sit.
5. Jadi materi ini mengajarkan bahwa ada daftar kata kerja yang diikuti to verb, dan ada daftar
kata kerja yang diikuti verb-ing.
6. Dalam tes TOEFL materi ini sangat sering diujikan.
Demand : menuntut
Hope : berharap
Plan : berencana
Agree : setuju
Contoh
QUESTIONS
Dalam pertanyaan selalu digunakan kata kerja Bantu atau to be sebelum subjek.
Contoh :
Are you sad?
Is he tall?
Why are they angry?
What do you eat?
What will we get?
Etc
Selalu beriringan to be / kata kerja Bantu + subject
Penting*Embedded Questions : Adalah sebuah pertanyaan yang terdapat dalam sebuah kalimat
lain ; kalimat positive, negative, atau interrogative. Pelajari susunannya.
Rumusnya :
Subject + verb (phrase) + question word + verb
Pelajari contoh-contoh berikut !
Question : Where will the meeting take place?
Embedded question : We havent ascertained where the meeting will take place.
Q.word Subject verb phrase
Question : Why did the plane land at the wrong airport?
Embedded Questions : The authorities cannot figure out why the plane landed at the
Tipe soal 1
Penggunaan to be
Find the incorrect word/words!
Buying clothes are often a very time-consuming practice because those clothes
ABC
that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her.
D
Apa jawaban anda?
Jawaban yang benar adalah A. To be are yang ditulis disana salah, seharusnya to be nya adalah is.
Nah dari sini seharusnya kita kita kritis bertanya, mengapa yang benar is bukan are?
Kapan digunakan is, kapan digunakan are?
Pertama, to be is digunakan manakala subjeknya adalah he, she, atau it atau orang ketiga tunggal
(manusia, hewan, atau benda, atau apa saja yang kita bicarakan dan itu tunggal). Contoh The boy
is handsome. The cat is funny.
Kedua, to be are digunakan manakala subjeknya adalah you, they, we atau orang ketiga jamak
(manusia, hewan, atau benda, atau apa saja yang kita bicarakan dan itu jamak)
Contoh : The boys are handsome. The cats are funny.
Adapun untuk soal di atas to be yang benar adalah is karena subjeknya adalah buying clothes
(membeli pakaian). Buying clothes disini dianggap tunggal karena sama maknanya dengan kata it
(sesuatu yang kita bicarakan, dan itu tunggal).
Perhatikan kalimat berikut!
Membeli banyak pakaian tidak baik. (Buying clothes is not good.)
Coba kita perhatikan frase membeli banyak pakaian itu termasuk subjek tunggal. Jangan terkecoh
pada kata banyak pakaian (clothes)! Frase buying clothes tetap itu dianggap tunggal karena frase
itu merupakan sebuah topic/ issue tunggal.
Tipe soal 2
Penggunaan many atau much, a few atau a little
Find the incorrect word/words!
Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the students
ABC
lost their opportunity to lease the appartment.
D
Apa jawaban anda?
Jawaban yang benar adalah B.
Karena too many time.. adalah salah. Seharusnya too much time.
Mengapa yang benar pakai much bukan many? Bagaimana aturannya?
Rules
Diikuti kata benda terhitung
/countable nouns Diikuti kata benda tak terhitung /uncountable nouns
a, the, some, any
some chairs the, some, any
some water
this, that, these, those this, that
none, one, two, three None
Many
a lot of
a large number of
a great number of
(a) few
(b) fewer than
(c) more than much (usually in negatives or questions)
a lot of
a large amount of
(a) little
(b) less than
(c) more than
Tipe soal 3
Penggunaan pronoun kata ganti; my/me, they/them, himself/hisself?
Find the incorrect word/words!
These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we
ABCD
will return later.
Apa jawaban anda?
Jawaban yang benar adalah C.
..all too expensive for we to buy. Kata for we disini salah, yang benar seharusnya
for us.
Mengapa?
Karena kata kita disini berposisi sebagai object of preposition/complement of preposition(objek
preposisi)
Contoh mudahnya sebagai berikut, mana yang benar?
I buy an apple for. (he/him).tentu yang benar adalah him
He builds a house for (they/them.)
Berikut teori lengkapnya:
Tipe Soal 4
Embedded question
Find the incorrect word/words!
The next important question we have to decide is when do we have to submit the
ABCD
proposal.
Apa jawaban anda?
Tipe soal 5
Penggunaan either dan neither
Find the incorrect word/words!
George has not completed the assignment yet, and Maria hasnt neither.
ABCD
Apa jawaban anda?
Jawaban yang benar adalah pada pilihan D.
Seharusnya yang benar adalah Maria hasnt either, atau Maria has neither.
Kata either artinya juga.
Sama, kata neither artinya juga.
Kedua-duanya digunakan untuk kalimat bermakna negatif.
Anda mau mengatakan :
Dia tidak makan, dan aku juga.
Anda dapat mengatakan :
He does not eat, and neither do I.
Atau
He does not eat, and I dont either.
Jadi rumusnya :
Neither + auxiliary verb + subject
Subject + auxiliary verb + not + either
Tipe soal 6
Susunan modifier dan complement yang dibalik
John decided to buy in the morning a new car, but in the afternoon
ABC
he changed his mind.
D
Apa jawaban anda?
Jawaban yang benar adalah B.
Seharusnya kalimat diatas John decided to buy a new car in the morning, but ..
Jadi masalah di atas terkait dengan posisi complement(objek) dengan modifier (keterangan) yang
di awali preposis yang terbalik. Seharusnya complement dulu, baru modifier yang diawali preposisi.
Pelajari teori berikut.
Normal Sentence Pattern in English
They smile.
They smile.
Subject verb
We sleep.
We sleep.
Subject verb
My father drinks coffee.
Tipe soal 8
Penggunaan tenses dalam adverbial clause yang menggunakan kata after dan before
After George had returned to his house, he was reading a book.
ABCD
After + s + had + v3s + v2
After I had taken a bath, I prayed.
After I had taken a bath, I was sleepy.
Before I ate , I had taken a bath.
Tipe A Tipe B
Predikat Kata kerja Predikat selain kata kerja
We sleep.
He drinks tea.
I go home.
I do not stand.
We do not walk.
She does not sing.
We do not have money.
Do you smoke?
Do I sleep?
Does she sing?
Do you eat rice?
What do you eat?
Does she drink milk?
What does she drink?
Who do you go with?
What do you work for?
Last night I met a ghost.
Yesterday they walked.
Yesterday I did not eat.
Yesterday he did not smile.
Did you go to the beach yesterday?
What did you write last night?
Tipe soal 9
Subject-verb agreement
Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed,
AB
but no one has been as widely accepted as this one.
CD
The girls .are/isin bad condition.
The boy playing toys..naughty.
They boys are
I eat.
You eat.
They eat.
He eats.
She eats.
The lady eats.
The ladies eat.
The lady ..has/have.. a car.
The ladies ..has/have.. a car.
Tipe soal 10
Beberapa kata yang tidak pernah digunakan dalam bentuk continuous
The food that Mark is cooking in the kitchen is smelling delicious.
ABCD
Know
Understand
Have
Believe
Hate
Need
Hear
Love
Appear
See
Like
Seem
Smell
Want
Taste
Wish
Sound
Own
Tipe soal 11
Pemahaman tenses dasar
After John eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.
ABCD
Tipe soal 12
Keterangan waktu pada tenses dasar
The manager has finished working on the report last night, and now she will
ABC
begin to write the other proposal.
D
I have eaten now.
I have eaten two hours ago.
S + v2
S + have/has + v3
I have eaten now.
I ate two hours ago.
I have bought a dictionary today.
I have bought a dictionary this morning.
Tipe soal 13
Masalah pronoun
Because Sam and Michelie had done all of the work theirselves., they were
ABC
unwilling to give the results to Joan.
D
Tipe soal 14
Masalah conditional sentence
Daniel said that if he had to do another homework tonight, he would not be able
AB
to attend the concert.
D
TIPE 1
If I meet Mr. Yanto, I will address him.
If I get money , I will treat you.
If it rains, I will wear a raincoat.
TIPE 1
If I am hungry, I will buy some food.
If you are sick, I will take care of you.
If he comes, I will be happy.
Tipe 2
If I brought money, I would treat you.
If he met me, I would be happy.
If they helped me, I would thank them.
TIPE 2
If I were healthy, I would work.
If I were rich , I would build a villa
Tipe 3
If I had brought money , I would have given you some food.
If I had passed, I would have studied abroad.
If they had come, they would have helped us.
If I had been healthy, I would have helped you.
If I had been rich, I would have built a villa.
Tipe soal 15
Prepositions + gerunds (Verb-ing)
After to take the medication the patient became drowsy and more manageable.
ABCD
Tipe soal 16
Verbs + prepositions followed by gerund
We insist on you leaving the meeting before any further outburst take place.
ABCD
Approve of
Give up
Rely on
Worry about
Be better off
Insist on
Succeed in
Count on
Keep on
Think about
Depend on
Put off
Think of
Tipe soal 17
Question tag
It has been a long time since we have talked to John , isnt it?
ABCD
You are sick, arent/isnt you?
You will go, wont you?
He sleeps, doesnt he?
Tipe soal 18
Verbs + prepositions followed the word to as preposition
(object to, look forward to, confess to)
Henry objects to our buying this house without the approval of our attorney, and
ABC
John does so.
D
I want to go.
He comes to sleep.
Tipe soal 19
Verbs that are followed by gerund / verb ing
Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several Congress members during her vocation.
ABCD
Admit
Delay
Miss
Regret
Risk
Appreciate
Deny
Postpone
Report
Suggest
Avoid
Enjoy
Practice
Resent
Cant help
Finish
Quit
Resist
Consider
Mind
Recall
Resume
Tipe soal 20
Verbs that are always followed by infinitive (to + verb)
After being indicted for his part in a bank robbery , the reputed mobster decided find
ABCD
another attorney.
Agree
Desire
Intend
Prepare
Tend
Attempt
Fail
Learn
Pretend
Try
Claim
Forget
Need
Refuse
Want
Decide
Hesitate
Offer
Seem
Wish
Demand
Hope
Plan
Strive
LISTENING COMPREHENSION
KUNCI UMUM
Kunci 1 : Pahamilah bentuk-bentuk perintah (direction) pada masing-masing bagian (part) dengan
baik sebelum hari- H ujian.
Kunci 2 : Baca pilihan-pilihan jawaban pada masing-masing soal sebanyak mungkin ketika narrator
sedang membacakan directions dan contoh soal (example)
Kunci 3 : Dengarkan dengan penuh konsentrasi dan fokuskan perhatian Anda pada percakapan
yang sedang Anda dengarkan.
Kunci 4 : Maksimalkan kemampuan listening Anda pada soal-soal pertama pada masing-masing
part.
Kunci 5 : Fokuskan pendengaran Anda pada pembicara kedua.
Kunci 6 : Jangan panik bila tidak bisa memahami kata demi kata dalam percakapan secara komplit.
Anda hanya perlu menangkap ide atau isi percakapan.
Kunci 7 : Bila Anda sama sekali tidak bisa memahami apa yang diucapkan pembicara kedua,
pilihlah jawaban yang paling berbeda dari apa yang telah Anda dengar.
Kunci 8 : Pahamilah bentuk-bentuk functional expression (agreement, uncertainty, suggestion,
surprise), idiomatic expression, dan situasi ketika pembicaraan dilakukan.
LONGER CONVERSATION
Kunci 9 : Ketika narrator membacakan direction part B anda sebaiknya membaca pilihan jawaban
secara sekilas kemudian mrekamnya dan memperkirakan tema apa yang akan menjadi
perbincangan.
Kunci 10 : ketika menyimak conversation, anda harus mengetahui apa tema/topic yang dibicarakan
Kunci 11 : waspadalah terhadap masing-masing pertanyaan.
Kunci 12 : Cermati kondisi dan situasi yang terjadi selama percakapan berlangsung, yakni
menyangkut tempat dan waktu pembicaraan, apa dan siapa yang dibicarakan.
Kunci 13 : Bila anda memiliki waktu, lihatlah pilihan-pilihan jawban yang tertera pada lembar soal
dan temukan kata kuncinya.
Kunci 14 : Waspadailah pembicaraan pada kalimat-kalimat pertama karena biasanya akan menjadi
topic bagi kalimat-kalimat selanjutnya.
Kunci 15 : Fokuskan pendengaran anda pada hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan pertanyaan 5-wh
(what, who, when, where, why) dan how.
Kunci 16 : buatlah kesiompulan\inferasi atas situasi yang terjadi saat pembicaraan dilakukan.
PENTING!!!