PERIFER
Erlina Marfianti
Dept IPD FK UII
Tujuan Pembelajaran
Menjelaskan pathogenesis gangguan vaskuler
perifer
Menjelaskan factor risiko gangguan vaskuler
perifer
Menjelaskan manifestasi klinis gangguan
gangguan vaskuler perifer
Menjelaskan pemeriksaan fisik dan penunjang
gangguan vaskuler perifer
Menyebutkan penyakit akibat gangguan
vaskuler perifer
SPECTRUM
PVD
Arteri Vena
Pembuluh
limfe
Penyebab
Ischemic Heart
Disease
Cerebrovascular
Disease
Peripheral Vascula
Infarcti
Disease
MI
Coronary
Death
Effort Angina
Stroke
Clinically Silent Claudication
Critical Leg
Ischemia
Increasing Age
Courtesy of P Ganz.
EPIDEMIOLOGI
Terdapat 1 dari 20 orang di atas usia 50, atau 8 juta
orang di Amerika Serikat.
The prevalence: >55 years is 10%25%
70%80% of affected individuals are asymptomatic
PVD hanya didiagnosis pada 50% dari populasi.
PVD gejala membawa setidaknya risiko 30%
kematian dalam waktu 5 tahun dan hampir 50%
dalam waktu 10 tahun, terutama disebabkan MI
(60%) atau stroke (12%).
Factor risiko
Umur
Laki-laki
Hyperlipidemia
Kegemukan
Resistensi insulin
Diabetic Mellitus
Tobacco
Hipertensi dan hiperkolesterol
Sedentary life
Riwayat keluarga
Faktor pemberat
Infection
Pressure (impaired sensation)
Hematological diseases
Neoplastic diseases
Risk Factors:
Typical Patient:
Smoker (2.5-3x)
Diabetic (3-4x)
Hypertension
Hx of Hypercholesterolemia/AF/IHD/CVA
Age 70 years.
Age 40 - 49 with diabetes and at least one other risk factor for
atherosclerosis.
2. Other Symptom/Signs:
A burning or aching pain in the feet (especially at night)
Cold skin/feet
Increased occurrence of infection
Non-healing Ulcers
Asymptomatic
Pulselessness
Paralysis
Paraesthesia
Pain
Pallor
Gejala Penyakit arteri perifer
Pulselessness, mati rasa, atau sianosis.
Kelumpuhan dapat mengikuti,
dan ekstremitas dapat menjadi dingin,
sering dapat terjadi gangrene.
Sukarnya penyembuhan luka atau borok di
ekstremitas membantu memberikan bukti sudah
ada sebelumnya PVD.
30% Buttock & Hip Claudication
Impotence Leriches Syndrome
Thigh Claudication
Foot Claudication
DDx of Leg Pain
1. Vascular
a) DVT (as for risk factors)
b) PVD (claudication)
2. Neurospinal
a) Disc Disease
b) Spinal Stenosis (Pseudoclaudication)
3. Neuropathic
a) Diabetes
b) Chronic EtOH abuse
4. Musculoskeletal
a) OA (variation with weather + time of day)
b) Chronic compartment syndrome
Pemeriksaan fisik
Tanda klasik 5 P
Didasarkan anamnesis : nyeri
Kulit
Color- rubor, pallor, cyanosis, ecchymosis
Hair, nails
Lesions- ulcers, gangrene
Tonus otot: gait, posture
Abdomen: shape, scars, pulsitile
Extremitas: how many, length, size
Pemeriksaan fisik
Skin
Temperature
Texture
Abdomen
Tenderness
Mass, Pulsitile?
Pulse Exam
Top-to-Bottom
Bilateral
Thrills
Pemeriksaan fisik
Pulseless
Pallor
Paresthesi
Dingin
Ulcer
Bruits
Cervical, Supraclavicular, Infraclavicular,
Abdominal, Femoral
Physical Examination:
Examination: What do to:
<0.15 Gangrene
CAUTION:
Patients with Diabetes + Renal Failure:
They have calcified arterial walls which can falsely elevate their ABI.
ABI
Ankle-brakialis Indeks Test (ABI)
Tekanan darah pada lengan dan pergelangan kaki
diperiksa menggunakan tekanan darah manset
reguler dan stetoskop USG khusus yang disebut
Doppler.
Tekanan di pergelangan kaki Anda dibandingkan
dengan tekanan di lengan Anda untuk
menentukan seberapa baik darah mengalir.
Indeks ini dihitung dengan membagi pergelangan
tekanan darah sistolik lengan tekanan darah
sistolik.
Measurement of the AnkleBrachial Index (ABI)
Right-arm Left-arm
systolic pressure systolic pressure
DP DP Left-ankle
Right-ankle
systolic pressure systolic pressure
PT PT
Non-invasive:
CT Angiogram
MR Angiogram
Invasive:
Digital Subtraction Angiography
Gold Standard
Intervention at the same time
Tardus et parvus = small amplitude + slow rising pulse
CT Angiography Digital
Subtraction Angiography
Value of angiography
Localizes the obstruction
Visualize the arterial tree & distal
run-off
Can diagnose an embolus:
Sharp cutoff, reversed meniscus or clot
silhouette
Yang sering
Vascular
Arterial
Aneurisme
Penyakit arteri oklusi perifer (PAPO)
Thromboangiitis obliterans
(Buerger disease)
Venous
Varises
Phlebitis
Deep Vein trombosis (DVT)
Penyakit arteri perifer oklusi (PAPO)
Penyakit aterosklerosis seringnya melibatkan
lengan hampir selalu terbatas pada pembuluh
proksimal besar dan jarang melibatkan, arteri
brakialis radial, atau ulnaris.
Meskipun pasien tidak memiliki gejala, mereka
dapat memiliki perbedaan besar di antara BP
lengan kiri dan kanan.
mengukur BP di kedua lengan.
Chronic Occlusive Arterial Diseases
Differential Diagnosis
Atherosclerosis Thromboangiitis
Artery large small
Course slow rapid
Symptoms less severe more severe
Claudication calf, thigh, hip foot, arch
Arm usually not often
Phlebitis not may involve
Revascularization possible not
Amputation may occur often occur
Associated CAD often not
Death from MI often rare
Gejala dan tanda
Chronic Occlusive Arterial Diseases
Claudication
Ischemia
Resting pain
Ischemic neuropathy
Ulcerations
Gangrene
Microcirculatory lesions
Impotency
Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease, Claudication
and Associated Cardiovascular Diseases
Renovascular disease
Intestinal Ischemia
Erectile dysfunction