Buku TG PDF

Teori Grup
(Struktur Aljabar 1)
Sri Suryanti, M. Si.
Universitas Muhammadiyah Gresik
i
Perpustakaaan Nasional: katalog dalam terbitan (KDT)
Penulis:
Sri Suryanti, M. Si.
“Teori Grup (Struktur Aljabar 1)”
Gresik: UMG Press, 2017
15,5 x 23 cm viii, 216 hlm
ISBN: 978-602-50707-5-4
Editor:
Nur Fauziyah, M. Pd.
Penyunting:
Dr. Syamsul Arifin, S. T. M. T.
Desain sampul dan Tata letak

Sri Suryanti & Wahyu Retno Kurniamaulida
Penerbit:
UMG Press
Redaksi:
Jln. Sumatera 101 GKB
Gresik 61121
Telp +6231 3951414
Fax +6231 3952585
Email: press@umg.ac.id
Angoota IKAPI No. 189 dan APPTI No. 002.021

Cetakan pertama, Oktober 2017
Hak cipta dilindungi undang-undang

Dilarang memperbanyak karya tulis ini dalam bentuk dan
dengan cara apapun tanpa ijin tertulis dari penerbit
ii
KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamu’alaikum. Wr. Wb.
Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT atas limpahan nikmat

dan karuniaNya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan
penulisan buku ajar Teori Grup ini. Shalawat serta salam
semoga tetap tercurahkan kepada teladan mulia sepanjang
zaman, baginda nabi Muhammad SAW beserta keluarga dan
kerabatnya.
Buku ajar ini disusun berdasarkan pada Rumusan

capaian pembelajaran lulusan (CPL) program Studi
Pendidikan Matematika serta Rumusan Capaian Pembelajaran
Mata Kuliah yang telah tertuang dalam Rencana Pembelajaran
Semester (RPS). Buku Ajar ini terdiri dari 7 (tujuh) bab yang
sesuai dengan banyaknya rumusan sub Capaian Pembelajaran
Mata Kuliah yang terdiri dari 7 sub CPMK.
Buku ajar ini ditulis dalam rangka melengkapi

perangkat pembelajaran mata Kuliah Teori Grup, yang
merupakan mata kuliah wajib sekaligus mata kuliah inti
keilmuan di Prodi Pendidikan Matematika Universitas
Muhammadiyah Gresik. Mata kuliah ini sebelumnya bernama
Struktur Aljabar I (Aljabar Abstrak) sesuai dengan namanya
mata kuliah ini lebih banyak berisi konsep-konsep abstrak.
Buku ajar ini dilengkapi dengan soal-soal latihan serta tes
formatif disetiap akhir bab yang berfungsi untuk mengukur
tingkat penguasaan mahasiswa pada topik yang telah
dipelajari.
iii
Harapan penulis, adanya buku ajar ini dapat membantu
mahasiswa dalam proses menguasai Mata Kuliah Teori grup.
Sehingga nantinya mahasiswa semakin matang dalam
bermatematika, terbentuk karakter teliti, runtut dan pantang
menyerah serta memiliki kemampuan dalam menganalisis
masalah secara tepat dan akurat.
Penulis mengucapkan terimakasih yang mendalam

kepada pihak-pihak yang telah mendukung tersusunnya buku
ajar ini. Pertama, penulis ucapkan terimakasih kepada
pimpinan UMG mulai dari Rektor, Wakil Rektor serta Dekan
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan (FKIP) yang telah
memberikan support hingga buku ini selesai. Kedua, penulis
ucapkan terimakasih kepada UMG Press melalui Biro PHPI
yang telah memfasilitasi penerbitan buku ajar ini.
Akhir kata, semoga buku ajar ini bermanfaat, serta

tentunya masih terdapat kekurangan-kekurangan dalam
penulisan buku ajar ini, oleh karena itu besar harapan kami
untuk diberikan kritik dan saran demi perbaikan buku ini
dimasa mendatang.
Wassalamu’alaikum. Wr. Wb.
Gresik, 26 Oktober 2017
Penulis
iv
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ...............................................................i
KATA PENGANTAR...........................................................iii
DAFTAR ISI........................................................................... v
PENDAHULUAN................................................................... 1
A. DESKRIPSI MATA KULIAH..................................... 1
B. PRASYARAT MATA KULIAH ................................. 1
C. RENCANA PEMBELAJARAN .................................. 1
D. PETUNJUK PENGGUNAAN BUKU AJAR.............. 6
E. CP LULUSAN.............................................................. 7
F. BENTUK EVALUASI/UMPAN BALIK .................... 8
BAB 1 OPERASI BINER ...................................................... 9
1.1. PENDAHULUAN ........................................................ 9
1.2. PENYAJIAN .............................................................. 10
1.2.2. Konsep Dasar ..................................................... 10
1.2.3. Operasi Biner ..................................................... 16
Latihan ......................................................................... 17
1.3. PENUTUP .................................................................. 18
1.3.1. Tes Formatif .................................................. 18
1.3.2. Kunci Jawab Soal Latihan .............................. 19
1.3.3. Umpan Balik ................................................... 29
BAB 2 GRUPOID, SEMIGRUP & MONOID................... 30
2.1. PENDAHULUAN ..................................................... 30
2.2. PENYAJIAN.............................................................. 31
2.2.1. Grupoid .............................................................. 31
2.2.2. Semigrup ............................................................ 41
2.2.3. Monoid............................................................... 51
Latihan ......................................................................... 61
2.3. PENUTUP.................................................................. 63
2.3.1. Tes Formatif ...................................................... 63
v
2.3.2. Kunci Jawab Soal Latihan .................................65
2.3.3. Umpan Balik ......................................................70
BAB 3 GRUP & SUBGRUP ................................................71
3.1. PENDAHULUAN......................................................71
3.1. PENYAJIAN ..............................................................72
3.2.1. Grup .....................................................................72
3.2.2. Order Grup dan Order Elemen Grup ...................77
3.2.3. Subgrup ................................................................80
Latihan ..........................................................................85
3.3. PENUTUP..................................................................87
3.3.1. Tes Formatif .........................................................87
3.3.2 Kunci Jawab Soal Latihan ...................................89
3.3.3. Umpan Balik.........................................................98
BAB 4 GRUP SIKLIK .........................................................99
4.1. PENDAHULUAN......................................................99
4.2. PENYAJIAN ............................................................100
4.2.1. Grup Siklik..........................................................100
Latihan ..........................................................................104
4.3. PENUTUP................................................................105
4.3.1. Tes Formatif........................................................105
4.3.2. Kunci Jawaban Soal latihan................................107
4.3.3. Umpan Balik.......................................................112
BAB 5 GRUP PERMUTASI..............................................113
5.1. PENDAHULUAN....................................................113
5.2. PENYAJIAN ............................................................114
5.2.1. Fungsi dan Permutasi..........................................114
5.2.2 .Grup Permutasi ...................................................119
Latihan ..........................................................................124
5.3. PENUTUP................................................................126
5.3.1. Tes Formatif........................................................126
5.3.2. Kunci Jawaban Soal latihan................................128
5.3.3. Umpan Balik.......................................................133
vi
BAB 6 KOSET & SUBGRUP NORMAL ........................ 134
6.1. PENDAHULUAN ................................................... 134
6.2. PENYAJIAN............................................................ 135
6.2.1. Koset................................................................... 135
6.2.2. Subgrup Normal ................................................. 139
6.2.3. Grup Faktor ........................................................ 149
Latihan.......................................................................... 159
6.3. PENUTUP................................................................ 160
6.3.1. Tes Formatif ....................................................... 160
6.3.2. Kunci Jawab Soal latihan ................................... 162
6.3.2. Umpan Balik....................................................... 167
BAB 7 HOMOMORFISME GRUP.................................. 168
7.1. PENDAHULUAN ................................................... 168
7.2. PENYAJIAN............................................................ 169
7.2.1. Homomorfisme grup .......................................... 169
7.2.2. Monomorfisme ................................................... 179
7.2.3. Epimorfisme ....................................................... 182
7.2.4. Isomorfisme........................................................ 185
7.2.5. Endomorfisme .................................................... 188
7.2.6. Automorfisme..................................................... 191
Latihan.......................................................................... 194
7.3. PENUTUP................................................................ 196
7.3.1. Tes Formatif ....................................................... 196
7.3.2 Kunci Jawab Soal Latihan .................................. 198
7.3.3 Umpan Balik........................................................ 203
BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................. 204
INDEX................................................................................. 206
GLOSARIUM..................................................................... 208
TENTANG PENULIS........................................................ 209
vii
viii

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KLQJJD

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‫ܤ‬ൈSHUNDOLDQ‫ك‬VXEVHWKLPSXQDQEDJLDQ
0LVDONDQ$GDQ%VHPEDUDQJKLPSXQDQPDND
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ሻ ‫ ܣ‬െ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ሼ‫ܣݔ‬ȁ‫ܤݔ‬ሽ
G 3HUNDOLDQ SURGXN &DUWHVLDQ &DUWHVLDQ SURGXFW
DQWDUD KLPSXQDQ $ GDQ % GLGHILQLVLNDQ ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ
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&RQWRK
0LVDONDQ$ ^`% ^`GDQ& ^
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ሻ ‫ ܣ‬െ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ሼͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ሽ
ሻ ‫ܥ ف ܣ‬ǡ ‫ܥ ك ܤ݅݌ܽݐ‬Ǥ

&RQWRK
%XNWLNDQ‫ ฺ ܤ ك ܣ‬ሺ‫ܥ ׫ ܣ‬ሻ ‫ ك‬ሺ‫ܥ ׫ ܤ‬ሻ
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.DUHQD‫ܤ א ݔܽ݇ܽ݉ܤ ك ܣ‬ǡ6HKLQJJD‫ܥ א ݔݑܽݐܽܤ א ݔ‬
-DGL [ % &
.HVLPSXODQ $ & % &
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0LVDONDQ‫ ܦ‬ൌ ሼʹǡ ͵ǡ ͷሽGDQ‫ ܧ‬ൌ ሼ݅ǡ ܽሽ0DND‫ܦ‬u‫ ܧ‬ൌ
ሼሺʹǡ ݅ሻǡ ሺʹǡ ܽሻǡ ሺ͵ǡ ݅ሻǡ ሺ͵ǡ ܽሻǡ ሺͷǡ ݅ሻǡ ሺͷǡ ܽሻሽǤ
ϵ

' 5HODVL(NLYDOHQ
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SDGD6GLNDWDNDQEHUVLIDW
L 5HIOHNVLIMLNDXQWXN‫̱ܽܽܽ݇ܽ݉ܵ א ܽ׊‬
LL 6LPHWULVXQWXN‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܾ̱ܾ̱݆ܽܽ݇ܽ݉ܽܽ݇݅ܵ א‬
LLL7UDQVLWLIXQWXN
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫̱̱ܾܾ̱݆ܿܽܽ݇ܽ݉ܿ݊ܽ݀ܽܽ݇݅ܵ א‬

'HILQLVL5HODVḺSDGD6GLNDWDNDQUHODVLHNLYDOHQMLND
PHPHQXKLVLIDWUHIOHNVLIVLPHWULVGDQWUDQVLWLI

&RQWRK'LGHILQLVLNDQUHODVḺSDGD4GHQJDQDWXUDQ
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̱ MLNDGDQKDQ\DMLNDܽ݀ ൌ ܾܿ5HODVḺSDGD4
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PHUXSDNDQUHODVLHNLYDOHQ

'HILQLVL0LVDOܽGDQܾELODQJDQEXODWGDQ݊
VHPEDUDQJELODQJDQEXODWSRVLWLIGLNDWDNDQܽHNLYDOHQܾ
PRGXOR݊GLWXOLVܽ ‫ܾ ؠ‬ሺ݉‫݊݀݋‬ሻMLNDGDQKDQ\DMLND
݊ȁܽ െ ܾ

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ʹ ‫ͻ ء‬ሺ݉‫͵݀݋‬ሻ݇ܽ‫ ʹ ץ ͵ܽ݊݁ݎ‬െ ͻ
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'HILQLVL0LVDONDQ6KLPSXQDQWDNNRVRQJ3DUWLVLGDUL
KLPSXQDQ6DGDODKGHNRPSRVLVL6NHGDODP‫ܣ‬௜ GHQJDQ
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‫ܣ‬௝ ൌ ‫׎‬DSDELOD݅ ് ݆

ϭϬ

&RQWRK
'LNHWDKXLܵ ൌ ሼͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶሽGDSDWGLSDUWLVLPHQMDGL‫ܣ‬ଵ ൌ
ሼͳǡʹሽǡ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ൌ ሼ͵ሽ݀ܽ݊‫ܣ‬ଷ ൌ ሼͶሽ

7HRUHPD
0LVDONDQ6KLPSXQDQWDNNRVRQJGDQ̱PHUXSDNDQUHODVL
HNLYDOHQSDGD60DNḎPHQJDNLEDWNDQWHUEHQWXNQ\D
SDUWLVLGDQNHODVHNLYDOHQVL\DQJPHPXDWܽ\DLWX
ܽത ൌ ሼ‫ܵ א ݔ‬ȁ‫̱ܽݔ‬ሽ
%XNWL
$PELOVHPEDUDQJܽ ‫ܵ א‬NHPXGLDQEHQWXNODKNHODV
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8QWXNPHQXQMXNNDQUHODVḺPHPEHQWXNSDUWLVLFXNXS
GLWXQMXNNDQEDKZDܽ ‫ܽ א‬തGDQܽWLGDNWLGDNWHUPXDWGDODP
NHODVHNLYDOHQVL\DQJODLQ
L .DUHQDUHODVḺDGDODKUHODVLHNLYDOHQPDNDUHODVḺ
EHUVLIDW5HIOHNVLIDNLEDWQ\Ḏܽܽ-DGLܽ ‫ܽ א‬ത
LL 0LVDOܽ ‫ܾ א‬ത
¾ $PELOVHPEDUDQJ‫ܽ א ݔ‬തDNLEDWQ\D‫̱ܽݔ‬NDUHQD
ܽ ‫ܾ א‬തPDNḎܾܽǤ.DUHQD‫̱ܽݔ‬GDQ̱ܾܽEHUGDVDUNDQ
VLIDWWUDQVLWLIGLSHUROHK‫ܾ̱ݔ‬Ǥ
-DGL‫ܾ א ݔ‬തVHKLQJJDGDSDWGLSHUROHKܽത ‫ܾ ؿ‬ത
¾ $PELOVHPEDUDQJ‫ܾ א ݕ‬തPDND‫ܾ̱ݕ‬Ǥ
7HODKGLNHWDKXLEDKZḎܾܽGDQUHODVḺDGDODK
VXDWXUHODVL\DQJHNLYDOHQPDNDEHUODNXVLIDW
VLPHWULV\DLWXMLNḎܾܽPDNDܾ̱ܽ
.DUHQD‫ܾ̱ݕ‬GDQܾ̱ܽPDNDEHUGDVDUNDQVLIDW
WUDQVLWLIGLSHUROHK‫̱ܽݕ‬
.DUHQD‫̱ܽݕ‬PDND‫ܽ א ݕ‬ത\DQJDUWLQ\Dܾത ‫ܽ ؿ‬ത
%HUGDVDUNDQ GDQ GLSHUROHKܽത ൌ ܾത'HQJDQ
GHPLNLDQVXGDKWHUEXNWLEDKZDUHODVḺ
ϭϭ

PHQJDNLEDWNDQWHUEHQWXNQ\DNHODVHNLYDOHQVL\DQJ
PHPXDWܽ\DLWXܽത ൌ ሼ‫ܵ א ݔ‬ȁ‫̱ܽݔ‬ሽ

&RQWRK
5HODVLNHNRQJUXHQDQSDGDELODQJDQEXODWPHUXSDNDQ
UHODVLHNLYDOHQ\DQJPHQJDNLEDWNDQWHUEHQWXNQ\DNHODV
HNLYDOHQVL\DQJPHPXDWܽ\DLWX
ܽത ൌ ሼ‫ܼ א ݔ‬ȁ‫ܽ ؠ ݔ‬ሺ݉‫݊݀݋‬ሻሽ
ൌ ሼ‫ܼ א ݔ‬ȁ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ݊݇ǡ ݇ ‫ܼ א‬ሽ
'HQJDQGHPLNLDQGLSHUROHKNHODVNHODVHNLYDOHQVL\DQJ
WHUEHQWXN\DQJPHUXSDNDQSDUWLVLGDUL=\DLWX
Ͳത ൌ ሼ‫ܼ א ݔ‬ȁ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ݊݇ǡ ݇ ‫ܼ א‬ሽ
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ʹത ൌ ሼ‫ܼ א ݔ‬ȁ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ʹ ൅ ݊݇ǡ ݇ ‫ܼ א‬ሽ
‫ڭ‬
തതതതതതത
݊ െ ͳ ൌ ሼ‫ܼ א ݔ‬ȁ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ሺ݊ െ ͳሻ ൅ ݊݇ǡ ݇ ‫ܼ א‬ሽ
݊ത ൌ ሼ‫ܼ א ݔ‬ȁ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ݊ ൅ ݊݇ǡ ݇ ‫ܼ א‬ሽ ൌ
ሼ‫ܼ א ݔ‬ȁ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ݊ሺͳ ൅ ݇ሻǡ ݇ ‫ܼ א‬ሽ ൌ
ሼ‫ܼ א ݔ‬ȁ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ݊‫݌‬ǡ ‫ܼ א ݌‬ሽ ൌ Ͳത
6HKLQJJDNHODVNHODVHNLYDOHQVL\DQJEHUEHGDWHUVHEXW
GDSDWGDSDWGLUDQJNXPVHEDJDLEHULNXW
Ͳതǡ ͳതǡ ʹതǡ ǥ ǡ തതതതതതത
݊ െ ͳ6HODQMXWQ\DሼͲതǡ ͳതǡ ʹതǡ ǥ ǡ തതതതതതത
݊ െ ͳሽGLVHEXW
VHEDJDLKLPSXQDQNHODVUHVLGXPRGXOR݊GDQGLVLPERONDQ
GHQJDQܼ௡

ϭϮ

23(5$6,%,1(5
'HILQLVL 0LVDONDQ 6 VXDWX KLPSXQDQ \DQJ WDN
NRVRQJ RSHUDVL‫ ל‬SDGD HOHPHQHOHPHQ 6 GLVHEXW RSHUDVL
ELQHU MLND VHWLDS ܽǡ ܾ ‫ܵ א‬ǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽܽ ‫ ܵ א ܾ ל‬GDSDW SXOD
GLNDWDNDQEDKZDRSHUDVL‫ל‬SDGD6EHUVLIDWWHUWXWXS

&RQWRK
0LVDONDQ = DGDODK KLPSXQDQ VHPXD ELODQJDQ EXODW
2SHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQSDGD=PHUXSDNDQRSHUDVL
%LQHU
2SHUDVLSHUNDOLDQ[SDGD=DGDODKRSHUDVL%LQHU
2SHUDVL SHPEDJLDQ SDGD = EXNDQ RSHUDVL ELQHU
௔
NDUHQD‫ܽ׌‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬ǡ ‫ܼ ב‬
௕
2SHUDVL SHPEDJLDQ SDGD ELODQJDQ 5DVLRQDO
PHUXSDNDQRSHUDVLELQHU
= GHQJDQ RSHUDVL ‫\ ל‬DQJ GLGHILQLVLNDQ ROHK ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ
ܽ ൅ ܾ െ ͳͲǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬PHUXSDNDQRSHUDVLELQHU
3HPEDKDVDQ&RQWRK
ܼ ൌ ሼǥ ǡ െ͵ǡ െʹǡ െͳǡͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵ǡ ǥ ሽ
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬ǡ ܽ ൅ ܾ ‫ ܼ א‬VHKLQJJD VDQJDWODK MHODV
EDKZD 2SHUDVL SHQMXPODKDQ SDGD = PHUXSDNDQ
RSHUDVL%LQHU
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬ǡ ܽ ൈ ܾ ‫ ܼ א‬VHKLQJJD VDQJDWODK MHODV
EDKZD 2SHUDVL SHUNDOLDQ [ SDGD = PHUXSDNDQ
RSHUDVL%LQHU
2SHUDVLSHPEDJLDQSDGD=EXNDQRSHUDVLELQHU
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ଵ
ܼ‫ܼ ב ݅݌ܽݐ݁ݐ‬
ଶ
ϭϯ

6DQJDWODK MHODV EDKZD RSHUDVL SHPEDJLDQ SDGD
ELODQJDQ UDVLRQDO PHUXSDNDQ RSHUDVL ELQHU NDUHQD
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‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܴ א‬ǡ ௕ ‫Ͳ ് ܾܴ݊ܽ݃݊݁݀ א‬
ܽ ൅ ܾ െ ͳͲǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬
6DQJDW MHODV EDKZD ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ ܼܽܽ݇ܽ݉ א‬൅ ܾ െ ͳͲ ‫א‬
ܼ

'HILQLVL2SHUDVL‫ל‬SDGD6PHUXSDNDQRSHUDVLELQHU
GDSDWGLNDWDNDQ
L .RPXWDWLI$SDELOD‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܵ א‬ǡ ܾ݁‫ ܾ ל ܽݑ݈݇ܽݎ‬ൌ
ܾ ‫ܽ ל‬
LL $VRVLDWLI$SDELOD‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ܵ א‬ǡ ܾ݁‫ݑ݈݇ܽݎ‬ሺܽ ‫ܾ ל‬ሻ ‫ל‬
ܿ ൌ ܽ ‫ ל‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ ל‬ሻ
LLL0HPLOLNLHOHPHQLGHQWLWDV-LND‫א ݁׌‬
ܵǡVHGHPLNLDQKLQJJD‫ܵ א ܽ׊‬EHUODNXܽ ‫ ݁ ל‬ൌ
݁ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ܽ
LY0HPLOLNLLQYHUV-LND‫ܵ א ܽ׊‬ǡ ‫ܵ א ܾ׌‬
VHGHPLNLDQKLQJJDܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ܾ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ݁EGLVHEXW
LQYHUVGDULHOHPHQDGDQGLWXOLVܽିଵ ൌ ܾ

&RQWRK
ܽ ൅ ʹܾǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ ܼ א‬WLGDN EHUVLIDW NRPXWDWLI NDUHQD
ܽ ‫ ܾ ל ܽ݇ݑݐ݊ݑ ܽ ל ܾ ് ܾ ל‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ʹܾ VHGDQJNDQ
ܾ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ܾ ൅ ʹܽ
ܽ ൅ ܾ െ ͳͲǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ ܼ א‬PHUXSDNDQ RSHUDVL ELQHU
\DQJEHUVLIDWNRPXWDWLIVHNDOLJXVEHUVLIDWDVRVLDWLI
%XNWL
ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ െ ͳͲ
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ܾ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ܾ ൅ ܽ െ ͳͲ
‫ ܾ ל ܽ ׵‬ൌ ܾ ‫ܽ ל‬
ሺܽ ‫ܾ ל‬ሻ ‫ ܿ ל‬ൌ ሺܽ ൅ ܾ െ ͳͲሻ ‫ܿ ל‬
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ െ ͳͲ ൅ ܿ െ ͳͲ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ െ ʹͲ
ܽ ‫ ל‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ ל‬ሻ ൌ ܽ ‫ ל‬ሺܾ ൅ ܿ െ ͳͲሻ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾܿ ൅ ܿ െ ͳͲ െ ͳͲ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ െ ʹͲ
‫ ׵‬ሺܽ ‫ܾ ל‬ሻ ‫ ܿ ל‬ൌ ܽ ‫ ל‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ ל‬ሻ
0LVDONDQ = DGDODK KLPSXQDQ VHPXD ELODQJDQ EXODW
2SHUDVL SHQMXPODKDQ SDGD = PHUXSDNDQ RSHUDVL
%LQHU\DQJPHPSXQ\DLHOHPHQLGHQWLWDV\DLWXͲQRO
2SHUDVL SHUNDOLDQ [ SDGD = DGDODK RSHUDVL %LQHU
\DQJPHPLOLNLHOHPHQLGHQWLWDV\DLWXVDWX
'DSDWGLVHOLGLNLHOHPHQLGHQWLWDVRSHUDVL‫ל‬SDGD=LQL
‫ܼ א ܽ׊‬EHUODNXܽ ‫ ݁ ל‬ൌ ݁ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ܽ
ܽ ‫ ݁ ל‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ݁ െ ͳͲ ൌ ܽ
݁ ൌ ͳͲ
݁ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ݁ ൅ ܽ െ ͳͲ ൌ ܽ
݁ ൌ ͳͲ
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ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ െ ͳͲǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ ܼ א‬PHUXSDNDQ RSHUDVL
ELQHU\DQJPHPLOLNLHOHPHQLGHQWLWDV\DLWX
2SHUDVL SHQMXPODKDQ SDGD = PHUXSDNDQ RSHUDVL
%LQHU 'DSDW GLWXQMXNNDQ EDKZD ‫ ܼ א ܽ׊‬WHUGDSDW
ܽିଵ ‫ܼ א‬VHKLQJJDܽ ൅ ܽ ିଵ ൌ Ͳ
ܽିଵ ൌ െܽ
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ϭϱ

2SHUDVL SHUNDOLDQ ‫ ݔ‬SDGD = DGDODK RSHUDVL %LQHU
\DQJ PHPLOLNL HOHPHQ LGHQWLWDV WHWDSL WLGDN VHPXD
HOHPHQ=PHPLOLNLLQYHUVWHUKDGDSRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQ
2SHUDVL SHUNDOLDQ ‫ ݔ‬SDGD 4 DGDODK RSHUDVL %LQHU
\DQJ PHPLOLNL HOHPHQ LGHQWLWDV VHUWD WLGDN VHPXD
HOHPHQ4PHPLOLNLLQYHUVWHUKDGDSRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQ
NHFXDOLQRO
\DQJ PHPLOLNL HOHPHQ LGHQWLWDV \DLWX 'DSDW
GLVHOLGLNL DSDNDK VHWLDSHOHPHQ = PHPSXQ\DL LQYHUV
WHUKDGDSRSHUDVL‫ל‬LQL
‫ܼ א ܽ׊‬ǡ ‫ି ܽ׌‬ଵ ‫ ܼ א‬VHGHPLNLDQ KLQJJD ܽ ‫ି ܽ ל‬ଵ ൌ
ܽିଵ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ݁
3HUWDPDDNDQGLVHOLGLNLXQWXNܽ ‫ି ܽ ל‬ଵ ൌ ݁
ܽ ‫ିܽ ל‬ଵ ൌ ܽ ൅ ܽିଵ െ ͳͲ ൌ ͳͲ
ܽ ൅ ܽିଵ ൌ ʹͲ
ܽିଵ ൌ െܽ ൅ ʹͲ
.HGXDDNDQGLVHOLGLNLXQWXNܽିଵ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ݁
ܽିଵ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ܽ ିଵ ൅ ܽ െ ͳͲ ൌ ͳͲ
ܽ ൅ ܽିଵ ൌ ʹͲ
-DGL GDSDW GLVLPSXONDQ EDKZD ‫ܼ א ܽ׊‬ǡ ‫ିܽ׌‬ଵ ‫ܼ א‬
\DLWX

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/DWLKDQ
6HOLGLNLDSDNDKRSHUDVLSDGDKLPSXQDQEHULNXWLQL
D 0HUXSDNDQRSHUDVLELQHU"
E %HUVLIDWDVRVLDWLI"
F 0HPSXQ\DLHOHPHQLGHQWLWDV"
G 6HWLDSHOHPHQQ\DPHPSXQ\DLLQYHUV"
H %HUVLIDWNRPXWDWLI"
7XQMXNNDQEXNWLGDULPDVLQJPDVLQJMDZDEDQDQGD
=GHQJDQRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQ
4GHQJDQRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQ
4GHQJDQRSHUDVLSHPEDJLDQ
4GHQJDQRSHUDVL‫\כ‬DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQROHKܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ܽ ൅
ܾ െ ܾܽǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ ܳ א‬
ܽ ܾ
‫ ܯ‬ൌ ቄቂ ቃ ǡ ܽǡ ܾǡ ݀ ‫ ݀ܽ݊ܽ݀ܳ א‬ൌ ͳቅGHQJDQRSHUDVL
Ͳ ݀
SHUNDOLDQPDWULNV
0DGDODKKLPSXQDQVHPXDPDWULNVEHURUGRP[QGHQJDQ
RSHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQPDWULNV
=GHQJDQRSHUDVL‫\ל‬DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQROHKܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ
ܽǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬
4GHQJDQRSHUDVL‫\ל‬DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQROHKܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ
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ǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܳ א‬
௔௕
‫ܯ‬௠ൈ௡ ሺܴሻGHQJDQRSHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQPDWULNV
=GHQJDQRSHUDVL‫\כ‬DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQROHKܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ
ʹܾǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬
௔
ǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܴ א‬
௕
ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൅ ʹ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܴ א‬

ϭϳ
3(18783
7HV)RUPDWLI
6HOLGLNLDSDNDKRSHUDVL‫ל‬SDGD=GHQJDQRSHUDVL‫\ל‬DQJ
ଵ
GLGHILQLVLNDQROHKܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ௕ ǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬
D 0HUXSDNDQRSHUDVLELQHU
E %HUVLIDWDVRVLDWLI
F 0HPSXQ\DLHOHPHQLGHQWLWDV
G 6HWLDSHOHPHQGL=PHPSXQ\DLLQYHUV
H %HUVLIDWNRPXWDWLI
ሺܼǡ‫ל‬ሻGHQJDQRSHUDVL‫ל‬GLGHILQLVLNDQROHKܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ʹܾ
XQWXN‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬
6HOLGLNLDSDNDKRSHUDVLWHUVHEXW
D 0HUXSDNDQRSHUDVLELQHU
E %HUVLIDWDVRVLDWLI
F 0HPSXQ\DLHOHPHQLGHQWLWDV
G 6HWLDSHOHPHQGL=PHPSXQ\DLLQYHUV
H %HUVLIDWNRPXWDWLI
ܽ ܾ
‫ ܯ‬ൌ ቄቂ ቃ ǡ ܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ ‫ ݀ܽ݊ܽ݀ܳ א‬െ ܾܿ ് ͳቅGHQJDQ
ܿ ݀
RSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQPDWULNV
6HOLGLNL DSDNDK RSHUDVL SHUNDOLDQ SDGD PDWULNV WHUVHEXW
PHUXSDNDQ RSHUDVL ELQHU" 6HODQMXWQ\D DSDNDK RSHUDVL
WHUVHEXW EHUVLIDW DVRVLDWLI GDQ NRPXWDWLI" $SDNDK VHWLDS
HOHPHQGL0PHPLOLNLLQYHUVWHUKDGDSRSHUDVLWHUVHEXW"
'LNHWDKXL*DGDODKKLPSXQDQVHPXDPDWULNVEHURUGRP[
Q GHQJDQ RSHUDVL SHUNDOLDQ PDWULNV 6HOLGLNL DSDNDK
RSHUDVL SHUNDOLDQ SDGD PDWULNV WHUVHEXW PHUXSDNDQ
RSHUDVL ELQHU" 6HODQMXWQ\D DSDNDK RSHUDVL WHUVHEXW
EHUVLIDWDVRVLDWLIGDQNRPXWDWLI"$SDNDKVHWLDSHOHPHQGL
*PHPLOLNLLQYHUVWHUKDGDSRSHUDVLWHUVHEXW"
ϭϴ
2SHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGD‫ܯ‬ଶ ሺܴሻDSDNDKPHUXSDNDQRSHUDVL
ELQHU"VHODQMXWQ\D DSDNDK RSHUDVL HWUVHEXW EHUVLIDW
NRPXWDWLI"

.XQFLMDZDEVRDOODWLKDQ
=GHQJDQRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQ
D 2SHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGD=PHUXSDNDQRSHUDVL%LQHU
NDUHQD‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬ǡ ܽ ൈ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬
E 2SHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGD=EHUVLIDWDVRVLDWLI\DLWX
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ܼ א‬ǡ ሺܽ ൈ ܾሻ ൈ ܿ ൌ ܽ ൈ ሺܾ ൈ ܿሻ
F 2SHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGD=PHPSXQ\DLHOHPHQ
LGHQWLWDV\DLWXNDUHQD‫ܼ א ܽ׊‬ǡ ܽ ൈ ͳ ൌ ͳ ൈ ܽ ൌ ܽ
G 7LGDNVHPXDHOHPHQ=PHPSXQ\DLLQYHUVWHUKDGDS
RSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQ
‫ିܽ݅݌ܽݐ݁ݐܼ א ܽ׌‬ଵ ‫ ܽ ד ܼ ב‬ൈ ܽିଵ ൌ ܽିଵ ൈ ܽ ൌ ͳ
ଵ
PLVDOʹ ‫ܼ א‬ǡ ‫ܼ ב ݅݌ܽݐ݁ݐ‬
ଶ
4GHQJDQRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQ
D 2SHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGD4PHUXSDNDQRSHUDVLELQHU
NDUHQD‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ܽ ൈ ܾ ‫ܳ א‬
E 2SHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGD4EHUVLIDWDVRVLDWLI\DLWX
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ሺܽ ൈ ܾሻ ൈ ܿ ൌ ܽ ൈ ሺܾ ൈ ܿሻ
F 2SHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGD4PHPSXQ\DLHOHPHQ
LGHQWLWDV\DLWXNDUHQD‫ܳ א ܽ׊‬ǡ ܽ ൈ ͳ ൌ ͳ ൈ ܽ ൌ ܽ
G 6HPXDHOHPHQ4PHPSXQ\DLLQYHUVWHUKDGDSRSHUDVL
SHUNDOLDQNHFXDOLQRO
4GHQJDQRSHUDVLSHPEDJLDQ
D 2SHUDVLSHPEDJLDQSDGD4PHUXSDNDQRSHUDVLELQHU
௔
NDUHQD‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ‫ܳ א‬
௕
E 2SHUDVLSHPEDJLDQSDGD4WLGDNEHUVLIDWDVRVLDWLI
\DLWX
ϭϵ
௔ ௕
‫ܽ׌‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ቀ௕ ቁ ǣ ܿ ് ܽǣ ሺ௖ ሻ
ଵ ଶ
$PELOͳǡʹǡͶ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ቀ ቁ ǣ Ͷ ് ͳǣ ሺ ሻ
ଶ ସ
F 2SHUDVLSHPEDJLDQSDGD4WLGDNPHPSXQ\DLHOHPHQ
LGHQWLWDVNDUHQD‫ܳ א ܽ׊ ד ܳ א ݁׍‬ǡ ܽǣ ݁ ൌ ݁ǣ ܽ ൌ ܽ
G 6HPXDHOHPHQ4WLGDNPHPSXQ\DLLQYHUVWHUKDGDS
RSHUDVLSHPEDJLDQNDUHQDWLGDNDGDQ\DLGHQWLWDV
WHUKDGDSRSHUDVLWHUVHEXW
4GHQJDQRSHUDVL‫\כ‬DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQROHKܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ܽ ൅
ܾ െ ܾܽǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ ܳ א‬
D 2SHUDVL‫\כ‬DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQROHK
ܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ െ ܾܽǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܳ א‬DGDODKRSHUDVLELQHU
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ܽ ‫ ܳ א ܾ כ‬
E 2SHUDVL‫\כ‬DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQROHK
ܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ െ ܾܽǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܳ א‬EHUVLIDWDVRVLDWLI
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ሺܽ ‫ܾ כ‬ሻ ‫ ܿ כ‬ൌ ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ
ሺܽ ‫ܾ כ‬ሻ ‫ ܿ כ‬ൌ ሺܽ ൅ ܾ െ ܾܽሻ ‫ܿ כ‬
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ െ ܾܽ ൅ ܿ െ ሺܽܿ ൅ ܾܿ െ ܾܽܿሻ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ െ ܾܽ െ ܽܿ െ ܾܿ ൅ ܾܽܿ
ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ ൌ ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ൅ ܿ െ ܾܿሻ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ െ ܾܿ െ ሺܾܽ ൅ ܽܿ െ ܾܽܿሻ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ െ ܾܽ െ ܽܿ െ ܾܿ ൅ ܾܽܿ

F 2SHUDVL‫\כ‬DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQROHK
ܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ െ ܾܽǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ ܳ א‬PHPSXQ\DL HOHPHQ
LGHQWLWDV\DLWXQRO
‫ ݁ כ ܽ ד ܳ א ݁׌ܳ א ܽ׊‬ൌ ݁ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ܽ
ܽ ‫ ݁ כ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ݁ െ ܽ݁ ൌ ܽ
െܽ ൅ ܽ ൅ ݁ െ ܽ݁ ൌ െܽ ൅ ܽ
݁ ൅ ݁ െ ܽ݁ ൌ ݁
݁ሺͳ െ ܽሻ ൌ Ͳ
ϮϬ
଴
݁ ൌ ଵି௔
݁ ൌ Ͳ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ܽ ് Ͳ
݁ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ݁ ൅ ܽ െ ݁ܽ ൌ ܽ
݁ ൅ ܽ െ ݁ܽ ൌ ܽ
െܽ ൅ ݁ ൅ ܽ െ ݁ܽ ൌ െܽ ൅ ܽ
݁ ൅ ሺെܽሻ ൅ ܽ െ ݁ܽ ൌ െܽ ൅ ܽ
݁ െ ݁ܽ ൌ Ͳ
݁ሺͳ െ ܽሻ ൌ Ͳ
଴
݁ ൌ ଵି௔
݁ ൌ Ͳ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ܽ ് Ͳ

G 6HPXDHOHPHQ4PHPSXQ\DLLQYHUVWHUKDGDSRSHUDVL
‫\ כ‬DQJ GLGHILQLVLNDQ ROHK ܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ െ
ି௔
ܾܽǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫\ܳ א‬DLWX‫ܳ א ܽ׊‬ǡ ‫ିܽ׌‬ଵ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ܽିଵ ൌ ଵି௔
ǡ
ܽ ് Ͳ
‫ܳ א ܽ׊‬ǡ ‫ିܽ׌‬ଵ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ‫ିܽ כ ܽ ד‬ଵ ൌ ܽିଵ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ݁ ൌ Ͳ
ܽ ‫ିܽ כ‬ଵ ൌ Ͳ
ܽ ൅ ܽିଵ െ ܽܽିଵ ൌ Ͳ
െܽ ൅ ܽ ൅ ܽିଵ െ ܽܽିଵ ൌ െܽ ൅ Ͳ
݁ ൅ ܽିଵ െ ܽܽିଵ ൌ െܽ
Ͳ ൅ ܽିଵ െ ܽܽ ିଵ ൌ െܽ
ܽିଵ ሺͳ െ ܽሻ ൌ െܽ
ି௔
ܽିଵ ൌ ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ܽ ് Ͳ
ଵି௔
ܽିଵ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ Ͳ
ܽିଵ ൅ ܽ െ ܽܽିଵ ൌ Ͳ
െܽ ൅ ܽିଵ ൅ ܽ െ ܽܽିଵ ൌ െܽ ൅ Ͳ
ܽିଵ ൅ ሺെܽሻ ൅ ܽ െ ܽܽିଵ ൌ െܽ
ܽିଵ ൅ Ͳ െ ܽܽିଵ ൌ െܽ
ܽିଵ ሺͳ െ ܽሻ ൌ െܽ
ି௔
ܽିଵ ൌଵି௔
݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ܽ ് Ͳ
Ϯϭ

ܽ ܾ
‫ ܯ‬ൌ ቄቂ ቃ ǡ ܽǡ ܾǡ ݀ ‫ ݀ܽ݊ܽ݀ܳ א‬ൌ ͳቅGHQJDQRSHUDVL
Ͳ ݀
SHUNDOLDQPDWULNV
ܽ ܾ
D 2SHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGD‫ ܯ‬ൌ ቄቂ ቃ ǡ ܽǡ ܾǡ ݀ ‫א‬
Ͳ ݀
ܳ ݀ܽ݊ܽ݀ ൌ ͳቅDGDODKRSHUDVLELQHU
‫ܣ׊‬ǡ ‫ܯ א ܤ‬ǡ ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ‫ܯ א ܤ‬
$PELOVHPEDUDQJPDWULNVHOHPHQ0
0LVDO
ܽ ܾ
‫ܣ‬ൌቂ ቃ ǡ ܽǡ ܾǡ ݀ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ܽ݀ ൌ ͳ
Ͳ ݀
݁ ݂
‫ܤ‬ൌ൤ ൨ ǡ ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ݁݃ ൌ ͳ
Ͳ ݃
ܽ ܾ ݁ ݂ ܽ݁ ݂ܽ ൅ ܾ݃
‫ܣ‬ൈ‫ ܤ‬ൌቂ ቃൈ൤ ൨ൌ൤ ൨
Ͳ ݀ Ͳ ݃ Ͳ ݀݃
݇ܽ‫ܽܽ݊݁ݎ‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ǡ ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ
݉ܽ݇ܽ‫݁ܽ݅ݐݏܽ݌‬ǡ ݂ܽ ൅ ܾ݃ǡ ݀݃ ‫ܳ א‬
݇ܽ‫ ݀ܽܽ݊݁ݎ‬ൌ ͳǡ ݁݃ ൌ ͳ݉ܽ݇ܽܽ݁ ൈ ݀݃ ൌ ͳ
6HKLQJJDGLSHUROHK‫ ܣ‬ൈ ‫ܯ א ܤ‬
ܽ ܾ
E 2SHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGD‫ ܯ‬ൌ ቄቂ ቃ ǡ ܽǡ ܾǡ ݀ ‫א‬
Ͳ ݀
ܳ ݀ܽ݊ܽ݀ ൌ ͳቅEHUVLIDWDVRVLDWLI
‫ܣ׊‬ǡ ‫ܤ‬ǡ ‫ܯ א ܥ‬ǡ ሺ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൈ ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ሺ‫ ܤ‬ൈ ‫ܥ‬ሻ
0LVDO
ܽ ܾ
‫ܣ‬ൌቂ ቃ ǡ ܽǡ ܾǡ ݀ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ܽ݀ ൌ ͳ
Ͳ ݀
݁ ݂
‫ܤ‬ൌ൤ ൨ ǡ ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ݁݃ ൌ ͳ
Ͳ ݃
݄ ݅
‫ܥ‬ൌ൤ ൨ ǡ ݄ǡ ݅ǡ ݆ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ݄݆ ൌ ͳ
Ͳ ݆

ϮϮ
݁ ݂ ݄ ݅
ሺ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൈ ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ൬ቂܽ ܾ ቃ ൈ ൤ ൨൰ ൈ ൤ ൨
Ͳ ݀ Ͳ ݃ Ͳ ݆
ܽ݁ ݂ܽ ൅ ܾ݃ ݄ ݅
ൌ൤ ൨ൈ൤ ൨
Ͳ ݀݃ Ͳ ݆
݄ܽ݁ ܽ݁݅ ൅ ݂݆ܽ ൅ ܾ݆݃
ൌ൤ ൨
Ͳ ݆݀݃
'HQJDQ݄ܽ݁ǡ ܽ݁݅ ൅ ݂݆ܽ ൅ ܾ݆݃ǡ ݆݀݃ ‫ ݄݁ܽ݊ܽ݀ܳ א‬ൈ
݆݀݃ ൌ ͳ
ܽ ܾ ݁ ݂ ݄ ݅
‫ ܣ‬ൈ ሺ‫ ܤ‬ൈ ‫ܥ‬ሻ ൌ ቂ ቃ ൈ ൬൤ ൨ൈ൤ ൨൰
Ͳ ݀ Ͳ ݃ Ͳ ݆
ܽ ܾ ݄݁ ݁݅ ൅ ݂݆
ൌቂ ቃൈ൤ ൨
Ͳ ݀ Ͳ ݆݃
݄ܽ݁ ܽ݁݅ ൅ ݂݆ܽ ൅ ܾ݆݃
ൌ൤ ൨
Ͳ ݆݀݃
'HQJDQ݄ܽ݁ǡ ܽ݁݅ ൅ ݂݆ܽ ൅ ܾ݆݃ǡ ݆݀݃ ‫ ݄݁ܽ݊ܽ݀ܳ א‬ൈ
݆݀݃ ൌ ͳ
'LSHUROHKሺ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൈ ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ሺ‫ ܤ‬ൈ ‫ܥ‬ሻ

ܽ ܾ
F 2SHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGD‫ ܯ‬ൌ ቄቂ ቃ ǡ ܽǡ ܾǡ ݀ ‫א‬
Ͳ ݀
ܳ ݀ܽ݊ܽ݀ ൌ ͳቅPHPSXQ\DLHOHPHQLGHQWLWDV\DLWX
ͳ Ͳ
‫ܫ‬ൌቂ ቃ
Ͳ ͳ
G 6HPXDHOHPHQ0PHPSXQ\DLLQYHUVWHUKDGDS
RSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGDPDWULNV\DLWX‫א ܣ׊‬
‫ܯ‬ǡ ‫ିܣ׌‬ଵ ‫ ܣ ד ܯ א‬ൈ ‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൈ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ܫ‬
ͳ െ݀ ܾ
‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൌ ቂ ቃ
‫ Ͳ ܣ‬െܽ
.DUHQDܽ݀ ൌ ͳPDND ‫Ͳ ് ܣ‬
0DGDODKKLPSXQDQVHPXDPDWULNVEHURUGRP[QGHQJDQ
RSHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQPDWULNV0GDSDWGLWXOLVNDQVHEDJDL
EHULNXW
Ϯϯ
ܽଵଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬ଵ௡
‫ ܯ‬ൌ ൝൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൩ ǡ ܽଵଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܽ௠௡ ‫ܳ א‬ൡ
ܽ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡
D 2SHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQSDGD‫ܯ‬DGDODKRSHUDVLELQHU
‫ܣ׊‬ǡ ‫ܯ א ܤ‬ǡ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܯ א ܤ‬
0LVDO
‫ܣ‬ൌ൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൩ ǡ ܽଵଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܽ௠௡ ‫ܳ א‬
ܽ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡
ܾଵଵ ‫ܾ ڮ‬ଵ௡
‫ܤ‬ൌ൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൩ ǡ ܾଵଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܾ௠௡ ‫ܳ א‬
ܾ௠ଵ ‫ܾ ڮ‬௠௡
ܽଵଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬ଵ௡ ܾଵଵ ‫ܾ ڮ‬ଵ௡
‫ܣ‬൅‫ ܤ‬ൌ൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ڭ‬ ൩൅൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൩
ܽ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡ ܾ௠ଵ ‫ܾ ڮ‬௠௡
ܽଵଵ ൅ ܾଵଵ ‫ڮ‬ ܽଵ௡ ܾଵ௡
ൌ቎ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ڭ‬ ቏
ܽ௠ଵ ൅ ܾ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡ ൅ ܾ௠௡

6HKLQJJDGLSHUROHK‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܯ א ܤ‬
E 2SHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQSDGDPDWULNV0EHUVLIDW
DVRVLDWLI
‫ܣ׊‬ǡ ‫ܤ‬ǡ ‫ܯ א ܥ‬ǡ ሺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ሺ‫ ܤ‬൅ ‫ܥ‬ሻ
0LVDO
‫ܣ‬ൌ൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൩ ǡ ܽଵଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܽ௠௡ ‫ܳ א‬
ܽ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡
‫ܤ‬ൌ൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൩ ǡ ܾଵଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܾ௠௡ ‫ܳ א‬
ܾ௠ଵ ‫ܾ ڮ‬௠௡
ܿଵଵ ‫ܿ ڮ‬ଵ௡
‫ܥ‬ൌ൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൩ ǡ ܿଵଵ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܿ௠௡ ‫ܳ א‬
ܿ௠ଵ ‫ܿ ڮ‬௠௡
Ϯϰ

ሺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ܥ‬
ൌ ൭൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൩
ܽ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡
൅൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൩൱
ܾ௠ଵ ‫ܾ ڮ‬௠௡
൅൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൩
ܿ௠ଵ ‫ܿ ڮ‬௠௡
ܽଵଵ ൅ ܾଵଵ ‫ڮ‬ ܽଵ௡ ൅ܾଵ௡
ൌ቎ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ڭ‬ ቏
ܽ௠ଵ ൅ ܾ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡ ൅ ܾ௠௡
൅൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൩
ܿ௠ଵ ‫ܿ ڮ‬௠௡
ܽଵଵ ൅ ܾଵଵ ൅ ܿଵଵ ‫ڮ‬ ܽଵ௡ ൅ܾଵ௡ ൅ ܿଵ௡
ൌ቎ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ڭ‬ ቏
ܽ௠ଵ ൅ ܾ௠ଵ ൅ ܿ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡ ൅ ܾ௠௡ ൅ ܿ௠௡
‫ ܣ‬൅ ሺ‫ ܤ‬൅ ‫ܥ‬ሻ
ܽଵଵ ‫ڮ‬ ܽଵ௡
ൌ൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൩
ܽ௠ଵ ‫ڮ‬ ܽ௠௡
ܾଵଵ ‫ڮ‬ ܾଵ௡
൅ ൭൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൩
ܾ௠ଵ ‫ڮ‬ ܾ௠௡
ܿଵଵ ‫ڮ‬ ܿଵ௡
൅൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൩൱
ܿ௠ଵ ‫ڮ‬ ܿ௠௡
Ϯϱ
ൌ൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൩
ܽ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡
ܾଵଵ ൅ ܿଵଵ ‫ܾ ڮ‬ଵ௡ ൅ ܿଵ௡
൅൥ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ڭ‬ ൩
ܾ௠ଵ ൅ ܿ௠ଵ ‫ܾ ڮ‬௠௡ ൅ ܿ௠௡
ܽଵଵ ൅ ܾଵଵ ൅ ܿଵଵ ‫ڮ‬ ܽଵ௡ ൅ܾଵ௡ ൅ ܿଵ௡
ൌ቎ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ڭ‬ ቏
ܽ௠ଵ ൅ ܾ௠ଵ ൅ ܿ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡ ൅ ܾ௠௡ ൅ ܿ௠௡
'LSHUROHKሺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ሺ‫ ܤ‬൅ ‫ܥ‬ሻ
F 2SHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQSDGD‫ܯ‬PHPSXQ\DLHOHPHQ
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Ϯϲ

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Ϯϴ

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Ϯϵ

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x 2SHUDVL SHQMXPODKDQ SDGD = DGDODK RSHUDVL ELQHU
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ϯϭ

%HUGDVDUNDQWDEHOFD\OH\WHUVHEXWMHODVEDKZD
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2SHUDVL‫כ‬SDGD+LPSXQDQELODQJDQDVOLܰ\DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQ
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&RQWRK
2SHUDVL ‫ ל‬SDGD ‫ ܩ‬ൌ ሼܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ǡ ݁ǡ ݂ሽ GLGHILQLVLNDQ VHEDJDL
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2SHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGD
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ϯϯ

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‫ܤ‬ൌ൭ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൱
ܾ௠ଵ ‫ܾ ڮ‬௠௡

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ܽ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡ ܾ௠ଵ ‫ܾ ڮ‬௠௡

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ൌ൭ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ڭ‬ ൱
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‫ ܣ ׵‬ൈ ‫ܯ א ܤ‬௠ൈ௡

&RQWRK
2SHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQSDGD
ܽ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡
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ܽ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡

‫ܤ‬ൌ൭ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൱
ܾ௠ଵ ‫ܾ ڮ‬௠௡

ϯϰ

‫ܣ‬൅‫ ܤ‬ൌ൭ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൱൅൭ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൱
ܽ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡ ܾ௠ଵ ‫ܾ ڮ‬௠௡

ܽଵଵ ൅ܾଵଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬ଵ௡ ൅ܾଵ௡
ൌ൭ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ڭ‬ ൱
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Ͳ ‫Ͳ ڮ‬
&RQWRK
2SHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGD‫ ܩ‬ൌ ሼͳǡ െͳǡ ݅ǡ െ݅ ሽ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊݅ ൌ ξെͳ
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െ݅ െ݅ ݅ ͳ െͳ
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&RQWRK
ሺܼ଻‫ כ‬ǡൈሻDGDODKVXDWX*UXSRLG
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ϯϱ

&RQWRK
ܼ ൈ ܼ ൌ ሼሺܽǡ ܾሻȁܽǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬ሽ EHUVDPDVDPD GHQJDQ RSHUDVL ‫כ‬
\DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQGHQJDQ‫׊‬ሺܽǡ ܾሻ݀ܽ݊ሺܿǡ ݀ሻ ‫ ܼ א‬ൈ ܼǡ
ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ‫ כ‬ሺܿǡ ݀ሻ ൌ ሺܽܿǡ ܾ݀ሻ PHUXSDNDQ *UXSRLG GDQ GLWXOLV
ሺܼ ൈ ܼǡ‫כ‬ሻ

&RQWRK
'DODPܵଷ SHUPXWDVLWLJDHOHPHQEHUVDPDVDPDGHQJDQ
RSHUDVLNRPSRVLVLPHUXSDNDQ*UXSRLG
ܵଷ ൌ ሼܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ǡ ݁ǡ ݂ሽ
'HQJDQ
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6HODQMXWQ\DKDVLORSHUDVLNRPSRVLVLVHEDJDLEHULNXW
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ϯϲ

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ϯϳ

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݁‫ ܾל‬ൌቀ ቁ‫ל‬ቀ ቁൌቀ ቁ ൌ ݂
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݂‫ ݂ל‬ൌቀ ቁ‫ל‬ቀ ቁൌቀ ቁ ൌ ܽ
͵ ʹ ͳ ͵ ʹ ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵

6HFDUDNHVHOXUXKDQGDSDWNLWDUDQJNXPGDODPWDEHOVHEDJDL
EHULNXW
‫ל‬ ܽ ܾ ܿ ݀ ݁ ݂
ܽ ܽ ܾ ܿ ݀ ݁ ݂
ܾ ܾ ܽ ݁ ݂ ܿ ݀
ܿ ܿ ݀ ܽ ܾ ݂ ݁
݀ ݀ ܿ ݂ ݁ ܽ ܾ
݁ ݁ ݂ ܾ ܽ ݀ ܿ
݂ ݂ ݁ ݀ ܿ ܾ ܽ

'DSDWGLOLKDWVHFDUDMHODVEDKZD‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܵ א‬ଷ ǡ ܽ ‫ܵ א ܾ ל‬ଷ
'DSDWGLDPDWLSXODEDKZDDGDHOHPHQLGHQWLWDVSDGDܵଷ \DLWX
ܽ
ϯϴ

&RQWRK
'LNHWDKXL ܶ ൌ ሼ‫݌‬ǡ ‫ݍ‬ǡ ‫ݎ‬ǡ ‫ݏ‬ሽ RSHUDVL SHQMXPODKDQ SDGD 7
GLGHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW

൅ ‫݌‬ ‫ݍ‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݏ‬
‫݌‬ ‫݌‬ ‫ݍ‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݏ‬
‫ݍ‬ ‫ݍ‬ ‫݌‬ ‫ݏ‬ ‫ݎ‬
‫ݎ‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫݌‬ ‫ݍ‬
‫ݏ‬ ‫ݏ‬ ‫ݏ‬ ‫ݍ‬ ‫݌‬

'DSDWNLWDDPDWLEDKZDܶǡ ൅ሻPHUXSDNDQ*UXSRLG

&RQWRK
‫ ܥ‬ൌ ሼሺܽǡ ܾሻȁܽǡ ܾ ‫ܴ א‬ሽ GHQJDQ RSHUDVL SHQMXPODKDQ \DQJ
ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൅ ሺܿǡ ݀ሻ ൌ ሺܽ ൅ ܿǡ ܾ ൅ ݀ሻ
'DSDW NLWD DPDWL EDKZD KDVLO MXPODKDQ SDVDQJDQ EHUXUXWDQ
GDULHOHPHQHOHPHQ‫ܥ‬WHUVHEXWPHUXSDNDQSDVDQJDQEHUXUXWDQ
SXODVHKLQJJDMHODVODKሺ‫ܥ‬ǡ ൅ሻPHUXSDNDQ*UXSRLG

&RQWRK
'LNHWDKXL ܲ DGDODK KLPSXQDQ NXDVD GDUL ‫ ܯ‬ൌ ሼܽǡ ܾሽǡ PDND
ܲ ൌ ሼ‫׎‬ǡ ሼܽሽǡ ሼܾሽǡ ሼܽǡ ܾሽሽ 2SHUDVL SHQMXPODKDQ SDGD ܲ
‫ܺ׊‬ǡ ܻ ‫ܲ א‬ǡ ܺ ൅ ܻ ൌ ሺܺ ‫ܻ ׫‬ሻ െ ሺܺ ‫ܻ ת‬ሻ
0DULODK NLWD VHOLGLNL DSDNDK VWUXNWXU ሺܲǡ ൅ሻ PHUXSDNDQ
*UXSRLG
'DSDWNLWDVDMLNDQGDODPWDEHOEHULNXW
൅ ‫׎‬ ሼܽሽ ሼܾሽ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ
‫׎‬ ‫׎‬ ሼܽሽ ሼܾሽ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ
ሼܽሽ ሼܽሽ ‫׎‬ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ ሼܾሽ
ሼܾሽ ሼܾሽ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ ‫׎‬ ሼܽሽ
ሼܽǡ ܾሽ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ ሼܾሽ ሼܽሽ ‫׎‬
ϯϵ

%HUGDVDUNDQWHEHOWHUVHEXWGLSHUROHK‫ܺ׊‬ǡ ܻ ‫ܲ א‬ǡ ܺ ൅ ܻ ‫ܲ א‬
VHKLQJJDVWUXNWXUሺܲǡ ൅ሻDGDODK*UXSRLG

&RQWRK
'DUL FRQWRK SDGD DSDELOD RSHUDVL SHUNDOLDQ SDGD ܲǡ
‫ܺ׊‬ǡ ܻ ‫ܲ א‬ǡ ܺ ൈ ܻ ൌ ܺ ‫ܻ ת‬
0DND FREDODK DPDWL DSDNDK VWUXNWXU ሺܲǡൈሻ PHUXSDNDQ
*UXSRLG
.LWD DNDQ PHQ\HOLGLNL DSDNDK VWUXNWXU ሺܲǡൈሻ PHUXSDNDQ
JUXSRLGGHQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQWDEHOFD\OH\
ൈ ‫׎‬ ሼܽሽ ሼܾሽ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ
‫׎‬ ‫׎‬ ‫׎‬ ‫׎‬ ‫׎‬
ሼܽሽ ‫׎‬ ሼܽሽ ‫׎‬ ሼܽሽ
ሼܾሽ ‫׎‬ ‫׎‬ ሼܾሽ ሼܾሽ
ሼܽǡ ܾሽ ‫׎‬ ሼܽሽ ሼܾሽ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ

%HUGDVUNDQWDEHOWHUVHEXWGDSDWGLDPDWLEDKZD‫ܺ׊‬ǡ ܻ ‫א‬
ܲǡ ܺ ൈ ܻ ‫ܲ א‬
6HKLQJJDVWUXNWXUሺܲǡൈሻPHUXSDNDQ*UXSRLG

&RQWRK
ܼ ା EHUVDPDVDPDRSHUDVL‫\כ‬DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDL
EHULNXW
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ ܼ א‬ା ǡ ܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ
6HEDJDLFRQWRKʹ ‫ ͳͳ כ‬ൌ ͳͳǡ ͳͷ ‫ ͳͳ כ‬ൌ ͳͷǡ ͵ ‫ ͵ כ‬ൌ ͵GVW
'DSDWNLWDDPDWLGHQJDQPXGDKEDKZDVWUXNWXUܼ ା ǡ‫כ‬ሻMXJD
PHUXSDNDQ*UXSRLG

ϰϬ

6HPLJUXS
'HILQLVL -LND ሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻ VXDWX JUXSRLG GDQ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ܩ א‬
EHUODNXVLIDWDVRVLDWLIPDNDሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻGLVHEXWVHPLJUXS
'DUL FRQWRKFRQWRK VHEHOXPQ\D GDSDW NLWD ODNXNDQ
SHQJDPDWDQ OHELK ODQMXW DSDNDK VWUXNWXU *UXSRLG WHUVHEXW
PHUXSDNDQ6HPLJUXS
'DUL&RQWRK
x 2SHUDVL SHQMXPODKDQ SDGD = EHUODNX ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫א‬
ܼǡ ሺܽ ൅ ܾሻ ൅ ܿ ൌ ܽ ൅ ሺܾ ൅ ܿሻǡ ‫݄ܽ݃݃݊݅݁ݏ‬ሺܼǡ ൅ሻ
DGDODKVXDWX6HPLJUXS
x ሺܳǡ ൅ሻ݀ܽ݊ ሺܳǡൈሻ DGDODK VXDWX 6HPLJUXS NDUHQD
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ሺܽ ൅ ܾሻ ൅ ܿ ൌ ܽ ൅ ሺܾ ൅ ܿሻ VHUWD
ሺܽ ൈ ܾሻ ൈ ܿ ൌ ܽ ൈ ሺܾ ൈ ܿሻ
x 1 DGDODK KLPSXQDQ ELODQJDQ DVOL WHUKDGDS RSHUDVL
SHUNDOLDQ 1 DGDODK JUXSRLG GLWXOLV ሺܰǡൈሻ DGDODK
VXDWXJUXSRLG
x ሺܼଵଶ ǡ ൅ሻDGDODKVXDWXVHPLJUXS
'DSDW GLDPDWL EDKZD ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ܼ א‬ଵଶ EHUODNX VLIDW
DVRVLDWLI\DLWX
ሺܽ ൅ ܾሻ ൅ ܿ ൌ ܽ ൅ ሺܾ ൅ ܿሻ

ϰϭ

'DUL&RQWRK
2SHUDVL‫כ‬SDGD+LPSXQDQELODQJDQDVOLܰ\DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQ
GHQJDQܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ െ ʹǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܰ א‬7HODKGLWXQMXNNDQSDGD
EDJLDQ VHEHOXPQ\D EDKZD ܰǡ‫כ‬ሻ 6HODQMXWQ\D DNDQ NLWD
VHOLGLNLDSDNDKܰǡ‫כ‬ሻVHPLJUXS
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ܰ א‬ǡ ሺܽ ‫ܾ כ‬ሻ ‫ ܿ כ‬ൌ ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ
3HUWDPDXQWXN
ሺܽ ‫ܾ כ‬ሻ ‫ ܿ כ‬ൌ ሺܽ ൅ ܾ െ ʹሻ ‫ܿ כ‬
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ െ ʹ ൅ ܿ െ ʹ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ െ Ͷ
.HGXDXQWXN
ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ ൌ ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ൅ ܿ െ ʹሻ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ െ ʹ െ ʹ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ െ Ͷ
7HUEXNWL ሺܽ ‫ܾ כ‬ሻ ‫ ܿ כ‬ൌ ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ ܰ א‬VHKLQJJD
ܰǡ‫כ‬ሻVHPLJUXS

'DUL&RQWRK
7HODK GLWXQMXNNDQ EDKZD ሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻPHUXSDNDQ VXDWX JUXSRLG
VHODQMXWQ\D DNDQ NLWD VHOLGLNL DSDNDK ሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻPHUXSDNDQ
VHPLJUXS
2SHUDVL ‫ ל‬SDGD ‫ ܩ‬ൌ ሼܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ǡ ݁ǡ ݂ሽ \DQJ GLGHILQLVLNDQ
VHEDJDL
‫ל‬ ܽ E ܿ ݀ ݁ ݂
ܽ ܽ ܾ ܿ ݀ ݁ ݂
ܾ ܾ ܿ ܽ ݁ ܽ ݀
ܿ ܿ ܽ ܾ ܽ ݁ ݂
݀ ݀ ܽ ܿ ܾ ݂ ݁
݁ ݁ ܿ ܽ ܾ ܽ ݂
݂ ݂ ܾ ܿ ݀ ݁ ܽ

'DSDWGLDPDWLEDKZD‫ݔ׌‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ܩ א ݖ‬ǡVHGHPLNLDQKLQJJD
ሺ‫ݕ ל ݔ‬ሻ ‫ ל ݔ ് ݖ ל‬ሺ‫ݖ ל ݕ‬ሻ
ϰϮ

\DLWX
ሺ݀ ‫ܾ ל‬ሻ ‫ ݁ ל‬ൌ ܽ ‫ ݁ ל‬ൌ ݁
6HGDQJNDQ݀ ‫ ל‬ሺܾ ‫݁ ל‬ሻ ൌ ݀ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ݀
6HKLQJJDሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻEXNDQVHPLJUXS

3DGDFRQWRK
7HODKGLWXQMXNNDQEDKZDܵଷ ǡ‫ל‬ሻPHUXSDNDQ*UXSRLG
6HODQMXWQ\DDNDQNLWDVHOLGLNLDSDNDKܵଷ ǡ‫ל‬ሻPHUXSDNDQ
VHPLJUXS
3HUKDWLNDQWDEHOEHULNXW
‫ל‬ ܽ ܾ ܿ ݀ ݁ ݂
ܽ ܽ ܾ ܿ ݀ ݁ ݂
ܾ ܾ ܽ ݁ ݂ ܿ ݀
ܿ ܿ ݀ ܽ ܾ ݂ ݁
݀ ݀ ܿ ݂ ݁ ܽ ܾ
݁ ݁ ݂ ܾ ܽ ݀ ܿ
݂ ݂ ݁ ݀ ܿ ܾ ܽ

'DSDWNLWDDPDWLEDKZD‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ܵ א‬ଷ ǡ ሺܽ ‫ܾ ל‬ሻ ‫ ܿ ל‬ൌ ܽ ‫ ל‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ ל‬ሻ
$PELOFRQWRK
ሺܿ ‫ܾ ל‬ሻ ‫ ݀ ל‬ൌ ݀ ‫ ݀ ל‬ൌ ݁
ܿ ‫ ל‬ሺܾ ‫݀ ל‬ሻ ൌ ܿ ‫ ݂ ל‬ൌ ݁
6HKLQJJDܵଷ ǡ‫ל‬ሻPHUXSDNDQVHPLJUXS

3DGD&RQWRK
7HODKGLWXQMXNNDQEDKZDሺܲǡ ൅ሻPHUXSDNDQ*UXSRLG
6HODQMXWQ\D DNDQ NLWD VHOLGLNL DSDNDK VWUXNWXU ሺܲǡ ൅ሻ
PHUXSDNDQVHPLJUXS

ϰϯ

‫ܺ׊‬ǡ ܻǡ ܼ ‫ܲ א‬ǡ ሺܺ ൅ ܻሻ ൅ ܼ ൌ ܺ ൅ ሺܻ ൅ ܼሻ
$PELOFRQWRK
ሺܺ ൅ ܻሻ ൅ ܼ ൌ ሺሼܽሽ ൅ ሼܾሽሻ ൅ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ ൌ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ ൅ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ ൌ ‫׎‬
ܺ ൅ ሺܻ ൅ ܼሻ ൌ ሼܽሽ ൅ ሺሼܾሽ ൅ ሼܽǡ ܾሽሻ ൌ ሼܽሽ ൅ ሼܽሽ ൌ ‫׎‬
‫ ׵‬ሺܲǡ ൅ሻDGDODKVXDWXVHPLJUXS

3HQJDPDWDQGDSDWGLODQMXWNDQSDGDFRQWRKVDPSDLGHQJDQ
FRQWRK
6HNDUDQJNLWDDNDQPHOLKDWSDGDFRQWRK\DQJODLQ

&RQWRK
3DGDܼ ା GHQJDQRSHUDVL‫\כ‬DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDL
ܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ܽǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ ܼ א‬ା
-HODVEDKZDሺܼ ା ǡ‫כ‬ሻDGDODKVXDWX*UXSRLGVHODQMXWQ\DDNDQ
NLWDVHOLGLNLDSDNDKሺܼ ା ǡ‫כ‬ሻVXDWX6HPLJUXS
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ ܼ א‬ା ǡ ሺܽ ‫ܾ כ‬ሻ ‫ ܿ כ‬ൌ ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ
3HUWDPDXQWXNሺܽ ‫ܾ כ‬ሻ ‫ ܿ כ‬ൌ ܽ ‫ ܿ כ‬ൌ ܽ
.HGXDXQWXNܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ ൌ ܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ܽ
7HUEXNWLEDKZDሺܼ ା ǡ‫כ‬ሻVXDWX6HPLJUXS

&RQWRK
0DVLKSDGDܼ ା PLVDORSHUDVL‫ כ‬ԢSDGDܼ ା GLGHILQLVLNDQ
VHEDJDL
ܽ ‫כ‬ᇱ ܾ ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൅ ʹ
6HEDJDLFRQWRKʹ ‫כ‬ᇱ ͵ ൌ Ͷͻ ‫כ‬ᇱ ͷ ൌ ͹
-HODVEDKZDሺܼ ା ǡ‫כ‬ᇱ ሻDGDODK*UXSRLG6HODQMXWQ\DDNDQNLWD
VHOLGLNLDSDNDKሺܼ ା ǡ‫כ‬ᇱ ሻVHPLJUXS
ϰϰ

‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ ܼ א‬ା ǡ ሺܽ ‫ כ‬Ԣܾሻ ‫ כ‬Ԣܿ ൌ ܽ ‫ כ‬Ԣሺܾ ‫ כ‬Ԣܿሻ
3HUWDPDXQWXN
ሺܽ ‫ כ‬Ԣܾሻ ‫כ‬ᇱ ܿ ൌ ሾሺܽ ൅ ʹǡ ܾ ൅ ʹሻሿ ‫כ‬ᇱ ܿ ൌ ሺܽ ൅ ʹǡ ܾ ൅
ʹǡ ܿሻ ൅ ʹ
.HGXDXQWXN
ܽ ‫כ‬ᇱ ሺܾ ‫כ‬ᇱ ܿሻ ൌ ܽ ‫כ‬ᇱ ሾሺܾǡ ܿሻ ൅ ʹሿ
ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾ ൅ ʹǡ ܿ ൅ ʹሻ ൅ ʹ
7HUEXNWLሺܽ ‫ כ‬Ԣܾሻ ‫ כ‬Ԣܿ ് ܽ ‫ כ‬Ԣሺܾ ‫ כ‬Ԣܿሻ
6HEDJDLFRQWRK
ሺʹ ‫ כ‬Ԣͷሻ ‫ כ‬Ԣ͹ ് ʹ ‫ כ‬Ԣሺͷ ‫ כ‬Ԣ͹ሻ
Ͷ ‫ כ‬͹ ് ʹ ‫ כ‬Ԣሺ͹ሻ
͸ ് Ͷ

&RQWRK
'LGHILQLVLNDQRSHUDVL‫כ‬SDGDܵ ൌ ሼܽǡ ܾǡ ܿሽVHEDJDLEHULNXW
‫כ‬ ܽ ܾ ܿ
ܽ ܾ ܿ ܾ
ܾ ܽ ܿ ܾ
ܿ ܿ ܾ ܽ
'DSDWGHQJDQPXGDKGLOLKDWEDKZDሺܵǡ‫כ‬ሻDGDODK*UXSRLG
6HODQMXWQ\DNLWDDNDQPHQ\HOLGLNLDSDNDKሺܵǡ‫כ‬ሻ6HPLJUXS
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ݑ݈݇ܽݎܾ݁ܵ א‬ሺܽ ‫ܾ כ‬ሻ ‫ ܿ כ‬ൌ ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ
$PELO
ሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ܿ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ܽ
ܾ ‫ כ‬ሺܿ ‫ܽ כ‬ሻ ൌ ܾ ‫ ܿ כ‬ൌ ܾ
'LSHUROHKሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ ‫ כ ܾ ് ܽ כ‬ሺܿ ‫ܽ כ‬ሻ
6HKLQJJDሺܵǡ‫כ‬ሻEXNDQVHPLJUXS

&RQWRK
0DVLKSDGDܼ ା RSHUDVL‫כ‬SDGDܼ ା GLGHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDL
EHULNXW
ϰϱ

ܽ
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ ܼ א‬ା ǡ ܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ
ܾ
ଶ
$PELOVHPEDUDQJHOHPHQܼ ା PLVDOGDQʹ ‫ ͵ כ‬ൌ ‫ ܼ ב‬ା
ଷ
6HKLQJJDGDODPKDOLQLሺܼ ା ǡ‫כ‬ሻEXNDQ*UXSRLGMDGLMHODVODK
ሺܼ ା ǡ‫כ‬ሻEXNDQVHPLJUXS

&RQWRK
3DGD ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ሼሺܽǡ ܾሻȁܽǡ ܾ ‫ܴ א‬ሽ GHQJDQ RSHUDVL SHUNDOLDQ SDGD ‫ܥ‬
‫׊‬ሺܽǡ ܾሻ݀ܽ݊ሺܿǡ ݀ሻ ‫ܥ א‬ǡ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൈ ሺܿǡ ݀ሻ ൌ ሺܽܿ െ ܾ݀ǡ ܽ݀ ൅ ܾܿሻ
'DSDW NLWD DPDWL EDKZD KDVLO SHUNDOLDQ GXD SDVDQJDQ
EHUXUXWDQPHUXSDNDQSDVDQJDQEHUXUXWDQSXODVHKLQJJDሺ‫ܥ‬ǡൈሻ
PHUXSDNDQ*UXSRLG
6HODQMXWQ\D DNDQ NLWD VHOLGLNL DSDNDK ሺ‫ܥ‬ǡൈሻ PHUXSDNDQ
VHPLJUXS
‫׊‬ሺܽǡ ܾሻǡ ሺܿǡ ݀ሻǡ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ሻ ‫ܥ א‬EHUODNX
ሾሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൈ ሺܿǡ ݀ሻሿ ൈ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ሻ ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൈ ሾሺܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ሻሿ
3HUWDPDXQWXN
ሾሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൈ ሺܿǡ ݀ሻሿ ൈ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ሻ ൌ ሺܽܿ െ ܾ݀ǡ ܽ݀ ൅ ܾܿሻ ൈ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ሻ
ൌ ൫ሺܽܿ െ ܾ݀ሻ݁ െ ሺܽ݀ ൅ ܾܿሻ݂ǡ ሺܽܿ െ ܾ݀ሻ݂ ൅ ሺܽ݀ ൅ ܾܿሻ݁൯
ൌ ሺܽܿ݁ െ ܾ݀݁ െ ݂ܽ݀ െ ܾ݂ܿǡ ݂ܽܿ െ ܾ݂݀ ൅ ܽ݀݁ ൅ ܾܿ݁ሻ
.HGXDXQWXN
ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൈ ሾሺܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ሻሿ ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൈ ሺܿ݁ െ ݂݀ǡ ݂ܿ ൅ ݀݁ሻ
ൌ ሺܽሺܿ݁ െ ݂݀ሻ െ ܾሺ݂ܿ ൅ ݀݁ሻǡ ܽሺ݂ܿ ൅ ݀݁ሻ ൅ ܾሺܿ݁ െ ݂݀ሻ
ൌ ሺܽܿ݁ െ ݂ܽ݀݁ െ ܾ݂ܿ െ ܾ݀݁ǡ ݂ܽܿ ൅ ܽ݀݁ ൅ ܾܿ݁ െ ܾ݂݀ሻ
7HUEXNWL
ሾሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൈ ሺܿǡ ݀ሻሿ ൈ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ሻ ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൈ ሾሺܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ሻሿ
6HKLQJJDሺ‫ܥ‬ǡൈሻDGDODKVHPLJUXS

ϰϲ

&RQWRK
%LODQJDQEXODWEHUVDPDVDPDGHQJDQRSHUDVLٖ\DQJ
GLGHILQLVLNDQROHK
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬ǡ ܽ ٖ ܾ ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ʹܾܽ
$NDQNLWDVHOLGLNLDSDNDKሺܼǡٖሻPHUXSDNDQVHPLJUXS
-HODVEDKZDሺܼǡٖሻPHUXSDNDQ*UXSRLGNDUHQD
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬ǡ ܽ ٖ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬
6HODQMXWQ\D‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ܼ א‬ǡ ሺܽ ٖ ܾሻ ٖ ܿ ൌ ܽ ٖ ሺܾ ٖ ܿሻ
ሺܽ ٖ ܾሻ ٖ ܿ ൌ ሺܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ʹܾܽሻ ٖ ܿ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ʹܾܽ ൅ ܿ ൅ ʹሺܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ʹܾܽሻܿ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ʹܾܽ ൅ ܿ ൅ ʹܽܿ ൅ ʹܾܿ ൅ Ͷܾܽܿ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൅ ʹܾܽ ൅ ʹܽܿ ൅ ʹܾܿ ൅ Ͷܾܽܿ
ܽ ٖ ሺܾ ٖ ܿሻ ൌ ܽ ٖ ሺܾ ൅ ܿ ൅ ʹܾܿሻ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൅ ʹܾܿ ൅ ʹܽሺܾ ൅ ܿ ൅ ʹܾܿሻ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൅ ʹܾܽ ൅ ʹܾܿ ൅ ʹܽܿ ൅ Ͷܾܽܿ
‫׵‬ሺܼǡٖሻPHUXSDNDQ6HPLJUXS
&RQWRK
Ͳ ܽ
‫ ܯ‬ൌ ቄቀ ቁቚ ܽǡ ܾ ‫ܴ א‬ቅDGDODKKLPSXQDQVHPXDPDWULNV
Ͳ ܾ
Ͳ ܽ
EHUEHQWXNቀ ቁ$NDQNLWDVHOLGLNLDSDNDKሺ‫ܯ‬ǡൈሻ
Ͳ ܾ
PHUXSDNDQVHPLJUXS
¾ ‫ܣ׊‬ǡ ‫ܯ א ܤ‬ǡ ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ‫ܯ א ܤ‬
Ͳ ܽ
$PELOVHPEDUDQJ‫ܣ‬ǡ ‫ܯ א ܤ‬PLVDO‫ ܣ‬ൌ ቀ ቁGDQ
Ͳ ܾ
Ͳ ܿ
‫ܤ‬ൌቀ ቁ
Ͳ ݀
Ͳ ܽ Ͳ ܿ
‫ܣ‬ൈ‫ ܤ‬ൌቀ ቁቀ ቁ
Ͳ ܾ Ͳ ݀
Ͳ ܽ݀
ൌቀ ቁ
Ͳ ܾ݀
ϰϳ

‫ ܣ ׵‬ൈ ‫ܯ א ܤ‬
ሺ‫ܯ‬ǡൈሻDGDODK*UXSRLG

¾ ‫ܣ׊‬ǡ ‫ܤ‬ǡ ‫ܯ א ܥ‬ǡ ሺ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൈ ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ሺ‫ ܤ‬ൈ ‫ܥ‬ሻ
Ͳ ܽ
$PELOVHPEDUDQJ‫ܣ‬ǡ ‫ܤ‬ǡ ‫ܯ א ܥ‬PLVDO‫ ܣ‬ൌ ቀ ቁ
Ͳ ܾ
Ͳ ܿ Ͳ ݁
‫ܤ‬ൌቀ ቁGDQ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ൬ ൰
Ͳ ݀ Ͳ ݂
Ͳ ݁
ሺ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൈ ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ቂቀͲ ܽቁ ൈ ቀ
Ͳ ܿ
ቁቃ ൈ ൬ ൰
Ͳ ܾ Ͳ ݀ Ͳ ݂
Ͳ ܽ݀ Ͳ ݁
ൌቀ ቁൈ൬ ൰
Ͳ ܾ݀ Ͳ ݂
Ͳ ݂ܽ݀
ൌ൬ ൰
Ͳ ܾ݂݀
Ͳ ܽ Ͳ ܿ Ͳ ݁
‫ ܣ‬ൈ ሺ‫ ܤ‬ൈ ‫ܥ‬ሻ ൌ ቀ ቁ ൈ ൤ቀ ቁൈ൬ ൰൨
Ͳ ܾ Ͳ ݀ Ͳ ݂
Ͳ ܽ Ͳ ݂ܿ
ൌቀ ቁൈ൬ ൰
Ͳ ܾ Ͳ ݂݀
Ͳ ݂ܽ݀
ൌ൬ ൰
Ͳ ܾ݂݀
‫ ׵‬ሺ‫ܯ‬ǡൈሻDGDODKVXDWXVHPLJUXS
&RQWRK
‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻȁܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ ‫ܴ א‬ሽRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGD‫ܪ‬
‫׊‬ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻǡ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ǡ ݄ሻ ‫ܪ א‬ǡ
ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ǡ ݄ሻ ൌ ሺܽ݁ ൅ ܾ݃ǡ ݂ܽ ൅ ܾ݄ǡ ܿ݁ ൅ ݀݃ǡ ݂ܿ ൅
݄݀ሻ
$NDQNLWDVHOLGLNLDSDNDKVWUXNWXUሺ‫ܪ‬ǡൈሻPHUXSDNDQVHPLJUXS
ϰϴ

3HUWDPD
ሺ‫ܪ‬ǡൈሻPHUXSDNDQJUXSRLG
‫׊‬ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻǡ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ǡ ݀ሻ ‫ܪ א‬EHUODNX
ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ǡ ݄ሻ ‫ܪ א‬
'DUL GHILQLVL \DQJ GLEHULNDQ GDSDW GLDPDWL EDKZD KDVLO
SHUNDOLDQ HPSDW SDVDQJDQ ELODQJDQ EHUXUXWDQ PHUXSDNDQ
HPDSDW SDVDQJDQ EHUXUXWDQ SXOD VHKLQJJD MHODVODK ሺ‫ܪ‬ǡൈሻ
DGDODKVXDWXJUXSRLG

.HGXD‫׊‬ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻǡ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ǡ ݄ሻǡ ሺ݅ǡ ݆ǡ ݇ǡ ݈ሻ ‫ܪ א‬EHUODNX
൫ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ǡ ݄ሻ൯ ൈ ሺ݅ǡ ݆ǡ ݇ǡ ݈ሻ
ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ൫ሺ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ǡ ݄ሻ ൈ ሺ݅ǡ ݆ǡ ݇ǡ ݈ሻ൯
8QWXN൫ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ǡ ݄ሻ൯ ൈ ሺ݅ǡ ݆ǡ ݇ǡ ݈ሻ
ൌ ሺܽ݁ ൅ ܾ݃ǡ ݂ܽ ൅ ܾ݄ǡ ܿ݁ ൅ ݀݃ǡ ݂ܿ ൅ ݄݀ሻ ൈ ሺ݅ǡ ݆ǡ ݇ǡ ݈ሻ
ൌ ሺሺܽ݁ ൅ ܾ݃ሻ݅ ൅ ሺ݂ܽ ൅ ܾ݄ሻ݇ǡ ሺܽ݁ ൅ ܾ݃ሻ݆

൅ ሺ݂ܽ ൅ ܾ݄ሻ݈ǡ ሺܿ݁ ൅ ݀݃ሻ݅
൅ ሺ݂ܿ ൅ ݄݀ሻ݇ǡ ሺܿ݁ ൅ ݀݃ሻ݆ ൅ ሺ݂ܿ ൅ ݄݀ሻ݈ሻ
ൌ ሺܽ݁݅ ൅ ܾ݃݅ ൅ ݂ܽ݇ ൅ ܾ݄݇ǡ ݆ܽ݁ ൅ ܾ݆݃ ൅ ݂݈ܽ ൅ ܾ݄݈ǡ ܿ݁݅

൅ ݀݃݅ ൅ ݂ܿ݇ ൅ ݄݀݇ǡ ݆ܿ݁ ൅ ݆݀݃ ൅ ݂݈ܿ
൅ ݄݈݀ሻ
8QWXNሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ൫ሺ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ǡ ݄ሻ ൈ ሺ݅ǡ ݆ǡ ݇ǡ ݈ሻ൯
ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺ݁݅ ൅ ݂݇ǡ ݆݁ ൅ ݂݈ǡ ݃݅ ൅ ݄݇ǡ ݆݃ ൅ ݄݈ሻ
ൌ ሺܽሺ݁݅ ൅ ݂݇ሻ ൅ ܾሺ݃݅ ൅ ݄݇ሻǡ ܽሺ݆݁ ൅ ݂݈ሻ

൅ ܾሺ݆݃ ൅ ݄݈ሻǡ ܿሺ݁݅ ൅ ݂݇ሻ
൅ ݀ሺ݃݅ ൅ ݄݇ሻǡ ܿሺ݆݁ ൅ ݂݈ሻ ൅ ݀ሺ݆݃ ൅ ݄݈ሻ
ϰϵ

ൌ ሺܽ݁݅ ൅ ݂ܽ݇ ൅ ܾ݃݅ ൅ ܾ݄݇ǡ ݆ܽ݁ ൅ ݂݈ܽ ൅ ܾ݆݃ ൅ ܾ݄݈ǡ ܿ݁݅
൅ ݂ܿ݇ ൅ ݀݃݅ ൅ ݄݀݇ǡ ݆ܿ݁ ൅ ݂݈ܿ ൅ ݆݀݃ ൅ ݄݈݀ሻ
'DSDWNLWDDPDWLGDULKDVLOSHUNDOLDQWHUVHEXWEDKZD
‫׊‬ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻǡ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ǡ ݄ሻǡ ሺ݅ǡ ݆ǡ ݇ǡ ݈ሻ ‫ܪ א‬EHUODNX

൫ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ǡ ݄ሻ൯ ൈ ሺ݅ǡ ݆ǡ ݇ǡ ݈ሻ
ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ൫ሺ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ǡ ݄ሻ ൈ ሺ݅ǡ ݆ǡ ݇ǡ ݈ሻ൯
‫ ׵‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ǡൈሻDGDODKVXDWXJUXSRLG

ϱϬ

0RQRLG

'HILQLVL 6XDWX VHPLJUXS \DQJ PHPSXQ\DL HOHPHQ
LGHQWLWDV \DLWX ‫ܩ א ݁׌‬ǡ ‫ ܩ א ܽ׊‬EHUODNX ܽ ‫ ݁ ל‬ൌ ݁ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ܽǡ
PDND ሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻ GLVHEXW PRQRLG 6XDWX PRQRLG \DQJ EHUVLIDW
NRPXWDWLIGLVHEXWPRQRLGNRPXWDWLIPRQRLGDEHOLDQ

&RQWRK
1DGDODKKLPSXQDQELODQJDQDVOLWHUKDGDSRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQ1
DGDODK JUXSRLG GLWXOLV ሺܰǡൈሻ DGDODK VXDWX JUXSRLG .DUHQD
SHUNDOLDQ SDGD ELODQJDQ DVOL EHUODNX VLIDW DVRVLDWLI PDND
ሺܰǡൈሻ VXDWX VHPLJUXS .DUHQD SHUNDOLDQ ELODQJDQELODQJDQ
DVOL EHUODNX VLIDW NRPXWDWLI PDND ሺܰǡൈሻ VXDWX VHPLJUXS
DEHOLDQ *UXSRLG ሺܰǡൈሻ PHPSXQ\DL HOHPHQ LGHQWLWDV \DLWX
6HKLQJJDሺܰǡൈሻDGDODK0RQRLG

&RQWRK
x ሺܳǡൈሻDGDODKVXDWXVHPLJUXSGHQJDQHOHPHQLGHQWLWDV
(OHPHQ 4 \DQJ WLGDN PHPSXQ\DL LQYHUV DGDODK
VHGDQJNDQ HOHPHQHOHPHQ ODLQQ\D PHPSXQ\DL LQYHUV
GDQ LQYHUV GDUL HOHPHQHOHPHQ LWX PDVLQJPDVLQJ
ଵ ଶ
WXQJJDO 0LVDOQ\D LQYHUV GDUL DGDODK ଶ LQYHUV GDUL ଷ
ଷ
DGDODK GDQVHEDJDLQ\D
ଶ
x ‫ ܩ‬ൌ ሼͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶሽ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ ‫ ל‬GLGHILQLVLNDQ VHSHUWL WDEHO
EHULNXW
‫ל‬

ϱϭ

$SDNDKሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻVXDWXVHPLJUXS"$SDNDKPHPSXQ\DL
HOHPHQLGHQWLWDV"$SDNDKPDVLQJPDVLQJHOHPHQ
PHPSXQ\DLLQYHUV"'LVNXVLNDQ

7HRUHPD
0LVDONDQሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻDGDODKVXDWXVHPLJUXSGHQJDQHOHPHQLGHQWLWDV
H $SDELOD VXDWX HOHPHQ * PHPSXQ\DL LQYHUV PDND LQYHUV
WHUVHEXWWXQJJDO
%XNWL
0LVDOܽ ‫ܩ א‬GDQLQYHUVGDULܽLQLWLGDNWXQJJDOPLVDOXGDQY
PDND ܽ ‫ ݑ ל‬ൌ ‫ ܽ ל ݑ‬ൌ ݁ GDQ ܽ ‫ ݒ ל‬ൌ ‫ ܽ ל ݒ‬ൌ ݁ 3HUKDWLNDQ
EDKZD
‫ ݑ‬ൌ ‫݁ ל ݑ‬
ൌ ‫ ל ݑ‬ሺܽ ‫ݒ ל‬ሻ
ൌ ሺ‫ܽ ל ݑ‬ሻ ‫ݒ ל‬ VLIDWDVRVLDWLI
ൌ ݁ ‫ݒ ל‬
‫ ݑ‬ൌ ‫ ݒ‬VHKLQJJD SHQJDQGDLDQ VDODK VHKDUXVQ\D LQYHUV ܽ
DGDODKWXQJJDO

&RQWRK
ܼଵଶ EHUVDPDVDPD GHQJDQ RSHUDVL SHQMXPODKDQ PHUXSDNDQ
PRQRLGGHQJDQHOHPHQLGHQWLWDVQ\DDGDODKQRO
'DSDWNLWDDPDWLEDKZDVHWLDSHOHPHQGDULܼଵଶ PHPLOLNLLQYHUV
\DQJWXQJJDO
൅ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ Ͳ
ʹ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ Ͳ ͳ
͵ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ
Ͷ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵
ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ
͸ ͸ ͹ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ
ϱϮ

͹ ͹ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸
ͺ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹
ͻ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹ ͺ
ͳͲ ͳͲ ͳͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹ ͺ ͻ
ͳͳ ͳͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ

'DULWDEHOWHUVHEXWGDSDWGHQJDQPXGDKNLWDGDSDWNDQ
,QYHUVGDULQROሺͲሻGLWXOLVͲିଵ ൌ Ͳ
,QYHUVGDULVDWXሺͳሻGLWXOLVͳିଵ ൌ ͳͳ
,QYHUVGDULGXDሺʹሻGLWXOLVʹିଵ ൌ ͳͲ
,QYHUVGDULWLJDሺ͵ሻGLWXOLV͵ିଵ ൌ ͻ
,QYHUVGDULHPSDWሺͶሻGLWXOLVͶିଵ ൌ ͺ
,QYHUVGDULOLPDሺͷሻGLWXOLVͷିଵ ൌ ͹
,QYHUVGDULHQDPሺ͸ሻGLWXOLV͸ିଵ ൌ ͸
,QYHUVGDULWXMXKሺ͹ሻGLWXOLV͹ିଵ ൌ ͷ
,QYHUVGDULGHODSDQሺͺሻGLWXOLVͺିଵ ൌ Ͷ
,QYHUVGDULVHPELODQሺͻሻGLWXOLVͻିଵ ൌ ͵
,QYHUVGDULVHSXOXKሺͳͲሻGLWXOLVͳͲିଵ ൌ ʹ
,QYHUVGDULVHEHODVሺͳͳሻGLWXOLVͳͳିଵ ൌ ͳ
%HJLWXMXJDSDGDሺܼହ‫ כ‬ǡൈሻ\DQJPHUXSDNDQVHPLJUXS\DQJ
VHWLDSHOHPHQQ\DPHPSXQ\DLLQYHUV\DQJWXQJJDO
ൈ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ
ʹ ʹ Ͷ ͳ ͵
͵ ͵ ͳ Ͷ ʹ
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ʹ ͳ

ϱϯ
'DSDWGLDPDWLGHQJDQPXGDKSXODEDKZDVHWLDSHOHPHQGDUL
ܼହ‫ כ‬PHPSXQ\DLLQYHUV\DQJWXQJJDO
3DGD&RQWRK
2SHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQSDGD
ܽ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡
RSHUDVLELQHU
7HODK GLWXQMXNNDQ EDKZD ሺ‫ܯ‬௠ൈ௡ ǡ ൅ሻ DGDODK *UXSRLG 'DSDW
NLWD DPDWL SXOD EDKZD ሺ‫ܯ‬௠ൈ௡ ǡ ൅ሻ PHUXSDNDQ VXDWX PRQRLG
Ͳ ‫Ͳ ڮ‬
GHQJDQHOHPHQLGHQWLWDVDGDODK‫ ܧ‬ൌ ൭ ‫ ڭ ڰ ڭ‬൱
Ͳ ‫Ͳ ڮ‬
6HODQMXWQ\D DNDQ NLWD VHOLGLNL EDKZD VHWLDS HOHPHQ GDODP
‫ܯ‬௠ൈ௡ PHPLOLNLLQYHUV\DQJWXQJJDO
‫ܯ א ܣ׊‬௠ൈ௡ ǡ ‫ିܣ׌‬ଵ ‫݄ܽ݃݃݊݅݊ܽ݅݇݅݉݁݀݁ݏ‬
‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ܧ‬
‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ܧ‬
ܽଵଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬ଵ௡ Ͳ ‫Ͳ ڮ‬
൭ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൱ ൅ ‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൌ ൭ ‫ ڭ ڰ ڭ‬൱
ܽ௠ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௠௡ Ͳ ‫Ͳ ڮ‬
Ͳ ‫Ͳ ڮ‬ ܽଵଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬ଵ௡
‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൌ ൭ ‫ ڭ ڰ ڭ‬൱ െ ൭ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൱
Ͳ ‫Ͳ ڮ‬ ܽ௠ଵ ‫ڮ‬ ܽ௠௡
െܽଵଵ ‫ ڮ‬െܽଵ௡
‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൌ ൭ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൱
െܽ௠ଵ ‫ ڮ‬െܽ௠௡
$PELOFRQWRK
'DODP‫ܯ‬ଷൈଶDPELOVHPEDUDQJ‫ܯ א ܣ‬ଷൈଶ
ͳ ͷ െͳ െͷ
0LVDO‫ ܣ‬ൌ ൭Ͷ ͵ ൱PDND‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൌ ൭െͶ െ͵൱
ʹ െͷ െʹ ͷ

ϱϰ
3DGD&RQWRK
'LNHWDKXL ܲ DGDODK KLPSXQDQ NXDVD GDUL ‫ ܯ‬ൌ ሼܽǡ ܾሽǡ PDND
7HODK GLVHOLGLNL EDKZD ሺܲǡ ൅ሻ PHUXSDNDQ *UXSRLG GDQ
VHPLJUXS
6HODQMXWQ\D DNDQ NLWD VHOLGLNL DSDNDK ሺܲǡ ൅ሻ PHUXSDNDQ
PRQRLG

%HUGDVDUNDQWDEHOWHUVHEXWGDSDWNLWDDPDWLEDKZD
‫׎ݑݐ݅ܽݕܲ א ܧ׌‬ǡ ‫ܲ א ܺ׊݄ܽ݃݃݊݅݁ݏ‬ǡ ܺ ൅ ‫ ܧ‬ൌ ‫ ܧ‬൅ ܺ ൌ ܺ
6HODQMXWQ\D GDSDW NLWD DPDWL SXOD EDKZD VHWLDS HOHPHQ GL 3
PHPLOLNLLQYHUV\DQJWXQJJDO
x ,QYHUVGDUL‫׎‬DGDODK‫׎‬
x ,QYHUVGDULሼܽሽDGDODKሼܽሽ
x ,QYHUVGDULሼܾሽDGDODKሼܾሽ
x ,QYHUVGDULሼܽǡ ܾሽDGDODKሼܽǡ ܾሽ

3DGD&RQWRK
'DUL FRQWRK SDGD DSDELOD RSHUDVL SHUNDOLDQ SDGD ܲǡ
‫ܺ׊‬ǡ ܻ ‫ܲ א‬ǡ ܺ ൈ ܻ ൌ ܺ ‫ܻ ת‬
7HODKGLVHOLGLNLEDKZDሺܲǡൈሻPHUXSDNDQ*UXSRLG
6HODQMXWQ\DDNDQNLWDVHOLGLNLDSDNDKሺܲǡൈሻVXDWXPRQRLG
3HUWDPDNLWDVHOLGLNLGXOXDSDNDKሺܲǡൈሻVXDWXVHPLJUXS
‫ܺ׊‬ǡ ܻǡ ܼ ‫ܲ א‬ǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽሺܺ ൈ ܻሻ ൈ ܼ ൌ ܺ ൈ ሺܻ ൈ ܼሻ
ϱϱ
&REDSHUKDWLNDQWDEHOEHULNXW
ൈ ‫׎‬ ሼܽሽ ሼܾሽ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ
‫׎‬ ‫׎‬ ‫׎‬ ‫׎‬ ‫׎‬
ሼܽሽ ‫׎‬ ሼܽሽ ‫׎‬ ሼܽሽ
ሼܾሽ ‫׎‬ ‫׎‬ ሼܾሽ ሼܾሽ
ሼܽǡ ܾሽ ‫׎‬ ሼܽሽ ሼܾሽ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ

$PELOFRQWRK
ሾሼܽሽ ൈ ሼܾሽሿ ൈ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ ൌ ‫ ׎‬ൈ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ
ൌ ‫׎‬
6HGDQJNDQ
ሼܽሽ ൈ ሾሼܾሽ ൈ ሼܽǡ ܾሽሿ ൌ ሼܽሽ ൈ ሼܾሽ
ൌ ‫׎‬
6HKLQJJDሺܲǡൈሻDGDODKVXDWXVHPLJUXS
6HODQMXWQ\D DNDQ NLWD DPDWL OHELK MDXK DSDNDK ሺܲǡൈሻ VXDWX
PRQRLGGHQJDQHOHPHQLGHQWLWDV
%HUGDVDUNDQWDEHOWHUVHEXWWLGDNGDSDWGLWHPXNDQGHQJDQ
WXQJJDOLGHQWLWDVGDODPሺܲǡൈሻVHKLQJJD
‫ܲ א ܺ׊‬ǡ ‫ܲ א ܧ׌‬ǡ ܺ ൈ ‫ ܧ‬ൌ ‫ ܧ‬ൈ ܺ ൌ ܺ
3HUKDWLNDQ
ሼܽሽ ൈ ሼܽሽ ൌ ሼܽሽ
ሼܾሽ ൈ ሼܾሽ ൌ ሼܾሽ
ሼܽǡ ܾሽ ൈ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ ൌ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ
‫ ׵‬ሺܲǡൈሻEXNDQVXDWX0RQRLG

3DGD&RQWRK
‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻȁܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ ‫ܴ א‬ሽRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGD‫ܪ‬
‫׊‬ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻǡ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ǡ ݄ሻ ‫ܪ א‬ǡ
ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ǡ ݄ሻ ൌ ሺܽ݁ ൅ ܾ݃ǡ ݂ܽ ൅ ܾ݄ǡ ܿ݁ ൅ ݀݃ǡ ݂ܿ ൅
݄݀ሻ
7HODKGLVHOLGLNLSDGDEDJLDQVHEHOXPQ\DEDKZDሺ‫ܪ‬ǡൈሻDGDODK
VXDWXVHPLJUXS
ϱϲ
6HODQMXWQ\DDNDQNLWDVHOLGLNLDSDNDKDGDHOHPHQLGHQWLWDV
GDODPሺ‫ܪ‬ǡൈሻ
0LVDONDQ‫ ݑ‬ൌ ሺ‫݌‬ǡ ‫ݍ‬ǡ ‫ݎ‬ǡ ‫ݏ‬ሻDGDODKHOHPHQLGHQWLWDVGDODPሺ‫ܪ‬ǡൈሻ
0DND
‫׊‬ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ‫ܪ א‬ǡ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺ‫݌‬ǡ ‫ݍ‬ǡ ‫ݎ‬ǡ ‫ݏ‬ሻ
ൌ ሺ‫݌‬ǡ ‫ݍ‬ǡ ‫ݎ‬ǡ ‫ݏ‬ሻ ൈ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ
ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺ‫݌‬ǡ ‫ݍ‬ǡ ‫ݎ‬ǡ ‫ݏ‬ሻ ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ

ሺܽ‫ ݌‬൅ ܾ‫ݎ‬ǡ ܽ‫ ݍ‬൅ ܾ‫ݏ‬ǡ ܿ‫ ݌‬൅ ݀‫ݎ‬ǡ ܿ‫ ݍ‬൅ ݀‫ݏ‬ሻ ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ
6HKLQJJDGLSHUROHK
ܽ‫ ݌‬൅ ܾ‫ ݎ‬ൌ ܽ
൜
ܿ‫ ݌‬൅ ݀‫ ݎ‬ൌ ܿ
'DQ
ܽ‫ ݍ‬൅ ܾ‫ ݏ‬ൌ ܾ
൜
ܿ‫ ݍ‬൅ ݀‫ ݏ‬ൌ ݀
'DULNHGXDSHUVDPDDQWHUVHEXWGLSHUROHKSHQ\HOHVDLDQ
‫ ݌‬ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ݎ‬ൌ Ͳǡ ǡ ‫ ݍ‬ൌ Ͳ݀ܽ݊‫ ݏ‬ൌ ͳ
-DGL
‫ ݑ‬ൌ ሺͳǡͲǡͲǡͳሻ
'DSDWNLWDSHULNVDNHPEDOLEDKZD
ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺ‫݌‬ǡ ‫ݍ‬ǡ ‫ݎ‬ǡ ‫ݏ‬ሻ ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺͳǡͲǡͲǡͳሻ
ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ
'DQ
ሺ‫݌‬ǡ ‫ݍ‬ǡ ‫ݎ‬ǡ ‫ݏ‬ሻ ൈ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൌ ሺͳǡͲǡͲǡͳሻ ൈ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ
ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ

/HELK MDXK NLWD DNDQ PHPHULNVD DSDNDK VHWLDS HOHPHQ GL ‫ܪ‬
PHPLOLNLLQYHUVWHUKDGDSRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQ\DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQ
VHSHUWLGLDWDV
‫׊‬ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ‫ܪ א‬ǡ ‫׌‬ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻିଵ ‫ܪ א‬VHGHPLNLDQKLQJJD
ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻିଵ ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻିଵ
ൌ ሺͳǡͲǡͲǡͳሻ
ϱϳ
ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻିଵ ൌ ሺͳǡͲǡͲǡͳሻ
0LVDOሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻିଵ ൌ ሺ݅ǡ ݆ǡ ݇ǡ ݈ሻ
0DND
ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻିଵ ൌ ሺͳǡͲǡͲǡͳሻ
ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ൈ ሺ݅ǡ ݆ǡ ݇ǡ ݈ሻ ൌ ሺͳǡͲǡͲǡͳሻ
ሺܽ݅ ൅ ܾ݇ǡ ݆ܽ ൅ ܾ݈ǡ ܿ݅ ൅ ݀݇ǡ ݆ܿ ൅ ݈݀ሻ ൌ ሺͳǡͲǡͲǡͳሻ
'LSHUROHK
ܽ݅ ൅ ܾ݇ ൌ ͳ
ቄ
ܿ݅ ൅ ݀݇ ൌ Ͳ
'DQ
݆ܽ ൅ ܾ݈ ൌ Ͳ
൜
݆ܿ ൅ ݈݀ ൌ ͳ
'DULSHUVDPDDQ\DQJSHUWDPDGLSHUROHK
ሺܽ݀ െ ܾܿሻ݅ ൌ ݀
݀
݅ൌ ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ ് Ͳ
ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ
'DQ
െܿ
݇ൌ ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ ് Ͳ
ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ
.HPXGLDQGDULSHUVDPDDQ\DQJNHGXDGLSHUROHK
െܾ
݆ൌ ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ ് Ͳ
ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ
'DQ
ܽ
݈ൌ ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ ് Ͳ
ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ

6HKLQJJD ‫׊‬ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻ ‫ܪ א‬ǡ ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ ് Ͳ PHPSXQ\DL
LQYHUVWHUKDGDSRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQ\DLWX
݀ െܾ െܿ ܽ
ሺܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሻିଵ ൌ ሺ ǡ ǡ ǡ ሻ
ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ

ϱϴ
&RQWRK0RQRLGDEHOLDQ
ሺܼହ ǡ ൅ሻPHUXSDNDQPRQRLGDEHOLDQ
+DOLQLGDSDWGHQJDQPXGDKGLDPDWLSDGDWDEHOEHULNXW
൅ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ
Ͳ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ Ͳ
ʹ ʹ ͵ Ͷ Ͳ ͳ
͵ ͵ Ͷ Ͳ ͳ ʹ
Ͷ Ͷ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵
-HODVEDKZDሺܼହ ǡ ൅ሻDGDODKVXDWXPRQRLGGHQJDQHOHPHQ
LGHQWLWDVͲVHUWD‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬ହ ܾ݁‫ ܽݑ݈݇ܽݎ‬൅ ܾ ൌ ܾ ൅ ܽ

&RQWRK
0LVDO‫ ܯ‬ൌ ሼܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሽEHUVDPDVDPDRSHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQ
SDGD‫ܯ‬GLGHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
൅ ܽ ܾ ܿ ݀
ܽ ܿ ݀ ܽ ܾ
ܾ ݀ ܿ ܾ ܽ
ܿ ܽ ܾ ܿ ݀
݀ ܾ ܽ ݀ ܿ

%HUGDVDUNDQWDEHOWHUVHEXWGDSDWNLWDDPDWLEDKZDDGDHOHPHQ
LGHQWLWDV GDODP ‫\ ܯ‬DLWX ܿǡ VHKLQJJD ሺ‫ܯ‬ǡ ൅ሻDGDODK VXDWX
0RQRLG
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܯ א‬ǡ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൌ ܾ ൅ ܽ
6HKLQJJDሺ‫ܯ‬ǡ ൅ሻ‫݈ܾ݊ܽ݅݁ܽ݀݅݋݊݋݉ݑݐܽݑݏ‬
'DSDWGLDPDWLSXODEDKZDVHWLDSHOHPHQGL‫ܯ‬PHPLOLNLLQYHUV
\DQJWXQJJDO
ܽିଵ ൌ ܽ
ܾ ିଵ ൌ ܾ
ܿ ିଵ ൌ ܿ
݀ିଵ ൌ ݀
ϱϵ

'DUL FRQWRKFRQWRK \DQJ WHODK GLEHULNDQ GLDWDV PDND VDQJDW
MHODV EDJDLPDQD PHQ\HOLGLNL VXDWX VWUXNWXU DOMDEDU DSDNDK
PHUXSDNDQ*UXSRLG6HPLJUXSDWDXSXQ0RQRLG
ϲϬ
2.3. /DWLKDQ
$SDNDK ሺܼǡ‫ל‬ሻ VXDWX JUXSRLG MLND RSHUDVL ‫ ל‬GLGHILQLVLNDQ

VHEDJDLEHULNXWXQWXN‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬ǡEHUODNX
ଵ
D ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ሺܽ ൅ ܾሻ
ଶ
E ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܾܽ
F ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ʹܾ
G ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ Ͳ
ሺܳǡ‫ל‬ሻ GHQJDQ ‫ ל‬GLGHILQLVLNDQ ROHK ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅
ܾܽǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ ܳ א‬7XQMXNNDQ EDKZD ሺܳǡ‫ל‬ሻ DGDODK VXDWX
VHPLJUXS DEHOLDQ \DQJ PHPSXQ\DL HOHPHQ LGHQWLWDV
7XQMXNNDQ EDKZD DGD XQVXU GDUL 4 \DQJ WLGDN
PHPSXQ\DLHOHPHQLQYHUV
ԧGHQJDQ HOHPHQ HOHPHQ ሼͳǡ െͳǡ ݅ǡ െ݅ሽ WHUKDGDS RSHUDVL
SHUNDOLDQ DSDNDK JUXSRLG" -LND L\D DSDNDK VHPLJUXS"
$SDNDKPHPSXQ\DLHOHPHQLGHQWLWDV
0LVDONDQ ) DGDODK KLPSXQDQ VHPXD IXQJVL GDUL 5 NH 5
2SHUDVL SDGD ) GLGHILQLVLNDQ ROHK ሺ݃ ൅ ݂ሻሺܽሻ ൌ
݃ሺܽሻ ൅ ݂ሺܽሻǡ ‫ܴ א ܽ׊‬ǡ ݂݀ܽ݊ǡ ݃ ‫ ܨ א‬7XQMXNNDQ EDKZD
ሺ‫ܨ‬ǡ ൅ሻDGDODKVXDWXVHPLJUXSNRPXWDWLI\DQJPHPSXQ\DL
HOHPHQ LGHQWLWDV 7XQMXNNDQ SXOD EDKZD VHWLDS
HOHPHQQ\DPHPSXQ\DLLQYHUV
)DGDODKKLPSXQDQVHPXDIXQJVLGDUL5NH52SHUDVL‫ל‬
SDGD)GLGHILQLVLNDQROHK
ሺ݃ ‫݂ ל‬ሻሺܽሻ ൌ ݃ሺ݂ሺܽሻሻǡ ‫ܴ א ܽ׊‬ǡ ݀ܽ݊‫݂׊‬ǡ ݃ ‫ܨ א‬
%XNWLNDQ EDKZD ሺ‫ܨ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻ DGDODK VXDWX VHPLJUXS GHQJDQ
HOHPHQ LGHQWLWDV $SDNDK RSHUDVL ‫ ל‬SDGD ) EHUVLIDW
NRPXWDWLI" 7XQMXNNDQODK %HULODK FRQWRK XQVXU ) \DQJ
PHPSXQ\DL LQYHUV GDQ XQVXU GDUL ) \DQJ WLGDN
PHPSXQ\DLLQYHUV
ϲϭ
0LVDONDQ ሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻ VXDWX VHPLJUXS ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ ܩ א‬PDVLQJ
PDVLQJ PHPSXQ\DL LQYHUV %XNWLNDQ EDKZD ሺܽ ‫ל ܾ ל‬
ܿሻିଵ ൌ ܿ ିଵ ‫ି ܾ ל‬ଵ ‫ି ܽ ל‬ଵ
‫ ܩ‬ൌ ܴ ൈ ܴǤ RSHUDVL‫ ל‬SDGD * GLGHILQLVLNDQ ROHK ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ‫ל‬
ሺܿǡ ݀ሻ ൌ ሺܽܿǡ ܾܿ ൅ ݀ሻǡ ‫׊‬ሺܽǡ ܾሻǡ ሺܿǡ ݀ሻ ‫ܩ א‬$SDNDKሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻ
VXDWXPRQRLG"
-LND ܵ ൌ ሼܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ሽ GDQ ܲ DGDODK KLPSXQDQ GDUL VHPXD
KLPSXQDQ EDJLDQ GDUL 6 2SHUDVLRSHUDVL SHQMXPODKDQ
GDQSHUNDOLDQSDGDܲGLGHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
‫ܣ׊‬ǡ ‫ܲ א ܤ‬ǡ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ‫ ܤ ׫ ܣ‬െ ‫ܤ ת ܣ‬
'DQ
‫ܣ׊‬ǡ ‫ܲ א ܤ‬ǡ ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ‫ܤ ת ܣ‬
7XQMXNNDQODK EDKZD VWUXNWXU ሺܲǡ ൅ሻ GDQ ሺܲǡൈሻ DGDODK
VXDWXPRQRLGDEHOLDQ
'LNHWDKXL ‫ ܯ‬ൌ ሼܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ǡ ݁ǡ ݂ǡ ݃ǡ ݄ሽ EHUVDPDVDPD
GHQJDQ RSHUDVL SHQMXPODKDQ SDGD 0 \DQJ GLGHILQLVLNDQ
VHEDJDLEHULNXW
൅ ܽ ܾ ܿ ݀ ݁ ݂ ݃ ݄
ܽ ܽ ܾ ܿ ݀ ݁ ݂ ݃ ݄
ܾ ܾ ܽ ݀ ܿ ݂ ݁ ݄ ݃
ܿ ܿ ݀ ݁ ݂ ݃ ݄ ܽ ܾ
݀ ݀ ܿ ݂ ݁ ݄ ݃ ܾ ܽ
݁ ݁ ݂ ݃ ݄ ܽ ܾ ܿ ݀
݂ ݂ ݁ ݄ ݃ ܾ ܽ ݀ ܿ
݃ ݃ ݄ ܽ ܾ ܿ ݀ ݁ ݂
݄ ݄ ݃ ܾ ܽ ݀ ܿ ݂ ݁

6HOLGLNLODK DSDNDK ‫ܯ‬ǡ ൅ሻ PHUXSDNDQ VXDWX PRQRLG
VHODQMXWQ\D DSDNDK VHWLDS HOHPHQ GL 0 PHPLOLNL LQYHUV
\DQJWXQJJDO

ϲϮ
3(18783
7HV)RUPDWLI
-LND ሺܼǡ‫ל‬ሻ GHQJDQ ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ʹܾܽ XQWXN VHWLDS
ܽǡ ܾ ‫ ܼ א‬$SDNDK ሺܼǡ‫ל‬ሻ DGDODK JUXSRLG DEHOLDQ"
7XQMXNNDQ
0LVDONDQ ܵ ൌ ሼͳǡʹǡ͵ሽ GDQ * DGDODK KLPSXQDQ VHPXD
SHPHWDDQ ELMHNWLI GDUL 6 NH 6 7XOLVNDQ VHPXD XQVXU
GDUL*7XQMXNNDQEDKZD*GHQJDQNRPSRVLVLIXQJVL
PHUXSDNDQPRQRLG
2SHUDVL ‫ ל‬SDGD 5 GLGHILQLVLNDQ ROHK ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ
ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܴ א‬WXQMXNNDQEDKZDሺܴǡ‫ל‬ሻDGDODK
VXDWXVHPLJUXSDEHOLDQ
ሺܼ ା ǡ‫כ‬ሻ GHQJDQ ܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ൅ ʹ XQWXN VHWLDS
ܽǡ ܾ ‫ ܼ א‬ା $SDNDK ሺܼ ା ǡ‫כ‬ሻ DGDODK PRQRLG" %HULNDQ
DODVDQDQGD
'LNHWDKXL ܵ ൌ ሼܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ǡ ݁ሽ GHQJDQ RSHUDVL ‫݃݊ܽݕ כ‬
GLGHILQLVLNDQSDGDWDEHOEHULNXW
‫כ‬ D E F G H
D D E F E G
E E F D H F
F F D E E D
G E H E H G
H G E D G F
D $SDNDKRSHUDVL‫כ‬NRPXWDWLI"0HQJDSD"
E $SDNDKRSHUDVL‫כ‬EHUVLIDWDVRVLDWLI"MHODVNDQMDZDEDQ
DQGD
ା
ሺܼ ǡ‫כ‬ሻGHQJDQܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ܿGLPDQDFDGDODKELODQJDQEXODW
WHUEHVDU \DQJ OHELK NHFLO GDULKDVLO NDOLD GDQ E $SDNDK
ሺܼ ା ǡ‫כ‬ሻPHUXSDNDQ*UXSRLG"
7XQMXNNDQEDKZDMLNDRSHUDVL‫כ‬PHUXSDNDQRSHUDVLELQHU
\DQJDVRVLDWLIGDQNRPXWDWLISDGD6PDND
ϲϯ
ሺܽ ‫ܾ כ‬ሻ ‫ כ‬ሺܿ ‫݀ כ‬ሻ ൌ ሾሺ݀ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ ‫ܽ כ‬ሿ ‫ܾ כ‬
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ݀ܽ݊݀ ‫ܵ א‬
'LNHWDKXL ܴ ൌ ሼ‫݌‬ǡ ‫ݍ‬ǡ ‫ݎ‬ǡ ‫ݏ‬ሽ RSHUDVLRSHUDVL
SHQMXPODKDQ GDQ SHUNDOLDQ SDGD 5 GLGHILQLVLNDQ
VHEDJDLEHULNXW
൅ ‫݌‬ ‫ݍ‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݏ‬
‫݌‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݏ‬ ‫݌‬ ‫ݍ‬
‫ݍ‬ ‫ݏ‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݍ‬ ‫݌‬
‫ݎ‬ ‫݌‬ ‫ݍ‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݏ‬
‫ݏ‬ ‫ݍ‬ ‫݌‬ ‫ݏ‬ ‫ݎ‬
'DQ
ൈ ‫݌‬ ‫ݍ‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݏ‬
‫݌‬ ‫ݏ‬ ‫݌‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݍ‬
‫ݍ‬ ‫݌‬ ‫ݍ‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݏ‬
‫ݎ‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫ݎ‬
‫ݏ‬ ‫ݍ‬ ‫ݏ‬ ‫ݎ‬ ‫݌‬

6HOLGLNLODK DSDNDK ܴǡ ൅ሻ݀ܽ݊ሺܴǡൈሻ VXDWX PRQRLG
DEHOLDQ
3DGDܼ ା GHQJDQRSHUDVL‫\כ‬DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQROHK
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ ܼ א‬ା ǡ ܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ܿǡ
݈݄ܾ݈ܾ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ܿܽ݀ܽܽ݅ܽ݊݃ܽ݊‫݈݄ܾ݈݅ܿ݁݇݅݁݃݊ܽݕݎܽݏܾ݁ݎ݁ݐݐ݈ܽݑ‬
݀ܽ‫ ܽ݅ݎ‬ൈ ܾ
ା
6HOLGLNLODKDSDNDKሺܼ ǡ‫כ‬ሻPHUXSDNDQVXDWX0RQRLG

6HOLGLNLODK PDQDNDK GDUL SHUQ\DWDDQ EHULNXW \DQJ
EHQDUEHULNDQDODVDQDQGD
D -LND ‫ כ‬DGDODK RSHUDVL ELQHU SDGD VHPEDUDQJ
KLPSXQDQ6PDNDܽ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ܽXQWXN‫ܵ א ܽ׊‬
E -LND‫כ‬DGDODKRSHUDVLELQHU\DQJEHUVLIDWNRPXWDWLI
SDGD VHPEDUDQJ KLPSXQDQ 6 PDND ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ ൌ
ሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ ‫ܽ כ‬XQWXN‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ܵ א‬

ϲϰ
$NDQGLVHOLGLNL$SDNDKሺܼǡ‫ל‬ሻVXDWXJUXSRLGMLNDRSHUDVL
‫ל‬GLGHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXWXQWXN‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬ǡEHUODNX
ଵ
D ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ଶ ሺܽ ൅ ܾሻ
ሺܼǡ‫ל‬ሻDGDODKVXDWX*UXSRLGNDUHQDRSHUDVL‫ל‬SDGD=
\DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQWHUVHEXWPHUXSDNDQRSHUDVL%LQHU
E ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܾܽ
F ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ʹܾ
G ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ Ͳ
ሺܳǡ‫ל‬ሻ GHQJDQ ‫ ל‬GLGHILQLVLNDQ ROHK ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅
ܾܽǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܳ א‬
¾ $NDQGLWXQMXNNDQGLWXQMXNNDQEDKZDሺܳǡ‫ל‬ሻDGDODK
VXDWX VHPLJUXS DEHOLDQ \DQJ PHPSXQ\DL HOHPHQ
LGHQWLWDV
ሺܳǡ‫ל‬ሻDGDODKVXDWXVHPLJUXSPDND
ܱ‫ל ݅ݏܽݎ݁݌‬SDGD4PHUXSDNDQRSHUDVLELQHU
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܳ א ܾ ל ܽܽ݇ܽ݉ܳ א‬
ܱ‫ל ݅ݏܽݎ݁݌‬SDGD4EHUVLIDWDVRVLDWLI
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ܽ݇ܽ݉ܳ א‬ሺܽ ‫ܾ ל‬ሻ ‫ ܿ ל‬ൌ ܽ ‫ ל‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ ל‬ሻ
ܱ‫ ל ݅ݏܽݎ݁݌‬SDGD 4 PHPSXQ\DL HOHPHQ
LGHQWLWDV
‫ܳ א ܽ׊‬ǡ ‫ܳ א ݁׌‬ǡ ‫ ݁ ל ܽ ד‬ൌ ݁ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ܽ
8QWXNܽ ‫ ݁ ל‬ൌ ܽ
ܽ ൅ ݁ ൅ ܽ݁ ൌ ܽ
െܽ ൅ ܽ ൅ ݁ ൅ ܽ݁ ൌ െܽ ൅ ܽ
ϲϱ
݁ ൅ ܽ݁ ൌ Ͳ
݁ሺͳ ൅ ܽሻ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ
݁ൌ ൌ Ͳǡ ܽ ് െͳ
ͳ൅ܽ
8QWXN݁ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ܽ
݁ ൅ ܽ ൅ ݁ܽ ൌ ܽ
െܽ ൅ ݁ ൅ ܽ ൅ ݁ܽ ൌ െܽ ൅ ܽ
݁ ൅ ሺെܽሻ ൅ ܽ ൅ ݁ܽ ൌ Ͳ
݁ሺͳ ൅ ܽሻ ൌ Ͳ
Ͳ
݁ൌ ൌ Ͳǡ ܽ ് െͳ
ͳ൅ܽ

¾ $NDQ GLWXQMXNNDQ EDKZD DGD XQVXU GDUL 4 \DQJ
WLGDNPHPSXQ\DLHOHPHQLQYHUV
‫ܳ א ܽ׊‬ǡ ‫ିܽ׌‬ଵ ‫ܳ א‬ǡ ‫ିܽ ל ܽ ד‬ଵ ൌ ܽିଵ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ݁
8QWXNܽ ‫ିܽ ל‬ଵ ൌ ݁ ൌ Ͳ
ܽ ൅ ܽିଵ ൅ ܽܽ ିଵ ൌ Ͳ
െܽ ൅ ܽ ൅ ܽିଵ ൅ ܽܽ ିଵ ൌ െܽ ൅ Ͳ
ܽିଵ ሺͳ ൅ ܽሻ ൌ െܽ
െܽ
ܽିଵ ൌ ǡ ܽ ് െͳ
ͳ൅ܽ
8QWXNܽିଵ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ݁ ൌ Ͳ
ܽିଵ ൅ ܽ ൅ ܽܽ ିଵ ൌ Ͳ
െܽ ൅ ܽିଵ ൅ ܽ ൅ ܽܽ ିଵ ൌ െܽ ൅ Ͳ
െܽ ൅ ܽ ൅ ܽିଵ ൅ ܽܽ ିଵ ൌ െܽ ൅ Ͳ
ܽିଵ ൅ ܽܽ ିଵ ൌ െܽ
െܽ
ܽିଵ ൌ ǡ ܽ ് െͳ
ͳ൅ܽ
6HKLQJJD GLSHUROHK LQYHUV XQWXN VHWLDS ܽ ‫א‬
ି௔
ܳ ݈݄ܽ݀ܽܽܽିଵ ൌ ଵା௔ ǡ ܽ ് െͳ
ϲϲ
'HQJDQ GHPLNLDQ HOHPHQ 4 \DQJ WLGDN PHPLOLNL
LQYHUVDGDODKെͳ
$NDQGLEXNWLNDQ
¾ ሺԧǡൈሻDGDODKJUXSRLG
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ א‬ԧǡ ܽ ൈ ܾ ‫ א‬ԧ
7DEHO&D\OH\KDVLORSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQSDGDԧ
ൈ ͳ െͳ ݅ െ݅
ͳ ͳ െͳ ݅ െ݅
െͳ െͳ ͳ െ݅ ݅
݅ ݅ െ݅ െͳ ͳ
െ݅ െ݅ ݅ ͳ െͳ
%HUGDVDUNDQWDEHOWHUVHEXWRSHUDVLൈSDGDԧ
DGDODKRSHUDVLELQHUVHKLQJJDሺԧǡൈሻPHUXSDNDQ
*UXSRLG
¾ ሺԧǡൈሻDGDODKVHPLJUXS
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ א‬ԧǡ ሺܽ ൈ ܾሻ ൈ ܿ ൌ ܽ ൈ ሺܾ ൈ ܿሻ
%XNWLOLKDWWDEHO
¾ ԧWHUKDGDSRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQPHPSXQ\DLHOHPHQ
LGHQWLWDV
‫ א ݁׌‬ԧ‫ א ܽ׊݄݅ݑ݊݁݉݁݉݃݊ܽݕͳݑݐ݅ܽݕ‬ԧǡ ‫ ܽ ד‬ൈ
ͳ ൌ ͳ ൈ ܽ ൌ ܽ

‫ ܩ‬ൌ ܴ ൈ ܴǤ RSHUDVL‫ ל‬SDGD * GLGHILQLVLNDQ ROHK
ሺܽǡ ܾሻ ‫ ל‬ሺܿǡ ݀ሻ ൌ ሺܽܿǡ ܾܿ ൅ ݀ሻǡ ‫׊‬ሺܽǡ ܾሻǡ ሺܿǡ ݀ሻ ‫ܩ א‬
$SDNDKሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻVXDWXPRQRLG"
-DZDE
8QWXNPHPEXNWLNDQሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻPDNDWLJDGXDKDO\DQJ
KDUXVNLWDWXQMXNNDQ
¾ 3HUWDPDሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻDGDODKVXDWX*UXSRLG
6HODQMXWQ\DNLWDDNDQPHQ\HOLGLNLDSDNDKሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻ
VXDWX*UXSRLG
‫׊‬ሺܽǡ ܾሻǡ ሺܿǡ ݀ሻ ‫ܩ א‬ǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽሺܽǡ ܾሻ ‫ ל‬ሺܿǡ ݀ሻ ‫ܩ א‬
ϲϳ
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݃௡ ൌ ݃݃݃ᇣᇧᇤᇧᇥǥ ݃GLPDQD݊ ൐ Ͳ
௡
݃௡ାଵ ൌ ݃௡ ݃ǡGLPDQD݊ ൐ Ͳ
݃௡ ൌ ݃
ᇣᇧିଵ ିଵ ିଵ
ᇧ݃ ݃ ᇧǥ
ᇧᇧᇧᇤᇧ ିଵ
ᇧᇧ݃ᇧᇥ GLPDQD݊ ൏ Ͳ
ି௡
݃௠ା௡ ൌ ݃௠ ݃௡
ሺ݃௠ ሻ௡ ൌ ݃௠௡ ǡ ‫݉׊‬ǡ ݊ ‫ܼ א‬
2UGHU(OHPHQ*UXS
'HILQLVL0LVDONDQ*VXDWXJUXSGDQ݃ ‫ܩ א‬Ǥ2UGHUGDUL
JGLQRWDVLNDQGHQJDQȁ݃ȁ\DQJPHQ\DWDNDQELODQJDQEXODW
SRVLWLIWHUNHFLOQVHKLQJJDPHPHQXKL݃௡ ൌ ݁GHQJDQH
DGDODKHOHPHQQHWUDO%LODWLGDNDGDQ\DQJGHPLNLDQPDND
ȁ݃ȁ ൌ ൅λ

ϳϳ
6LIDWRUGHUHOHPHQJUXS
-LNDȁ݃ȁ ൌ ݊ǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽ݃௠ ൌ ݁MLNDGDQKDQ\DMLNDP
NHOLSDWDQGDULQ
௡
-LNDȁ݃ȁ ൌ ݄݊݀ܽ݊ ൌ ݃௠ ǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽȁ݄ȁ ൌ ௙௣௕ሺ௠ǡ௡ሻ
%XNWL
-LND݉ ൌ ݊݇ǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽ݃௠ ൌ ݃௡௞ ൌ ሺ݃௡ ሻ௞ ൌ ݁ ௞ ൌ ݁
6HODQMXWQ\DPLVDO݃௠ ൌ ݁ǡGDQDQGDLNDQ
݉ ൌ ݊݇ ൅ ‫ݎ‬ǡ ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊Ͳ ൏ ‫ ݎ‬൏ ݊PDND
݁ ൌ ݃௠ ൌ ݃௡௞ା௥ ൌ ሺ݃௡ ሻ௞ ݃௥ ൌ ݁ ௞ ݃௥ ൌ ݃௥
+DO LQL NRQWUDGLNVL GHQJDQ NHQ\DWDDQ EDKZD ȁ݃ȁ ൌ ݊
0DND KDUXVODK ‫ ݎ‬ൌ Ͳܽ‫ ݉ݑܽݐ‬ൌ ݊݇ GHQJDQ NDWD ODLQ
PNHOLSDWDQGDULQ
'LNHWDKXL݄ ൌ ݃௠ ǡ ݀ܽ݊݃௡ ൌ ݁0LVDO݀ ൌ ሺ݉ǡ ݊ሻ
PDND݉ ൌ ݀݉ଵ ǡ ݊ ൌ ݀݊ଵ \DQJPDQDሺ݉ଵ ǡ ݊ଵ ሻ ൌ ͳ
6HKLQJJDGDSDWGLSHUROHK
݄௡భ ൌ ݃௠௡భ ൌ ݃ௗ௠భ ௡భ ൌ ݃ௗ௡భ ௠భ ൌ ݃௡௠భ ൌ ݁ ௠భ ൌ ݁
6HODQMXWQ\D
0LVDO݄௞ ൌ ݁ǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽ݀݅‫݄݈݃݁݋ݎ݁݌‬௠௞ ൌ ݁
'HQJDQGHPLNLDQ݉݇PHUXSDNDQNHOLSDWDQGDUL݊-DGL
݀݉ଵ ݇PHUXSDNDQNHOLSDWDQGDUL݀݊ଵ ܽ‫݉ݑܽݐ‬ଵ ݇
NHOLSDWDQGDUL݊ଵ .DUHQD݉ଵ ݀ܽ݊݊ଵ UHODWLISULPD
PDND݇PHUXSDNDQNHOLSDWDQGDUL݊ଵ 0DNDȁ݄ȁ ൌ ݊ଵ
௡ ௡
DWDXȁ݄ȁ ൌ ൌ
ௗ ୥ୡୢሺ௠ǡ௡ሻ
&DWDWDQ
¾ -LND ݃ ‫ ܩ א‬GDQ ȁ݃ȁ ൌ ൅λ PDND ݃௡ ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊݊ ൌ
ͳǡʹǡ͵ǡ ǥDGDODKVHPXDQ\DEHUEHGDMLNDWLGDNGHPLNLDQ
PDND ݉݀ܽ݊݊ǡ ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊݉ ് ݊ PLVDO ݉ ൐ ݊
VHKLQJJD ݃௠ ൌ ݃௡ ǡ ݀ܽ‫݄݈݃݁݋ݎ݁݌݅݀ݐܽ݌‬௠ି௡ ൌ ݁Ǥ
0LVDO DGD ݇ ൌ ݉ െ ݊ǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽ݃௞ ൌ ݁ KDO LQL
NRQWUDGLNVLEDKZDȁ݃ȁ ൌ ൅λ
ϳϴ
¾ -LND ȁ݃ȁ ൌ ݊ PDND ݁ǡ ݃ǡ ݃ଶ ǡ ݃ଷ ǡ ǥ ǡ ݃௡ିଵ DGDODK
VHPXDQ\DEHUEHGDMLNDWLGDNGHPLNLDQPDNDSDVWLDGD
݃௧ ൌ ݁ǡ ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊Ͳ ൏ ‫ ݐ‬൏ ݊ǡKDOLQLNRQWUDGLNVLGHQJDQ
NHQ\DWDDQEDKZD݊PHUXSDNDQRUGHU݃VHKLQJJD݊LQL
DGDODK ELODQJDQ EXODW SRVLWLI WHUNHFLO \DQJ PHPHQXKL
݃௡ ൌ ݁

&RQWRK
ሺܼସ ǡ ൅ሻDGDODKVHEXDK*UXS2UGHUGDULܼସ DGDODKHPSDW
VHGDQJNDQRUGHUGDULPDVLQJPDVLQJHOHPHQGLܼସ
GLMDEDUNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
x ‫ͳ݄݈ܽܽ݀ܽͲݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬ǡ ݇ܽ‫Ͳܽ݊݁ݎ‬ଵ ൌ Ͳ
x ‫݄݈ܽܽ݀ܽͳݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬Ͷǡ ݇ܽ‫ͳܽ݊݁ݎ‬ସ ൌ Ͳ
x ‫ʹ݄݈ܽܽ݀ܽʹݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬ǡ ݇ܽ‫ʹܽ݊݁ݎ‬ଶ ൌ Ͳ
x ‫݄݈ܽܽ݀ܽ͵ݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬Ͷǡ ݇ܽ‫͵ܽ݊݁ݎ‬ସ ൌ Ͳ

&RQWRK
ሺܼହ‫ כ‬ǡൈሻDGDODKVHEXDK*UXS2UGHUGDULܼହ‫ כ‬DGDODKHPSDW
VHGDQJNDQRUGHUGDULPDVLQJPDVLQJHOHPHQGLܼହ‫ כ‬
GLMDEDUNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
x ‫ͳ݄݈ܽܽ݀ܽͳݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬ǡ ݇ܽ‫ͳܽ݊݁ݎ‬ଵ ൌ ͳ
x ‫݄݈ܽܽ݀ܽʹݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬Ͷǡ ݇ܽ‫ʹܽ݊݁ݎ‬ସ ൌ ͳ
x ‫݄݈ܽܽ݀ܽ͵ݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬Ͷǡ ݇ܽ‫͵ܽ݊݁ݎ‬ସ ൌ ͳ
x ‫ݎ݁݀ݎ݋‬Ͷ݈݄ܽ݀ܽܽʹǡ ݇ܽ‫ܽ݊݁ݎ‬Ͷଶ ൌ ͳ

ϳϵ
6XE*UXS
'HILQLVL 0LVDONDQ * JUXS GDQ ‫ ܩ ك ܪ‬+ GLNDWDNDQ
VXEJUXSGDUL*GLWXOLVNDQ‫ ܪ‬൏ ‫ܩ‬MLND‫׎ ് ܪ‬+VHQGLUL
PHUXSDNDQJUXSGHQJDQRSHUDVLELQHU\DQJVDPDGHQJDQ*
7HRUHPD 0LVDO * DGDODK *UXS KLPSXQDQ + DGDODK

VXEJUXSGDUL*MLNDGDQKDQ\DMLNDXQWXN‫ݔ׊‬ǡ ‫ܪ א ݕ‬EHUODNX
‫ି ݕݔ‬ଵ ‫ܪ א‬

%XNWL
ฺGLNHWDKXL+VXEJUXSGDUL*
8QWXNPHPEXNWLNDQ‫ݔ׊‬ǡ ‫ܪ א ݕ‬EHUODNX‫ି ݕݔ‬ଵ ‫ܪ א‬
$PELO VHPEDUDQJ ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ ܪ א ݕ‬NDUHQD + VXEJUXS PDND
MHODV‫ି ݕ׌‬ଵ ‫ܪ א‬ǡ ‫ି ݕݔ݄ܽ݃݃݊݅݁ݏ‬ଵ ‫ܪ א‬
ูGLNHWDKXL‫ି ݕݔ‬ଵ ‫ܪ א‬ǡ ‫ݔ׊݇ݑݐ݊ݑ‬ǡ ‫ܪ א ݕ‬
$NDQNLWDEXNWLNDQEDKZD+VXEJUXSGDUL*
x $PELOVHPEDUDQJ‫ܪ א ݔ‬PDND‫ି ݔݔ‬ଵ ൌ ݁ ‫ܪ א‬
VHKLQJJDDGDHOHPHQLGHQWLWDVGL+
x $PELOVHPEDUDQJ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ି ݕ׌ܪ א ݕ‬ଵ ‫ܪ א‬VHKLQJJD
‫ ݕݔ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ି ݕ‬ଵ ሻିଵDUWLQ\DEHUODNXVLIDWWHUWXWXSGL
+
x $PELOVHPEDUDQJ‫ܪ א ݔ‬ǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽ‫ିܽ׌‬ଵ ‫ܪ א‬-DGL
VHWLDSHOHPHQGL+PHPSXQ\DLLQYHUV
x 6LIDWDVRVLDWLIMHODVGLSHQXKLNDUHQD‫ܩ ؿ ܪ‬
6HKLQJJDGDULHPSDWSHPEXNWLDQWHUVHEXWGDSDWNLWD
VLPSXONDQEDKZD+VXEJUXS*

&RQWRK
%LOD*VXDWX*UXSPDND‫ ܧ‬ൌ ሼ݁ሽDGDODKWULYLDOVXEJUXS
GDUL * 6HGDQJNDQ VXEJUXS GDUL * VHODLQ ( GDQ *
VHQGLULGLQDPDNDQVXEJUXSVHMDWLSURSHUVXEJUXS
ϴϬ
+LPSXQDQ PDWULNV ܵ‫ܮ‬ሺ݊ǡ ܴሻ GHQJDQ RSHUDVL SHUNDOLDQ
PDWULNVDGDODKVXEJUXSGDULJUXS‫ܮܩ‬ሺ݊ǡ ܴሻǤ
%LOD * VXDWX JUXS GDQ VHQWHU GDUL * GLGHILQLVLNDQ ROHK
ܼሺ‫ܩ‬ሻ ൌ ሼܽ ‫ܩ א‬ȁܾܽ ൌ ܾܽǡ ‫ܩ א ܾ׊‬ሽ ܼሺ‫ܩ‬ሻ DGDODK
VXEJUXSGDUL*
ଵ
+LPSXQDQ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼଶ೘ ȁ݉ ‫ܼ א‬ሽ GHQJDQ RSHUDVL SHUNDOLDQ
PHUXSDNDQVXEJUXSGDULJUXSܳ ‫ כ‬

3HPEDKDVDQFRQWRK
$NDQNLWDWXQMXNNDQEDKZD‫ ܧ‬ൌ ሼ݁ሽDGDODKVXEJUXSGDUL
*6LIDWNHWHUWXWXSDQGDQVLIDWDVRVLDWLIMHODVWHUSHQXKL
HOHPHQLGHQWLWDVDGDODK݁VHQGLULVHGDQJNDQLQYHUVGDUL
݁DGDODK݁VHQGLUL
+LPSXQDQPDWULNVܵ‫ܮ‬ሺ݊ǡ ܴሻDGDODKKLPSXQDQPDWULNV
PDWULNV\DQJPHPLOLNLGHWHUPLQDQVDWX
ܵ‫ܮ‬ሺ݊ǡ ܴሻ ൌ ൝൭ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൱ อܽଵଵ ǡ ܽଵଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܽ௡௡ ‫ܴ א‬ൡ
ܽ௡ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௡௡
'DQ‫ܮܵ א ܣ׊‬ሺ݊ǡ ܴሻǡ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ͳ
%HUGDVDUNDQWHRUHPDܵ‫ܮ‬ሺ݊ǡ ܴሻGHQJDQRSHUDVL
SHUNDOLDQPDWULNVDGDODKVXEJUXSGDULJUXS‫ܮܩ‬ሺ݊ǡ ܴሻ
MLND
‫ܣ׊‬ǡ ‫ܮܵ א ܤ‬ሺ݊ǡ ܴሻǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽ‫ିܤܣ‬ଵ ‫ܮܵ א‬ሺ݊ǡ ܴሻ
$PELOVHPEDUDQJ‫ܣ‬ǡ ‫ܮܵ א ܤ‬ሺ݊ǡ ܴሻ
0LVDO
‫ܣ‬ൌ൭ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൱GDQ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ൭ ‫ڭ‬ ‫ڰ‬ ‫ ڭ‬൱
ܽ௡ଵ ‫ܽ ڮ‬௡௡ ܾ௡ଵ ‫ܾ ڮ‬௡௡
'HQJDQ
ܽଵଵ ǡ ܽଵଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܽ௡௡ ‫ܴ א‬ǡ ܾ݁݃݅‫ܾ݈ܽݑ݌ݑݐ‬ଵଵ ǡ ܾଵଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܾ௡௡ ‫ܴ א‬
‫ ܣ‬ൌ ͳǡ ݀ܽ݊ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ͳ
ϴϭ
ͳ
‫ିܤܣ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ൈ ‫ܤ݆݀ܣ‬
‫ܤ‬
.DUHQDMHODVEDKZD ‫Ͳ ് ܤ‬ǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽ ‫ି ܤܣ‬ଵ ‫א‬
ܵ‫ܮ‬ሺ݊ǡ ܴሻ
‫ܮܵ ׵‬ሺ݊ǡ ܴሻ‫ܮܩ݅ݎܽ݀݌ݑݎܾ݃ݑݏ‬ሺ݊ǡ ܴሻ
3HPEDKDVDQXQWXNQRPRUGDQVHEDJDLEDKDQGLVNXVL
'HILQLVL
MLND * DGDODK *UXS PDND * GDQ ^H` DGDODK VXEJUXS WDN
VHMDWLGDUL*GDQVHPXDVXEJUXS\DQJODLQDGDODKVXEJUXS
VHMDWL

&RQWRK
ࡽା GLEDZDKRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQPHUXSDNDQVXEJUXSVHMDWL
GDULܴ ାGLEDZDKRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQ
&RQWRK
'LGDODPܼସ KDQ\DWHUGDSDWVDWXVXEJUXSVHMDWL\LDWX^`
6HGDQJNDQVXEJUXS\DQJODLQ\DLWXሼͲሽǡ ܼ݀ܽ݊ସ VHQGLUL
DGDODKVXEJUXSWDNVHMDWL

&RQWRK
*UXS ܸ ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܾǡ ܿሽ PHPLOLNL WLJD VXEJUXS VHMDWL \DLWX
ሼ݁ǡ ܽሽǡ ሼ݁ǡ ܾሽǡ ݀ܽ݊ሼ݁ǡ ܿሽ'LPDQD*UXS9LQLDGDODK.OHLQ
*UXS \DQJ GLQRWDVLNDQ GHQJDQ ³9´ \DQJ GLDPELO GDUL
EDKDVDMHUPDQ³9LHUJUXSSH´

7KHRUHPD
6HEXDK VXEKLPSXQDQ + GDUL *UXS * DGDODK VHEXDK
VXEJUXSGDUL*MLNDGDQKDQ\DMLND
L +WHUWXWXSWHUKDGDS2SHUDVLELQHUSDGD*
LL(OHPHQLGHQWLWDV݁GL*DGDODKLGHQWLWDVSXODGL+
ϴϮ
LLL 8QWXNVHWLDSܽ ‫ܪ א‬ǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽܽ ିଵ ‫ܪ א‬
%XNWL
ฺ ‫ ܪ‬VXEJUXS ‫ ܩ‬VHKLQJJD GDSDW NLWD DPDWL GHQJDQ
PXGDKEDKZDሺ݅ሻǡ ሺ݅݅ሻǡ ሺ݅݅݅ሻWHUSHQXKL
֚GLNHWDKXLሺ݅ሻǡ ሺ݅݅ሻǡ ሺ݅݅݅ሻ
$NDQNLWDVHOLGLNLEDKZD‫ܪ‬VXEJUXSGDUL‫ܩ‬
8QWXNPHPEXNWLNDQEDKZD‫ܪ‬VXEJUXSGDUL‫ܩ‬PDND
WLQJJDO NLWD EXNWLNDQ EDKZD EHUODNX VLIDW DVRVLDWLI
SDGD ‫ ܪ‬.DUHQD ‫ ܩ ؿ ܪ‬PDND VLIDW DVRVLDWLI GL ‫ܪ‬
PHQJLNXWL VLIDW DVRVLDWLI SDGD ‫ ܩ‬NDUHQD ‫* ܩ‬UXS
PDNDMHODVODKEHUODNXVLIDWDVRVLDWLISDGD‫ܩ‬VHKLQJJD
EHUODNXSXODVLIDWDVRVLDWLISDGD‫ܪ‬
‫ܩ݅ݎܽ݀݌ݑݎܾ݃ݑݏܪܽݓ݄ܾܽ݅ݐ݇ݑܾݎ݁ݐ ׵‬
&RQWRK
'LNHWDKXL ‫ܯ‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻ WHUKDGDS RSHUDVL SHQMXPODKDQ DGDODK
ܽ Ͳ
*UXS GDQ ܵ ൌ ቄቀ ቁቚ ܽǡ ܾ ‫ܴ א‬ቅ DSDNDK ܵ VXEJUXS GDUL
ܾ Ͳ
‫ܯ‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻ
%HUGDVDUNDQWHRUHPD
ܵ DGDODK VXEJUXS JDUL ‫ܯ‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻ MLND
ିଵ
‫ܣ׊‬ǡ ‫ܵ א ܤ‬ǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽ‫ܵ א ܤܣ‬

$PELOVHPEDUDQJHOHPHQGLܵ
ܽ Ͳ ܿ Ͳ
0LVDO‫ ܣ‬ൌ ቀ ቁ ǡ ݀ܽ݊‫ ܤ‬ൌ ቀ ቁ
ܾ Ͳ ݀ Ͳ
ܽ Ͳ െܿ Ͳ
‫ିܤܣ‬ଵ ൌ ቀ ቁ൅ቀ ቁ
ܾ Ͳ െ݀ Ͳ
ܽെܿ Ͳ
ൌቀ ቁ
ܾെ݀ Ͳ
‫ିܤܣ‬ଵ ‫ܵ א‬
‫ܯ݅ݎܽ݀݌ݑݎܾ݃ݑݏܵ ׵‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻ
ϴϯ
&RQWRK
ܽ ܾ
‫ܯ‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻ ൌ ቄቀ ቁቚ ܽ݀ ് ܾܿቅWHUKDGDSRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQ
ܿ ݀
‫ܯ‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻDGDODKVHEXDK*UXS
ܽ Ͳ
6HODQMXWQ\Dܵଶൈଶ ሺܴሻ ൌ ቄቀ ቁቚ ܽ ് ͲቅDGDODKVXEJUXSGDUL
Ͳ ͳ
‫ܯ‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻ
'DSDWNLWDWXQMXNNDQEDKZDܵଶൈଶ ሺܴሻVXEJUXSGDUL‫ܯ‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻ
¾ 3HUWDPDܵଶൈଶ ሺܴሻ ‫ܯ ؿ‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻ

¾ .HGXDEHUGDVDUNDQWHRUHPD‫ܣ׊‬ǡ ‫ܵ א ܤ‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻ
PDND‫ିܤܣ‬ଵ ‫ܵ א‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻ
$PELOVHPEDUDQJ‫ܣ‬ǡ ‫ܵ א ܤ‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻ
ܽ Ͳ
0LVDO‫ ܣ‬ൌ ቀ ቁ ǡ ܽ ് Ͳ
Ͳ ͳ
ܾ Ͳ
'DQ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ቀ ቁ ǡ ܾ ് Ͳ
Ͳ ͳ
ܽ Ͳ ଵ ͳ Ͳ
‫ିܤܣ‬ଵ ൌ ቀ ቁൈ ቀ ቁ
Ͳ ͳ ୢୣ୲ ஻ Ͳ ܾ
ܽ Ͳ ଵ ͳ Ͳ
ൌቀ ቁൈ ൈቀ ቁ
Ͳ ͳ ௕ Ͳ ܾ
ଵ ܽ Ͳ ͳ Ͳ
ൌ ௕ቀ ቁቀ ቁ
Ͳ ͳ Ͳ ܾ
ଵ ܽ Ͳ
ൌ ௕ቀ ቁ
Ͳ ܾ
௔
Ͳ ௔
ൌ ቆ௕ ቇ ǡ ് Ͳ
Ͳ ͳ ௕
0DND‫ିܤܣ‬ଵ ‫ܵ א‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻ
6HKLQJJD
ܵଶൈଶ ሺܴሻVXEJUXSGDUL‫ܯ‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻ
ϴϰ
/DWLKDQ*UXS
%XNWLNDQEDKZDܴ ାWHUKDGDSRSHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQEXNDQ
JUXS
0LVDONDQ‫ܯ‬ଶൈଶ DGDODKKLPSXQDQPDWULNVEHURUGRʹ ൈ ʹ
WXQMXNNDQEDKZD0WHUKDGDSRSHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQ
PHUXSDNDQJUXS
2SHUDVL‫כ‬SDGD5GLGHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܴ א‬ǡ ܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ʹEXNWLNDQEDKZDሺܴǡ‫כ‬ሻ
PHUXSDNDQJUXS
0LVDONDQܴ ‫ככ‬PHQ\DWDNDQKLPSXQDQVHPXDELODQJDQUHDO
NHFXDOL2SHUDVL‫כ‬GLGHILQLVLNDQGHQJDQDWXUDQ
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ ככ ܴ א‬ǡ ܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܾܽ%XNWLNDQEDKZDܴ ‫ככ‬
DGDODKJUXSGLEDZDKRSHUDVLWHUVHEXW
=GHQJDQRSHUDVL‫\ל‬DQJGLGHILQLVLNDQGHQJDQ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫א‬
ܼǡ ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ െ ͷPHUXSDNDQJUXSDEHOLDQ
7XQMXNNDQ
3HPHWDDQ݂௜ ǣ ܴ ‫ כ‬՜ ܴGLGHILQLVLNDQROHK݂ଵ ሺܽሻ ൌ
ଵ ଵ
ܽǡ ݂ଶ ሺܽሻ ൌ െܽǡ ݂ଷ ሺܽሻ ൌ ǡ ݂݀ܽ݊ସ ሺܽሻ ൌ െ ǡ ‫ כ ܴ א ܽ׊‬
௔ ௔
0DND‫ ܩ‬ൌ ሼ݂ଵ ǡ ݂ଶ ǡ ݂ଷ ǡ ݂ସ ሽGHQJDQNRPSRVLVLIXQJVLDGDODK
VXDWXJUXSDEHOLDQ7XQMXNNDQ
/DWLKDQ2UGHU*UXSGDQ2UGHU(OHPHQ*UXS

7HQWXNDQRUGHUVHPXDHOHPHQGDUL
D ܼହ ǡ
E ଼ܼ ǡ
F ܼଷ‫ כ‬ǡ
G ܼ଻‫ כ‬ǡ
‫כ‬
H ܼଵଷ ǡ
I ܼଶ଴
ϴϱ
/DWLKDQ6XE*UXS

ܽ ܾ
'LNHWDKXL‫ ܯ‬ൌ ቄቂ ቃ ǡ ܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ ‫ܼ א‬ቅǡ
ܿ ݀
ሺ‫ܯ‬ǡ ൅ሻ݈݄ܽ݀ܽܽ‫݌ݑݎܩݑݐܽݑݏ‬6HODQMXWQ\DDSDNDK
ܽ Ͳ
ܰ ൌ ቄቂ ቃ ǡ ܽǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬ቅGHQJDQRSHUDVL\DQJVDPDSDGD
Ͳ ܾ
0PHUXSDNDQVXEJUXSGDUL0"
7HQWXNDQVHPXDVXEJUXSGDUL
D ሺܼ଺ ǡ ൅ሻ
E ሺܼ଻‫ כ‬ǡൈሻ
F ሺܼଵଶ ǡ ൅
‫כ‬
G ሺܼଵ଻ ǡൈሻ

H ሺܼଵ଼ ǡ ൅ሻ
0DQDNDK GDUL KLPSXQDQ EDJLDQ ELODQJDQ NRPSOHNV
EHULNXW \DQJ PHUXSDNDQ VXEJUXS GDUL *UXS ԧ GLEDZDK
RSHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQ
D 5
E ܳ ା
F ͹ܼ
G +LPSXQDQሼߨ ௡ ȁ݊ ‫ܼ א‬ሽ
'LNHWDKXL*DGDODKVHEXDK*UXSGDQܽDGDODKHOHPHQGL
*7XQMXNNDQEDKZD
‫ܪ‬௔ ൌ ሼ‫ܩ א ݔ‬ȁ‫ ܽݔ‬ൌ ܽ‫ݔ‬ሽ
$GDODKVHEXDKVXEJUXSGDUL*
7XQMXNNDQ EDKZD MLND ܽ ‫ ܩ א‬GLPDQD * DGDODK *UXS
EHUKLQJJD GHQJDQ HOHPHQ LGHQWLWDV ݁ PDND DGD ݊ ‫א‬
ܼ ା ‫݄ܽ݅ݑ݊݁݉݁݉݃݊ܽݕ‬௡ ൌ ݁

ϴϲ
3(18783
7HV)RUPDWLI
Ժ GHQJDQ RSHUDVL ‫\ ל‬DQJ GLGHILQLVLNDQ ROHK ܽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ܽ ൅
ܾ െ ͷǡ ‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܼ א‬DGDODKVXDWXJUXSDEHOLDQ%XNWLNDQ
+LPSXQDQ PDWULNV ݊ ൈ ݊ GHQJDQ GHWHUPLQDQ VDPD
GHQJDQሺܵ‫ܮ‬ሺ݊ǡ ࣬ሻሻEHUVDPDVDPDGHQJDQRSHUDVLELQHU
SHUNDOLDQPDWULNVPHUXSDNDQJUXS%XNWLNDQ
6HOLGLNLODK DSDNDK +LPSXQDQ ‫ܮܩ‬ሺ݊ǡ ࣬ሻ PDWULNV QRQ
VLQJXODU ݊ ൈ ݊ GHQJDQ RSHUDVL SHUNDOLDQ PDWULNV
PHUXSDNDQJUXSWDNNRPXWDWLI
0LVDONDQ ܵ ൌ ሼͳǡʹǡ͵ǡ ǥ ǡ ݊ሻ݀ܽ݊ܵ௡ DGDODK KLPSXQDQ GDUL
VHPXD IXQJVL VDWXVDWX SDGD ݂ǣ ܵ ՜ ܵ 0DND ܵ௡ GHQJDQ
RSHUDVLNRPSRVLVLIXQJVLPHUXSDNDQVXDWXJUXSGDQJUXS
LQLGLQDPDNDQJUXSSHUPXWDVL7XQMXNNDQ
‫ ܩ‬ൌ ൛ܽ ൅ ܾ݅ȁܽǡ ܾ ‫ܴ א‬ǡ ݅ ൌ ξെͳ݀ܽ݊ξܽଶ ൅ ܾ ଶ ൌ
ͳൟǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽሺ‫ܩ‬ǡൈሻDGDODKVXDWXJUXSDEHOLDQ7XQMXNNDQ
‫ ܩ‬ൌ ሼͳǡ െͳሽǡ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼെͳǡͳǡ െ݅ǡ ݅ሽǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽሺ‫ܩ‬ǡൈሻ݀ܽ݊ሺ‫ܪ‬ǡൈሻ
PDVLQJPDVLQJ DGDODK JUXS DEHOLDQ 7XQMXNNDQ PDVLQJ
PDVLQJGHQJDQPHPEXDWWDEHO&D\OH\Q\D
ͳ ܽ ȁܽ
%XNWLNDQ KLPSXQDQ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ቄቀ ቁ ‫ܼ א‬ቅ DGDODK JUXS
Ͳ ͳ
WHUKDGDSRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQPDWULNV
7HQWXNDQRUGHUVHPXDHOHPHQGDUL
D ܼ଺ ǡ
E ܼଵ଴ ǡ
F ܼହ‫ כ‬ǡ
G ܼ଻‫ כ‬ǡ
‫כ‬
H ܼଵଵ ǡ
I ܼଵଶ
= GHQJDQ RSHUDVL SHQMXPODKDQ PHUXSDNDQ JUXS
7HQWXNDQRUGHUGDUL=
ϴϳ
7HV)RUPDWLI
7HQWXNDQVXEJUXSGDULܼସ \DQJGLEDQJXQROHK
7HQWXNDQVHPXDVXEJUXS\DQJPXQJNLQGDULܼ଺
7HQWXNDQ VHPXD VXEJUXS GDUL JUXS VLNOLN ‫ ܩ‬ൌ൏ ܽ ൐
RUGHU
-LND * JUXS RUGHU NXUDQJ GDUL GDQ * PHPSXQ\DL
VXEJUXSRUGHUGDQWHQWXNDQRUGHU*
%XNWLNDQEDKZDVXDWXJUXSRUGHUPHPSXQ\DLVXEJUXS
QRUPDOWDNWULYLDO
'LNHWDKXL * JUXS NRPXWDWLI GHQJDQ HOHPHQ LGHQWLWDV H
GDQ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼ݃ ‫ܩ א‬ȁ݃ଶ ൌ ݁ሽ WXQMXNNDQ EDKZD + VXEJUXS
GDUL*
'LNHWDKXL*JUXSDEHOLDQ‫ܭ݊ܽ݀ܪ‬DGDODKVXEJUXSGDUL
*%XNWLNDQEDKZD‫ ܭܪ‬ൌ ሼ݄݇ȁ݄ ‫ܪ א‬ǡ ݇ ‫ܭ א‬ሽPHUXSDNDQ
VXEJUXSGDUL*
'DULSHUQ\DWDDQEHULNXWPDQDNDK\DQJEHQDU"EHULNDQ
DODVDQDQGD
D 6HWLDSJUXSDGDODKVXEJUXSGDULGLULQ\DVHQGLUL
E ܼସ DGDODKJUXSVLNOLN
F 6HWLDSVXEVHWGDULVHEXDKJUXSPHUXSDNDQVXEJUXS
GLEDZDKRSHUDVL\DQJVDPDGHQJDQJUXSWHUVHEXW
G 6HWLDSVXEJUXSPHPLOLNLGXDVXEJUXSWDNVHMDWL

ϴϴ

.XQFLMDZDEDQ/DWLKDQ*UXS
%XNWLNDQEDKZDܴ ାWHUKDGDSRSHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQEXNDQ
JUXS
-DZDE
-HODVEDKZDDNVLRPDGDQWLGDNWHUSHQXKLVHKLQJJDܴ ା
EXNDQ*UXS
0LVDONDQ‫ܯ‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻDGDODKKLPSXQDQPDWULNVEHURUGR
ʹ ൈ ʹWXQMXNNDQEDKZD0WHUKDGDSRSHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQ
PHUXSDNDQJUXS
-DZDE
‫ܣ׊‬ǡ ‫ܯ א ܤ‬ǡ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܯ א ܤ‬
$PELOVHPEDUDQJ‫ܣ‬ǡ ‫ܯ א ܤ‬
0LVDO
ܽ ܾ ݁ ݂
‫ܣ‬ൌቂ ቃ ǡ ݀ܽ݊‫ ܤ‬ൌ ൤ ൨
ܿ ݀ ݃ ݄
ܽ ܾ ݁ ݂ ܽ൅݁ ܾ൅݂
‫ܣ‬൅‫ ܤ‬ൌቂ ቃ൅൤ ൨ൌ൤ ൨ǡܽ ൅
ܿ ݀ ݃ ݄ ܿ൅݃ ݀൅݄
݁ǡ ܾ ൅ ݂ǡ ܿ ൅ ݃݀ܽ݊݀ ൅ ݄ ‫ܴ א‬
7HUEXNWL‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܯ א ܤ‬
0LVDO
ܽ ܾ ݁ ݂ ݅ ݆
‫ܣ‬ൌቂ ቃǡ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ൤ ൨ ǡ ݀ܽ݊‫ ܥ‬ൌ ቂ ቃ
ܿ ݀ ݃ ݄ ݇ ݈
݁ ݂ ݅ ݆
ሺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ൬ቂܽ ܾ ቃ ൅ ൤ ൨൰ ൅ ቂ ቃൌ
ܿ ݀ ݃ ݄ ݇ ݈
ܽ൅݁൅݅ ܾ൅݂൅݆
൤ ൨
ܿ൅݃൅݇ ݀൅݄൅݈
ϴϵ
ܽ ܾ ݁ ݂ ݅ ݆
‫ ܣ‬൅ ሺ‫ ܤ‬൅ ‫ܥ‬ሻ ൌ ቂ ቃ ൅ ൬൤ ൨൅ቂ ቃ൰ ൌ
ܿ ݀ ݃ ݄ ݇ ݈
ܽ൅݁൅݅ ܾ൅݂൅݆
൤ ൨
ܿ൅݃൅݇ ݀൅݄൅݈
7HUEXNWLሺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ‫ ܣ‬൅ ሺ‫ ܤ‬൅ ‫ܥ‬ሻ
‫ܯ א ܧ׌‬ǡVHGHPLNLDQ KLQJJD ‫ ܯ א ܣ׊‬EHUODNX
‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ ܧ‬ൌ ‫ ܧ‬൅ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ܣ‬
Ͳ Ͳ
\DLWX‫ ܧ‬ൌ ቂ ቃ
Ͳ Ͳ
‫ܯ א ܣ׊‬ǡ ‫ିܣ׌‬ଵ ‫ ܯ א‬VHGHPLNLDQ KLQJJD ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൌ
‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ିܣܧ‬ଵ DGDODKLQYHUVGDULHOHPHQ$'DODP
െܽ െܾ
KDOLQL‫ିܣ‬ଵ ൌ െ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ቂ ቃ
െܿ െ݀
‫ܯ ׵‬ଶൈଶ ሺܴሻGLEDZDKRSHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQDGDODK*UXS

2SHUDVL‫כ‬SDGD5GLGHILQLVLNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܴ א‬ǡ ܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ʹEXNWLNDQEDKZDሺܴǡ‫כ‬ሻ
PHUXSDNDQJUXS
x ࣡ଵ %HUVLIDWWHUWXWXSWHUKDGDSRSHUDVL‫כ‬
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ܴ א ܾ כ ܴܽܽ݇ܽ݉ א‬VXGDKMHODV
x ࣡ଶ 2SHUDVL‫כ‬%HUVLIDWDVVRVLDWLI
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ݑ݈݇ܽݎܾܴ݁ א‬ሺܽ ‫ܾ כ‬ሻ ‫ ܿ כ‬ൌ ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ
ሺܽ ‫ܾ כ‬ሻ ‫ ܿ כ‬ൌ ሺܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ʹሻ ‫ܿ כ‬
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ʹ ൅ ܿ ൅ ʹ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൅ Ͷ
ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ ൌ ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ൅ ܿ ൅ ʹሻ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൅ Ͷ
‫ܴ א ݁׌‬ǡVHGHPLNLDQ KLQJJD ‫ ܴ א ܽ׊‬EHUODNX
ܽ ‫ ݁ כ‬ൌ ݁ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ܽ
ϵϬ
ܽ ‫ ݁ כ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ݁ ൅ ʹ ൌ ܽ
െܽ ൅ ܽ ൅ ݁ ൅ ʹ ൌ െܽ ൅ ܽ RSHUDVLNDQ GHQJDQ
Ȃ ܽ
Ͳ ൅ ݁ ൅ ʹ ൌ Ͳ LGHQWLWDVGDODPSHQMXPODKDQ
݁ ൅ ʹ ൌ Ͳ VLIDWLGHQWLWDV
݁ ൌ െʹ RSHUDVLNDQ GHQJDQ LQYHUV GDUL
GDODPRSHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQ\DLWX
݁ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ܽ
݁ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ݁ ൅ ܽ ൅ ʹ ൌ ܽ
݁ ൅ ܽ ൅ ʹ ൅ ሺെܽሻ ൌ ܽ ൅ ሺെܽሻ RSHUDVLNDQ
GHQJDQȂ ܽ
݁ ൅ ʹ ൅ ܽ ൅ ሺെܽሻ ൌ ܽ ൅ ሺെܽሻ VLIDW
NRPXWDWLIGDODPSHQMXPODKDQ
݁ ൅ ʹ ൌ Ͳ VLIDW
LGHQWLWDV
ʹ RSHUDVLNDQ GHQJDQ LQYHUV GDUL GDODP
RSHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQ\DLWX

‫ܴ א ܽ׊‬ǡ ‫ିܽ׌‬ଵ ‫ܴ א‬VHGHPLNLDQKLQJJDܽ ‫ିܽ כ‬ଵ ൌ
ܽିଵ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ݁
ܽ ‫ିܽ כ‬ଵ ൌ ݁
ܽ ൅ ܽ ିଵ ൅ ʹ ൌ ݁
ܽ ൅ ܽ ିଵ ൅ ʹ ൌ െʹ
ܽ ൅ ܽ ିଵ ൌ െͶ
ܽିଵ ൌ െͶ െ ܽ
ܽିଵ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ݁
ܽିଵ ൅ ܽ ൅ ʹ ൌ ݁
ܽିଵ ൅ ܽ ൅ ʹ ൌ െʹ
ܽିଵ ൅ ܽ ൌ െͶ
ܽିଵ ൌ െͶ െ ܽ
ϵϭ

‫ܴ ׵‬GLEDZDKRSHUDVL‫כ‬DGDODK*UXS

0LVDONDQ ܴ ‫ ככ‬PHQ\DWDNDQ KLPSXQDQ VHPXD ELODQJDQ
UHDO NHFXDOL 2SHUDVL ‫ כ‬GLGHILQLVLNDQ GHQJDQ DWXUDQ
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ ככ ܴ א‬ǡ ܽ ‫ ܾ כ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܾܽ%XNWLNDQEDKZDܴ ‫ככ‬
DGDODKJUXSGLEDZDKRSHUDVLWHUVHEXW
x ࣡ଵ %HUVLIDWWHUWXWXSWHUKDGDSRSHUDVL‫כ‬
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾ ‫ ככ ܴ א ܾ כ ܽܽ݇ܽ݉ ככ ܴ א‬VXGDKMHODV
x ࣡ଶ 2SHUDVL‫כ‬%HUVLIDWDVVRVLDWLI
‫ܽ׊‬ǡ ܾǡ ܿ ‫ݑ݈݇ܽݎܾ݁ ככ ܴ א‬ሺܽ ‫ܾ כ‬ሻ ‫ ܿ כ‬ൌ ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ
ሺܽ ‫ܾ כ‬ሻ ‫ ܿ כ‬ൌ ሺܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܾܽሻ ‫ܿ כ‬
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܾܽ ൅ ܿ ൅ ܽܿ ൅ ܾܿ ൅ ܾܽܿ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൅ ܾܽ ൅ ܽܿ ൅ ܾܿ ൅ ܾܽܿ
ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ‫ܿ כ‬ሻ ൌ ܽ ‫ כ‬ሺܾ ൅ ܿ ൅ ܾܿሻ
ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൅ ܾܿ ൅ ܾܽ ൅ ܽܿ ൅ ܾܽܿ
‫ ככ ܴ א ݁׌‬ǡVHGHPLNLDQ KLQJJD ‫ ככ ܴ א ܽ׊‬EHUODNX
ܽ ‫ ݁ כ‬ൌ ݁ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ܽ
ܽ ‫ ݁ כ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ݁ ൅ ܽ݁ ൌ ܽ
െܽ ൅ ܽ ൅ ݁ ൅ ܽ݁ ൌ െܽ ൅ ܽRSHUDVLNDQGHQJDQȂ ܽ
Ͳ ൅ ݁ ൅ ܽ݁ ൌ ͲLGHQWLWDVGDODPSHQMXPODKDQ
݁ ൅ ܽ݁ ൌ Ͳ VLIDWLGHQWLWDV
݁ሺͳ ൅ ܽሻ ൌ Ͳ VLIDWGLVWULEXWLI
଴
݁ൌ ൌ Ͳǡ ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ܽ ് െͳ
ଵା௔
݁ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ܽ
݁ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ݁ ൅ ܽ ൅ ݁ܽ ൌ ܽ
݁ ൅ ܽ ൅ ݁ܽ ൅ ሺെܽሻ ൌ ܽ ൅ ሺെܽሻ RSHUDVLNDQ GHQJDQ
Ȃ ܽ
݁ ൅ ݁ܽ ൅ ܽ ൅ ሺെܽሻ ൌ ܽ ൅ ሺെܽሻ VLIDW NRPXWDWLI
GDODPSHQMXPODKDQ
ϵϮ
݁ ൅ ݁ܽ ൌ ͲVLIDWLGHQWLWDV
݁ሺͳ ൅ ܽሻ ൌ Ͳ VLIDWGLVWULEXWLI
଴
݁ ൌ ଵା௔ ൌ Ͳǡ ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ܽ ് െͳ

‫ ככ ܴ א ܽ׊‬ǡ ‫ିܽ׌‬ଵ ‫ ככ ܴ א‬VHGHPLNLDQKLQJJD
ܽ ‫ିܽ כ‬ଵ ൌ ܽିଵ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ݁
ܽ ‫ିܽ כ‬ଵ ൌ ݁
ܽ ൅ ܽିଵ ൅ ܽܽିଵ ൌ ݁
ܽ ൅ ܽିଵ ൅ ܽܽିଵ ൌ Ͳ
ܽିଵ ൅ ܽܽିଵ ൌ െܽ
ି௔
ܽିଵ ൌ ǡ ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ܽ ് െͳ
ଵା௔

ିଵ
ܽ ‫ ܽ כ‬ൌ ݁
ܽିଵ ൅ ܽ ൅ ܽܽିଵ ൌ ݁
ܽିଵ ൅ ܽ ൅ ܽܽିଵ ൌ Ͳ
ܽିଵ ൅ ܽܽିଵ ൌ െܽ
ି௔
ܽିଵ ൌ ǡ ݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ܽ ് െͳ
ଵା௔
.DUHQDെͳ ് ܴ ‫ככ‬PDNDVHWLDSHOHPHQGLܴ ‫ככ‬
PHPLOLNLLQYHUVGLEDZDKRSHUDVL‫\כ‬DLWXXQWXN
ି௔
‫ ככ ܴ א ܽ׊‬ǡ ‫ିܽ׌‬ଵ ൌ
ଵା௔
‫ככ ܴ ׵‬GLEDZDKRSHUDVL‫כ‬DGDODK*UXS

1RWH-DZDEDQGDQGLNHUMDNDQPDQGLULROHKPDKDVLVZD
GHQJDQDUDKDQGRVHQ
ϵϯ
.XQFLMDZDEDQ/DWLKDQ2UGHUJUXSGDQRUGHUHOHPHQ
JUXS
7HQWXNDQRUGHUVHPXDHOHPHQGDULܼହ ǡ ଼ܼ ǡ ܼଷ‫ כ‬ǡ ܼ଻‫ כ‬ǡ ܼଵଷ
‫כ‬
ǡ ܼଶ଴
-DZDE
‫ܩ א ݃׊‬Ǥ2UGHUGDULJGLQRWDVLNDQGHQJDQȁ݃ȁ\DQJ
PHQ\DWDNDQELODQJDQEXODWSRVLWLIWHUNHFLOQVHKLQJJD
PHPHQXKL݃௡ ൌ ݁
¾ 2UGHUGDULܼହ DGDODKVHGDQJNDQRUGHUVHWLDSHOHPHQ
GDULܼହ GLMDEDUNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
2UGHUGDULDGDODKNDUHQDͲଵ ൌ Ͳ
2UGHUGDULDGDODKNDUHQDͳହ ൌ Ͳ
2UGHUGDULDGDODKNDUHQDʹହ ൌ Ͳ
2UGHUGDULDGDODKNDUHQD͵ହ ൌ Ͳ
2UGHUGDULDGDODKNDUHQDͶହ ൌ Ͳ
¾ 2UGHUGDUL଼ܼ DGDODKVHGDQJNDQRUGHUVHWLDSHOHPHQ
GDUL଼ܼ GLMDEDUNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
2UGHUGDULDGDODKNDUHQDͳ଼ ൌ Ͳ
2UGHUGDULDGDODKNDUHQDʹସ ൌ Ͳ
2UGHUGDULDGDODKNDUHQD͵଼ ൌ Ͳ
2UGHUGDULDGDODKNDUHQDͶଶ ൌ Ͳ
2UGHUGDULDGDODKNDUHQDͷ଼ ൌ Ͳ
2UGHUGDULDGDODKNDUHQD͸ସ ൌ Ͳ
2UGHUGDULDGDODKNDUHQD͹଼ ൌ Ͳ
¾ 2UGHUGDULܼଷ‫ כ‬DGDODKVHGDQJNDQRUGHUVHWLDSHOHPHQ
GDULܼଷ‫ כ‬GLMDEDUNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
2UGHUGDULDGDODKNDUHQDͳଵ ൌ ͳ
2UGHUGDULDGDODKNDUHQDʹଶ ൌ ͳ
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-LND + VXEJUXS GDUL * PDND VHWLDS NRVHW NLUL GDQ NRVHW
NDQDQ GDUL + PHPSXQ\DL HOHPHQ \DQJ VDPD EDQ\DN
GHQJDQ+

/HELKODQMXWWHQWDQJWKHRUHPDODJUDQJH
-LND*JUXSILQLWHGDQ+VXEJUXSGDUL*PDNDRUGHUGDUL+
PHPEDJLRUGHUGDUL*GDQEDQ\DNQ\DNRVHWNLULGDUL+GL*
ȁீȁ
DGDODK‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ȁுȁ
EXNWL
0LVDONDQܽ ‫ܩ א‬
'HILQLVLNDQ
݂ǣ ‫ ܪ‬՜ ܽ‫ܪ‬

$NDQGLWXQMXNNDQ݂VXUMHNWLI
0LVDONDQ‫ܪܽ א ݔ‬PDND‫ ݔ‬ൌ ܽ‫ܪ‬XQWXNVXDWX݄ ‫ܪ א‬
,QLDUWLQ\DDGD݄ ‫ܪ א‬VHKLQJJD‫ ݔ‬ൌ ݄ܽ ൌ ݂ሺ݄ሻ
-DGL݂VXUMHNWLI
$NDQGLWXQMXNNDQ݂LQMHNWLI
0LVDONDQ݂ሺ݄ଵ ሻ ൌ ݂ሺ݄ଶ ሻ ‫ܪܽ א‬PDND
݄ܽଵ ൌ ݄ܽଶ
݄ଵ ൌ ݄ଶ
-DGL݂LQMHNWLI
ϭϯϲ

.DUHQD݂VXUMHNWLIGDQLQMHNWLIPDND݂ELMHNWLI
$NLEDWQ\Dȁ‫ܪ‬ȁ ൌ ȁܽ‫ܪ‬ȁ
,QLEHUDUWLVHPXDNRVHWNLULGDUL+EHURGHUVDPDGHQJDQ+
.DUHQD NRVHWNRVHW NLUL PHPEHQWXN SDUWLVL GL * PDND ȁ‫ܩ‬ȁ
NHOLSDWDQȁ‫ܪ‬ȁDWDXȁ‫ܪ‬ȁPHPEDJLȁ‫ܩ‬ȁ
6HKLQJJDGDSDWGLWXOLVVHEDJDLEHULNXW
ȁ‫ܩ‬ȁ ൌ ݇ȁ‫ܪ‬ȁǡ ‫݂݅ݐ݅ݏ݋݌ݐ݈ܽݑܾ݈ܾ݊ܽ݃݊ܽ݅݇ݑݐܽݑݏ݇ݑݐ݊ݑ‬
ȁ‫ܩ‬ȁ
݇ൌ
ȁ‫ܪ‬ȁ

NGLVHEXWLQGHNVGDUL+SDGD*GLQ\DWDNDQ݇ ൌ ȁ‫ܪ ׷ ܩ‬ȁ
NMXJDPHQ\DWDNDQEDQ\DNQ\DNRVHWNLULGL*
&RQWRK
0LVDONDQ‫ ܩ‬ൌ ଼ܼ GDQ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͲǡʹǡͶǡ͸ሽDGDODKVXEJUXSGDUL଼ܼ
0DNDGHQJDQPXGDKNLWDELVDPHQGDSDWNDQQLODL݇ ൌ ʹ+DO
LQLDUWLQ\DEDQ\DNQ\DNRVHWNLULGDUL‫ܪ‬GDODP଼ܼ DGDODK
GDSDWGLEXNWLNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
଼ܼ ൌ ሾͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷǡ͸ǡ͹ሽ
Ͳ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͲǡʹǡͶǡ͸ሽ ൌ ‫ܪ‬
ͳ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͳǡ͵ǡͷǡ͹ሽ
ʹ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼʹǡͶǡ͸ǡͲሽ ൌ ‫ܪ‬
͵ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼ͵ǡͷǡ͹ǡͳሽ ൌ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
Ͷ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͶǡ͸ǡͲǡʹሽ ൌ ‫ܪ‬
ͷ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͷǡ͹ǡͳǡ͵ሽ ൌ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
͸ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼ͸ǡͲǡʹǡͶሽ ൌ ‫ܪ‬
͹ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼ͹ǡͳǡ͵ǡͷሽ ൌ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
+DQ\DDGDNRVHWEHUEHGDGDUL‫ܪ‬GDODP଼ܼ \DLWX‫ܪ‬GDQ
ͳ ൅ ‫'ܪ‬DSDWGLNDWDNDQEDKZDLQGHNVGDUL‫ܪ‬GDODP଼ܼ DGDODK

ϭϯϳ

&RQWRK
0LVDONDQ‫ ܩ‬ൌ ܼGDQ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͵ܼDGDODKVXEJUXSGDUL=$NDQNLWD
WXQMXNNDQEDKZDLQGHNVGDUL͵ܼGDODPܼDGDODK
͵ܼ ൌ ሼǥ ǡ െͻǡ െ͸ǡ െ͵ǡͲǡ͵ǡ͸ǡͻǡ ǥ ሽ
.RVHWNLULGDUL͵ܼGDODPܼDGDODKVHEDJDLEHULNXW
Ͳ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͵ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͸ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫ ڮ‬ൌ ͵݊ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫ܪ‬
ͳ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ Ͷ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͹ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͳͲ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ǥ ݀‫ݐݏ‬
ʹ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͷ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͺ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͳͳ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ǥ ݀‫ݐݏ‬
+DQ\DDGDNRVHWEHUEHGDGDUL͵ܼGDODPܼ\DLWX
‫ܪ‬ǡ ͳ ൅ ‫ ʹ݊ܽ݀ܪ‬൅ ‫ܪ‬
$WDXGDSDWGLWXOLV
͵ܼǡ ͳ ൅ ͵ܼ݀ܽ݊ʹ ൅ ͵ܼ

&RQWRK
0LVDONDQ‫ ܩ‬ൌ ܼGDQ‫ܪ‬ଵ ൌ ሼͲሽDGDODKVXEJUXSGDUL=$NDQ
NLWDWXQMXNNDQEDKZDLQGHNVGDUL‫ܪ‬ଵ GDODPܼDGDODKλ
'DQ‫ܪ‬ଵ ൌ ሼͲሽ
8QWXNVHWLDSܽ ‫ܼ א‬PDNDܽ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ଵ ൌ ܽ ൅ ሼͲሽ ൌ ሼܽሽ
0DNDLQGHNVGDUL‫ܪ‬ଵ GDODPܼDGDODKλ
&RUROODU\
-LND*JUXSILQLWHGDQܽ ‫ܩ א‬PDNDRUGHUܽPHPEDJLRUGHU
GDUL*GLWXOLVȁܽȁȁȁ‫ܩ‬ȁ
6HKLQJJDMHODVEDKZDܽȁீȁ ൌ ݁XQWXN‫ܩ א ܽ׊‬

&RUROODU\
-LND * JUXS ILQLWH GHQJDQ ȁ‫ܩ‬ȁ ൌ ‫ ݌‬SULPD PDND * JUXS
VLNOLN

ϭϯϴ
EXNWL
0LVDO*JUXSILQLWHGHQJDQȁ‫ܩ‬ȁ ൌ ‫݌‬SULPD0LVDONDQܽ ‫ܩ א‬
GDQܽ ് ݁PDND
‫ ۄܽۃ‬ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽଷ ǡ ܽସ ǡ ܽହ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܽȁ௔ȁିଵ ሽ
GDQ_‫_*___ۄܽۃ‬
.DUHQDȁ‫ܩ‬ȁ ൌ ‫݌‬SULPDPDNDKDUXVODKȁ‫ۄܽۃ‬ȁ ൌ ‫݌‬
6HKLQJJD‫ ۄܽۃ‬ൌ ‫ܩ‬
,QLEHUDUWL*JUXSVLNOLN

6XEJUXS1RUPDO
'HILQLVL
6HEXDKVHEJUXS+GDULJUXS*GLNDWDNDQVXEJUXSQRUPDOGDUL
*MLNDGDQKDQ\DMLND
݃‫ି݃ܪ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ܪ‬XQWXN‫ܩ א ݃׊‬
'HQJDQ NDWD ODLQ ‫ ܪ‬GLVHEXW VXEJUXS QRUPDO GDUL ‫ ܩ‬GLWXOLV
‫ܩ ٱ ܪ‬MLNDNRVHWNDQDQVDPDGHQJDQNRVHWNLUL

7KHRUHPD
6HWLDSVXQJUXSGDULJUXSDEHOLDQDGDODKVXEJUXSQRUPDO
%XNWL
.DUHQD+DGDODKVXEJUXSGDULJUXSDEHOLDQ*PDNDEHUODNX
‫ܪ א ݄݊ܽ݀ܩ א ݃׊‬PDND݄݃݃ିଵ ൌ ݃݃ିଵ ݄ ൌ ݄݁ ൌ ݄

&RQWRK
6XEJUXS‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽGDODPܼ଺ DGDODK6XEJUXSQRUPDO

&RQWRK
'DODP ܼସ ൌ ሼͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵ሽ GHQJDQ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͲǡʹሽ DGDODK VXEJUXS
QRUPDO GDUL ܼସ +DO WHUVHEXW GDSDW GLWXQMXNNDQ VHEDJDL
EHULNXW
‫ܼ א ܽ׊‬ସ ǡ ݄ܽܽିଵ ‫ܪ א‬
ϭϯϵ
Ͳ ൅ Ͳ ൅ Ͳ ൌ Ͳ ‫ܪ א‬
ͳ ൅ Ͳ ൅ ͵ ൌ Ͳ ‫ܪ א‬
ʹ ൅ Ͳ ൅ ʹ ൌ Ͳ ‫ܪ א‬
͵ ൅ Ͳ ൅ ͳ ൌ Ͳ ‫ܪ א‬
6HGDQJNDQXQWXN
Ͳ ൅ ʹ ൅ Ͳ ൌ ʹ ‫ܪ א‬
ͳ ൅ ʹ ൅ ͵ ൌ ʹ ‫ܪ א‬
ʹ ൅ ʹ ൅ ʹ ൌ ʹ ‫ܪ א‬
͵ ൅ ʹ ൅ ͳ ൌ ʹ ‫ܪ א‬
.DUHQD‫ܪ א ݄׊‬GDQܽ ‫ܼ א‬ସ ǡ ܾ݁‫ି݄ܽܽݑ݈݇ܽݎ‬ଵ ‫ܪ א‬PDND‫ܪ‬
DGDOKVXEJUXSQRUPDOGDULܼସ

&RQWRK
ܵଷ EXNDQJUXSDEHOLDQGLGDODPܵଷ VXEJUXSGDULܵଷ \DLWX
‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼܽǡ ܾሽEXNDQVXEJUXSQRUPDOGDULܵଷ +DOLQLGDSDW
GLEXNWLNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
‫ܵ א ݀݇ݑݐ݊ݑ‬ଷ ǡ
ͳ ʹ ͵
ܾൌቀ ቁ
ͳ ͵ ʹ
ͳ ʹ ͵
݀ൌቀ ቁ
ʹ ͵ ͳ
ͳ ʹ ͵
݁ൌቀ ቁ
͵ ͳ ʹ
3DGDEDJLDQVHEHOXPQ\DWHODKNLWDWXQMXNNDQEDKZD݀ିଵ ൌ ݁
VHKLQJJD
ܾ݀݀ିଵ ൌ ܾ݀݁ ൌ ܿ ‫ܪ ב‬

&RQWRK
'DODPJUXSܵଷ GDQVXEJUXSGDULܵଷ \DLWX
ͳ ʹ ͵ ͳ ʹ ͵ ͳ ʹ ͵
‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼቀ ቁǡቀ ቁǡቀ ቁሽ
ͳ ʹ ͵ ʹ ͵ ͳ ͵ ͳ ʹ
ͳ ʹ ͵ ͳ ʹ ͵
'DQ‫ܪ‬ଵ ൌ ሼቀ ቁǡቀ ቁሽ
ͳ ʹ ͵ ͳ ͵ ʹ
ϭϰϬ
'DSDWNLWDWXQMXNNDQEDKZD‫ܪ‬DGDODKVXEJUXSQRUPDOGDULܵଷ
WHWDSL‫ܪ‬ଵ EXNDQVXEJUXSQRUPDOGDULܵଷ

'HILQLVL
'XDEXDKVXEJUXS+GDQ.GDULVHEXDKJUXS*DGDODKGXD
VXEJUXSVHNDZDQNRQMXJDWMLND‫ ܪ‬ൌ ܽ‫ିܽܭ‬ଵ XQWXNVXDWX
ܽ ‫ܩ א‬

&RQWRK
'DODP JUXS ܵଷ GLPDQD ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼܽǡ ܾሽ GDQ ‫ ܭ‬ൌ ሼܽǡ ܿሽ DGDODK
NRQMXJDWVXEJUXSVHNDZDQ
+DOLQLGDSDWNLWDWXQMXNNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
‫ܵ א ܽ׌‬ଷ ǡ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ܽ‫ିܽܭ‬ଵ
3DGD EDJLDQ VHEHOXPQ\D WHODK NLWD WXQMXNNDQ EDKZD ܵଷ
WHUKDGDS RSHUDVL NRPSRVLVL DGDODK JUXS VHKLQJJD ‫ܵ א ܽ׌‬ଷ ǡ
‫ܵ א ݁׌‬ଷ ݁ GLVLQL DGDODK HOHPHQ LGHQWLWDV (OHPHQ LGHQWLWDV
GDODPܵଷ DGDODKHOHPHQܽǤ
.LWDGDSDWPHQJDPELOFRQWRKܾ ൌ ݀ܿ݁GLPDQD݀ିଵ ൌ ݁
6HKLQJJDPHPHQXKL‫ ܪ‬ൌ ܽ‫ିܽܭ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ܵ א ܽݑݐܽݑݏ݇ݑݐ݊ݑ‬ଷ
&RQWRK
'DODPܼ଺ ൌ ሼͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷሽǡ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͲǡ͵ሽGDQ‫ ܭ‬ൌ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ
'DSDWNLWDWXQMXNNDQEDKZD‫ܭ݊ܽ݀ܪ‬LQLDGDODKNRQMXJDW
ͳ ൅ Ͳ ൅ ͷ ൌ Ͳ ‫ܪ א‬
ʹ ൅ Ͳ ൅ Ͷ ൌ Ͳ ‫ܪ א‬
͵ ൅ Ͳ ൅ ͵ ൌ Ͳ ‫ܪ א‬
Ͷ ൅ Ͳ ൅ ʹ ൌ Ͳ ‫ܪ א‬
ͷ ൅ Ͳ ൅ ͳ ൌ Ͳ ‫ܪ א‬
ͳ ൅ ʹ ൅ ͷ ൌ ʹ ‫ܪ א‬
ʹ ൅ ʹ ൅ Ͷ ൌ ʹ ‫ܪ א‬
͵ ൅ ʹ ൅ ͵ ൌ ʹ ‫ܪ א‬
ϭϰϭ
Ͷ ൅ ʹ ൅ ʹ ൌ ʹ ‫ܪ א‬
ͷ ൅ ʹ ൅ ͳ ൌ ʹ ‫ܪ א‬
ͳ ൅ Ͷ ൅ ͷ ൌ Ͷ ‫ܪ א‬
ʹ ൅ Ͷ ൅ Ͷ ൌ Ͷ ‫ܪ א‬
͵ ൅ Ͷ ൅ ͵ ൌ Ͷ ‫ܪ א‬
Ͷ ൅ Ͷ ൅ ʹ ൌ Ͷ ‫ܪ א‬
ͷ ൅ Ͷ ൅ ͳ ൌ Ͷ ‫ܪ א‬
ିଵ
7HUEXNWL‫ ܪ‬ൌ ܽ‫ ܽܭ‬ǡ ‫ ଺ܼ א ܽݑݐܽݑݏ݇ݑݐ݊ݑ‬
7KHRUHPD
0LVDO * VHEXDK JUXS + VXEJUXS QRUPDO GDODP * MLND GDQ
KDQ\DMLND
݃‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫݃ܪ‬ǡ ‫݊ܽ݊ܽ݇ݐ݁ݏ݋݇݊ܽ݃݊݁݀ܽ݉ܽݏ݅ݎ݅݇ݐ݁ݏ݋݇ݑݐ݅ܽݕ‬
‫ ܩ ٱ ܪ‬฻ ݃‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫݃ܪ‬ǡ ‫ܩ א ݃׊‬
%XNWL
ฺGLNHWDKXL‫ܩ ٱ ܪ‬ǡDNDQNLWDEXNWLNDQ݃‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫݃ܪ‬ǡ ‫ܩ א ݃׊‬
.DUHQD+DGDODKVXEJUXSQRUPDOGDUL*PDND‫ ܩ א ݃׊‬ൌ
݃‫ି݃ܪ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ܪ‬6HKLQJJD
ሺ݃‫ି݃ܪ‬ଵ ሻ݃ ൌ ‫݃ܪ‬
݃‫ܪ‬ሺ݃ିଵ ݃ሻ ൌ ‫݃ܪ‬
݃‫ ݁ܪ‬ൌ ‫݃ܪ‬
݃‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫݃ܪ‬
ูGLNHWDKXL݃‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫݃ܪ‬DNDQNLWDEXNWLNDQ‫ܩ ٱ ܪ‬
'LNHWDKXL‫ܩ א ݃׊‬ǡ ݃‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫݃ܪ‬PDND
‫ܩ א ݃׊‬ǡ ‫ି݃׌‬ଵ ‫ܩ א‬VHKLQJJD
݃‫ି݃ܪ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ି݃݃ܪ‬ଵ
݃‫ି݃ܪ‬ଵ ൌ ‫݁ܪ‬
݃‫ି݃ܪ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ܪ‬
-DGLWHUEXNWL‫ܩ א ݃׊‬ǡ ݃‫ି݃ܪ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ܪ‬ǡ ‫ܩ ٱ ܪ݄ܽ݃݃݊݅݁ݏ‬

ϭϰϮ
7KHRUHPD
0LVDO*VHEXDKJUXS+DGDODKVXEJUXSQRUPDOGDUL*MLNDGDQ
KDQ\DMLND݃‫ି݃ܪ‬ଵ ‫ܪ ك‬ǡ ‫ܩ א ݃׊‬
$WDXGDSDWGLQ\DWDNDQVHEDJDL
‫ି݃ܪ݃ ֞ ܩ ٱ ܪ‬ଵ ‫ܪ ك‬ǡ ‫ܩ א ݃׊‬
%XNWL
ฺGLNHWDKXL‫ܩ ٱ ܪ‬DNDQNLWDEXNWLNDQ݃‫ି݃ܪ‬ଵ ‫ܪ ك‬ǡ ‫ܩ א ݃׊‬
$PELOVHPEDUDQJܽ ‫ି݃ܪ݃ א‬ଵ ǡPDNDܽGDSDWGLQ\DWDNDQ
VHEDJDLܽ ൌ ݄݃ଵ ݃ିଵ ‫݄݇ݑݐ݊ݑ‬ଵ ‫ܪ א‬
0DNDMLND݄݃ଵ ‫ܪ݃ א‬ǡ ݄݉݇ܽ݃ଵ ‫݃ܪ א‬
'DSDWNLWDWXOLVNDQ݄݃ଵ ൌ ݄ଶ ݃ǡ ‫݄݇ݑݐ݊ݑ‬ଶ ‫ܪ א‬
8QWXN‫ܩ א ݃׊‬ǡ ‫ି݃׌‬ଵ ‫ܩ א‬ǡVHKLQJJD
ܽ ൌ ݄݃ଵ ݃ିଵ ൌ ݄ଶ ݃݃ିଵ ൌ ݄ଶ ݁ ൌ ݄ଶ ‫ܪ א‬
-DGLWHUEXNWLXQWXNܽ ‫ି݃ܪ݃ א‬ଵPDNDܽ ‫ܪ א‬DWDX
݃‫ି݃ܪ‬ଵ ‫ܪ ك‬
ูGLNHWDKXL݃‫ି݃ܪ‬ଵ ‫ܪ ك‬ǡ ‫ܩ א ݃׊‬DNDQNLWDEXNWLNDQ‫ܩ ٱ ܪ‬
$PELOVHPEDUDQJܽ ‫݃ܪ א‬PDNDܽ ൌ ݄ଵ ݃‫݄݇ݑݐ݊ݑ‬ଵ ‫ܪ א‬
8QWXN‫ܩ א ݃׊‬ǡ ‫ି݃׌‬ଵ ‫ܩ א‬ǡ
VHKLQJJD݃ିଵ ܽ ൌ ݃ିଵ ݄ଵ ݃ ‫ି݃ܪ݃ א‬ଵ ‫ܪ ك‬
GLSHUROHK݃ିଵ ܽ ‫ܪ א‬PDND݃ିଵ ܽ ൌ ݄ଵ ‫݄݇ݑݐ݊ݑ‬ଵ ‫ܪ א‬
MDGLܽ ‫݃ܪ ك ݃ܪݑܽݐܽܪ݃ א ܽܽ݇ܽ݉݃ܪ א‬
6HODQMXWQ\D
$PELOVHPEDUDQJܽ ‫ܪ݃ א‬PDNDܽ ൌ ݄݃ଵ ‫݄݇ݑݐ݊ݑ‬ଵ ‫ܪ א‬
8QWXN‫ܩ א ݃׊‬ǡ ‫ି݃׌‬ଵ ‫ܩ א‬ǡ
VHKLQJJDܽ݃ିଵ ൌ ݃ܽ݃ିଵ ‫ି݃ܪ݃ א‬ଵ ‫ܪ ك‬
ϭϰϯ
GLSHUROHKܽ݃ିଵ ‫ܪ א‬PDNDܽ݃ିଵ ൌ ݄ଵ ‫݄݇ݑݐ݊ݑ‬ଵ ‫ܪ א‬
XQWXNVHWLDS݃ ‫ܩ א‬ǡ ܽ݃ିଵ ݃ ൌ ݄ଵ ݃
ܽ݁ ൌ ݄ଵ ݃ǡ ܽ ൌ ݄ଵ ݃ ‫݃ܪ א‬
MDGLܽ ‫ܪ݃ ك ܪ݃ݑܽݐܽ݃ܪ א ܽܽ݇ܽ݉ܪ݃ א‬
VHKLQJJDGDULGXDVROXVLGLDWDVGDSDWGLVLPSXONDQ
݃‫ ܪ‬ൌ ݃‫ܩ݈݈݉ܽܽ݀ܽ݉ݎ݋݊݌ݑݎܾ݃ݑݏܪݑܽݐܽܪ‬Ǥ

7KHRUHPD
-LND+GDQ.DGDODKVXEJUXSQRUPDOGDULJUXS*PDND
L ‫ܭ ת ܪ‬PHUXSDNDQVXEJUXSQRUPDOGDUL*
LL‫ ܭܪ‬ൌ ‫ܪܭ‬VXEJUXSQRUPDOSXODGDUL*
LLL ሺ‫ܭ ׫ ܪ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܭܪ‬
%XNWL
L 'LNHWDKXL + GDQ . DGDODK VXEJUXS QRUPDO GDUL JUXS
*DNDQGLEXNWLNDQEDKZD‫ܭ ת ܪ‬MXJDVXEJUXSQRUPDO
GDUL*
+GDQ.VXEJUXSQRUPDO*PDND‫ܩ א ݃׊‬ǡ ݃‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫݃ܪ‬
GDQ݃‫ ܭ‬ൌ ‫݃ܭ‬
6HKLQJJD‫ ܭ ת ܪ‬ൌ ሼ‫ݔ‬ȁ‫ܭ א ݔ݊ܽ݀ܪ א ݔ‬ሽ
‫ܭ ת ܪ א ݔ׊‬ǡ ݀ܽ݊‫ܩ א ݃׊‬ǡ ‫ ݃ݔ‬ൌ ݃‫ݔ‬

LL'LNHWDKXL + GDQ . DGDODK VXEJUXS QRUPDO GDUL JUXS
*DNDQGLEXNWLNDQ‫ ܭܪ‬ൌ ‫ܪܭ‬VXEJUXSQRUPDOGDUL*
+GDQ.VXEJUXSQRUPDO*PDND‫ܩ א ݃׊‬ǡ ݃‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫݃ܪ‬
GDQ݃‫ ܭ‬ൌ ‫݃ܭ‬
.DUHQD + GDQ . VXEJUXS QRUPDO PDND ‫ ܭܪ‬ൌ ‫ܪܭ‬
VHUWDXQWXN‫ܩ א ݃׊‬ǡ ݃ሺ‫ܭܪ‬ሻ ൌ ሺ‫ܭܪ‬ሻ݃

LLL 'LNHWDKXL+GDQ.DGDODKVXEJUXSQRUPDOGDULJUXS
*DNDQGLEXNWLNDQሺ‫ܭ ׫ ܪ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ܭܪ‬
ϭϰϰ
6HQWUDOLVHU1RUPDOLVHUGDQ6WDELOL]HU

0LVDONDQ * VHPEDUDQJ JUXS GDQ + VHPEDUDQJ VXEVHW WDN
NRVRQJGDUL*

'HILQLVL6HQWUDOLVHUGDUL*
‫ ீܥ‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ ൌ ሼ݃ ‫ܩ א‬ȁ݄݃݃ିଵ ൌ ݄ǡ ‫ ܪ א ݄׊‬ሽ
ൌ ሼ݃ ‫ܩ א‬ȁ݄݃ ൌ ݄݃ǡ ‫ ܪ א ݄׊‬ሽ
ൌ ሼ݃ ‫ܩ א‬ȁ݃ିଵ ݄݃ ൌ ݄ǡ ‫ ܪ א ݄׊‬ሽ
&RQWRK
0LVDONDQ‫ ܩ‬ൌ ଼ܼ ൌ ሼͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷǡ͸ǡ͹ሽ
'DQ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͲǡʹሽ‫ܩ݅ݎܽ݀ݐ݁ݏܾݑݏ‬
PDND‫ ீܥ‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ ൌ ଼ܼ ൌ ሼͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷǡ͸ǡ͹ሽ

&RQWRK
‫ ீܥ‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻDGDODKVXEJUXSGDUL*
EXNWL
0LVDONDQ*JUXSGDQ+VHPEDUDQJVXEVHWWDNNRVRQJGDUL*
L .DUHQD*JUXSPDNDDGD݁ ‫ܩ א‬0LVDOVHPEDUDQJ
݄ ‫ܪ א‬PDND݄ ‫ܩ א‬NDUHQD‫׎ ് ܪ݊ܽ݀ܩ ؿ ܪ‬
6HKLQJJD݄݁ ൌ ݄݁+DOLQLEHUDUWL݁ ‫ ீܥ א‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻǡ
VHKLQJJD‫ ீܥ‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ ് ‫׎‬
LL0LVDOGLDPELO݄ ‫ ீܥ א‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻPDNDSDVWLODK݄ ‫ܩ א‬
VHKLQJJD‫ ீܥ‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ ‫ܩ ك‬
LLL 0LVDOGLEHULNDQVHPEDUDQJܽǡ ܾ ‫ ீܥ א‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻGDQ݄ ‫ܪ א‬
PDNDܽǡ ܾ ‫ܩ א‬GDQ݄ܽܽିଵ ൌ ݄GDQܾ݄ܾ ିଵ ൌ ݄

.DUHQD*JUXSPDNDܽିଵ ‫ܩ א‬GHQJDQ
ϭϰϱ
ܽିଵ ݄ሺܽିଵ ሻିଵ ൌ ܽିଵ ݄ܽ ൌ ܽିଵ ሺ݄ܽܽିଵ ሻܽ ൌ ሺܽିଵ ܽሻ݄ሺܽିଵ ܽሻ
ൌ ݄݁݁ ൌ ݄
+DOLQLDUWLQ\Dܽିଵ ‫ ீܥ א‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ
.DUHQD*JUXSPDNDܾܽ ‫ܩ א‬GDQሺܾܽሻ݄ሺܾܽሻିଵ ൌ
ܾ݄ܾܽ ିଵ ܽିଵ ൌ ܽሺܾ݄ܾ ିଵ ሻܽିଵ ൌ ݄ܽܽିଵ ൌ ݄
,QLEHUDUWLܾܽ ‫ ீܥ א‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ
‫ ீܥ ׵‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ݈݄ܽ݀ܽܽ‫ܩ݅ݎܽ݀݌ݑݎܾ݃ݑݏ‬
&RQWRK
'DODPJUXS'LKHGUDO‫ ଺ܦ‬ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݕݔ‬ǡ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ሽGHQJDQ
RSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQDGDODK*UXS
6LIDWNHWHUWXWXSDQSDGD‫ ଺ܦ‬ǡൈሻGLVDMLNDQGDODPWDEHOFD\OH\
VHEDJDLEHULNXW
ൈ ݁ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬
݁ ݁ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬
‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݁ ‫ݕݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕ‬
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݁ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕݔ‬
‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ ݁ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ
‫ݕݔ‬ ‫ݕݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݁
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݁ ‫ݔ‬

'DULWDEHOGLDWDVGDSDWNLWDWHQWXNDQLQYHUVGDULVHWLDSHOHPHQ
GL‫ ଺ܦ‬ǡ ݁ ିଵ ൌ ݁ǡ ‫ି ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ǡ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሻିଵ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ି ݕ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ݕ‬ǡ
ሺ‫ݕݔ‬ሻିଵ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ሻିଵ ൌ ‫ݕݔ‬
0LVDO‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሽ‫଺ܦ ك ܪ‬
0DNDVHQWUDOLVHU‫ܪ‬GL‫݄݈ܽܽ݀ܽ ଺ܦ‬ǣ
.LWDODNXNDQDQDOLVLVVDWXSHUVDWXGDULHOHPHQ‫଺ܦ‬
݁ ‫ ଺ܦ א‬ǡ ݁ ൈ ‫ ݔ‬ൈ ݁ ൌ ‫ݔ‬
݁ ‫ ଺ܦ א‬ǡ ݁ ൈ ‫ ݕ‬ൈ ݁ ൌ ‫ݕ‬
‫ ଺ܦ א ݔ‬ǡ ‫ ݔ‬ൈ ‫ ݔ‬ൈ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݔ‬
‫ ଺ܦ א ݔ‬ǡ ‫ ݔ‬ൈ ‫ ݕ‬ൈ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݕ‬GDQVHWHUXVQ\D
ϭϰϲ
PDNDVHQWUDOLVHUGDUL+GLJUXS'LKHGUDO‫଺ܦ‬GDODPሺ‫ ଺ܦ‬ǡൈሻ
DGDODKሼ݁ǡ ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݕݔ‬ǡ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ሽ

'HILQLVL
&HQWHUGDUL*UXS*
ܼሺ‫ܩ‬ሻ ൌ ሼ݃ ‫ܩ א‬ȁܽ݃ ൌ ݃ܽǡ ‫ܩ א ܽ׊‬ሽ

&RQWRK
3DGD଼ܼ FHQWHUGDUL଼ܼ ݈݄ܽ݀ܽܽሼͲǤͳǤʹǤ͵ǤͶǤͷǤ͸Ǥ͹ሽ

ͳ ʹ ͵
'DODPܵଷ ǡ ܿ݁݊‫ܵ݅ݎܽ݀ݎ݁ݐ‬ଷDGDODKܽ ൌ ቀ ቁ
ͳ ʹ ͵
'DODPሺ‫ܯ‬௡ൈ௡ ǡൈሻFHQWHUGDULሺ‫ܯ‬௡ൈ௡ ǡൈሻDGDODK
ͳ ‫Ͳ ڮ‬
‫ ܫ‬ൌ ൭ ‫ ڭ ڰ ڭ‬൱
Ͳ ‫ͳ ڮ‬

&RQWRK
ܼሺ‫ܩ‬ሻ‫ܩ‬
+DO LQL GDSDW GLDPDWL EDKZD NHHPSDW DNVLRPD GDODP JUXS
GLSHQXKLܼሺ‫ܩ‬ሻ

'HILQLVL
1RUPDOLVHU
ܰீ ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ ൌ ሼ݃ ‫ܩ א‬ȁ݃‫ି݃ܪ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ܪ‬
'HQJDQ FDUD \DQJ VDPD GHQJDQ SHPEXNWLDQ EDKZD
‫ ீܥ‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ݈݄ܽ݀ܽܽ‫ ܩ݅ݎܽ݀݌ݑݎܾ݃ݑݏ‬GDSDW GLEXNWLNDQ SXOD EDKZD
ܰீ ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ‫ܩ݅ݎܽ݀݌ݑݎܾ݃ݑݏ‬Ǥ
$NDQGLWXQMXNNDQEDKZD‫ ீܥ‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻVXEJUXSGDULܰீ ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ
ϭϰϳ
.DUHQD‫ ீܥ‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻGDQܰீ ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻVXEJUXSGDUL*PDNDXQWXN
PHQXQMXNNDQ ‫ ீܥ‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ VXEJUXS GDUL ܰீ ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ PDND FXNXS
GHQJDQPHQXQMXNNDQ‫ ீܥ‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ ‫ ீܰ ك‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ
0LVDOGLEHULNDQVHPEDUDQJܽ ‫ ீܥ א‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻPDNDܽ ‫ܩ א‬
$NDQGLWXQMXNNDQܽ‫ିܽܪ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ܪ‬
0LVDO GLDPELO ܾ ‫ିܽܪܽ א‬ଵ PDND DGD ݄ ‫ ܪ א‬VHKLQJJD
ܾ ൌ ݄ܽܽିଵ
.DUHQDܽ ‫ ீܥ א‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻGDQ݄ ‫ܪ א‬
PDNDܾ ൌ ݄ܽܽିଵ ൌ ݄ ‫ܪ א‬
,QLEHUDUWL݄ܽܽିଵ ‫ܪ ك‬0LVDOGLDPELO݄ଵ ‫ܪ א‬PDNDGDSDW
GLWXOLV݄ଵ ൌ ሺܽܽିଵ ሻ݄ଵ ሺܽܽିଵ ሻ ൌ ܽሺܽିଵ ݄ଵ ܽሻܽିଵ
.DUHQDܽ ‫ ீܥ א‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻGDQ݄ଵ ‫ܪ א‬PDNDܽିଵ ݄ଵ ܽ ൌ ݄ଵ
6HKLQJJD݄ଵ ൌ ܽିଵ ݄ଵ ܽ ‫ି ܽܪܽ א‬ଵ
-DGL‫ିܽܪܽ ك ܪ‬ଵ
,QLEHUDUWLܽ‫ିܽܪ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ܪ‬
‫ ீܥ ׵‬ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻVXEJUXSGDULܰீ ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ
&RQWRK
0DVLKGDODP‫ ଺ܦ‬ǡPLVDO‫ ܣ‬ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሽ
1RUPDOLVHU‫ܣ‬GDODP‫ ଺ܦ‬DGDODKVHPXDHOHPHQGDODP‫଺ܦ‬

ϭϰϴ
*UXS)DNWRU
'HILQLVLMLND+VXEJUXSQRUPDOGDUL*UXS*KLPSXQDQ
NRVHW GDUL + GDODP * DGDODK *UXS IDNWRU GDUL * GDQ
GLQRWDVLNDQGHQJDQ‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ܪ‬
2UGHUGDULJUXSIDNWRU‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ܪ‬DGDODKEDQ\DNQ\D NRVHWNRVHW
GDUL+GDODP*\DQJGLWXOLVNDQVHEDJDLEHULNXW
ȁ‫ܩ‬ȁ
ȁ‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ܪ‬ȁ ൌ ȁ‫ܩ‬ǣ ‫ܪ‬ȁ ൌ
ȁ‫ܪ‬ȁ
&RQWRK
ܼ଺ ൌ ሼͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷሽ ܼ଺ WHUKDGDS RSHUDVL SHQMXPODKDQ
PRGXOR DGDODK *UXS DEHOLDQ GDQ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ DGDODK
VXEJUXS7HQWXNDQJUXSIDNWRUGDULܼ଺ ROHK+\DLWXܼ଺ Ȁ‫ܪ‬
-DZDE
/DQJNDK SHUWDPD DGDODK NLWD DNDQ PHPDVWLNDQ WHUOHELK
GDKXOXDSDNDK+VXEJUXSQRUPDOGDULܼ଺
.RVHWNLULGDUL+GDODPܼ଺
Ͳ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ Ͳ ൅ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ ൌ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ
ͳ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͳ ൅ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ ൌ ሼͳǡ͵ǡͷሽ
ʹ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ʹ ൅ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ ൌ ሼʹǡͶǡͲሽ
͵ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͵ ൅ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ ൌ ሼ͵ǡͷǡͳሽ
Ͷ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ Ͷ ൅ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ ൌ ሼͶǡͲǡʹሽ
ͷ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͷ ൅ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ ൌ ሼͷǡͳǡ͵ሽ

ϭϰϵ
.RVHWNDQDQGDUL+GDODPܼ଺
‫ ܪ‬൅ Ͳ ൌ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ ൅ Ͳ ൌ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ
‫ ܪ‬൅ ͳ ൌ ሼͲǡʹǡͶ ൅ ͳሽ ൌ ሼͳǡ͵ǡͷሽ
‫ ܪ‬൅ ʹ ൌ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ ൅ ʹ ൌ ሼʹǡͶǡͲሽ
‫ ܪ‬൅ ͵ ൌ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ ൅ ͵ ൌ ሼ͵ǡͷǡͳሽ
‫ ܪ‬൅ Ͷ ൌ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ ൅ Ͷ ൌ ሼͶǡͲǡʹሽ
‫ ܪ‬൅ ͷ ൌ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ ൅ ͷ ൌ ሼͷǡͳǡ͵ሽ
'LSHUROHK
Ͳ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫ ܪ‬൅ Ͳ
ͳ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫ ܪ‬൅ ͳ
ʹ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫ ܪ‬൅ ʹ
͵ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫ ܪ‬൅ ͵
Ͷ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫ ܪ‬൅ Ͷ
ͷ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫ ܪ‬൅ ͷ
6HKLQJJD GDSDW GLVLPSXONDQ NRVHW NLUL GDUL + GDODP ܼ଺
VDPDGHQJDQNRVHWNDQDQGDUL+GDODPܼ଺
6HODQMXWQ\DNLWDDNDQPHQFDULJUXSIDNWRUGDULܼ଺ Ȁ‫ܪ‬
ܼ଺ Ȁ‫ܪ‬DGDODKKLPSXQDQNRVHWNRVHWGDUL+GDODPܼ଺
6HKLQJJDGHQJDQPXGDKNLWDSHUROHK
ܼ଺ Ȁ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼ‫ܪ‬ǡ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ሽ
.LWD DNDQ PHPEXNWLNDQ EDKZD ܼ଺ Ȁ‫ ܪ‬PHUXSDNDQ VHEXDK
JUXS

ϭϱϬ
൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
‫ܪ‬ ‫ܪ‬ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ‫ܪ‬
x ܼ଺ Ȁ‫ܪ‬WHUWXWXSWHUKDGDSRSHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQ
x ܼ଺ Ȁ‫ܪ‬EHUVLIDWDVRVLDWLINDUHQDVLIDWDVRVLDWLISDGD
RSHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQ
x ܼ଺ Ȁ‫ܪ‬PHPLOLNLHOHPHQLGHQWLWDV\DLWX+
x 6HWLDSHOHPHQSDGDܼ଺ Ȁ‫ܪ‬PHPSXQ\DLLQYHUV\DLWX
‫ି ܪ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ܪ‬ǡ ݀ܽ݊ሺͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ሻିଵ ൌ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬

&RQWRK
'DODPܵଷ ǡ ݀݅݇݁‫ ܪ݅ݑ݄ܽݐ‬ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ሺͳǡʹሻǡ ሺͳǡʹǡ͵ሻሽ
'DSDWNDKNLWDPHQGDSDWNDQJUXSIDNWRUGDUL+GDODPܵଷ "
.LWD DNDQ PHQ\HOLGLNL WHUOHELK GDKXOX DSDNDK + VXEJUXS
QRUPDOGDULܵଷ
ܵଷ ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ሺʹǡ͵ሻǡ ሺͳǡʹሻǡ ሺͳǡʹǡ͵ሻǡ ሺͳǡ͵ǡʹሻǡ ሺͳǡ͵ሻሽ

‫ל‬ ݁ ሺͳǡʹሻ ሺͳǡʹǡ͵ሻ
݁ ݁ ሺͳǡʹሻ ሺͳǡʹǡ͵ሻ
ሺͳǡʹሻ ሺͳǡʹሻ ݁ ሺʹǡ͵ሻ
ሺͳǡʹǡ͵ሻ ሺͳǡʹǡ͵ሻ ሺͳǡ͵ሻ ݁

+ WLGDN WHUWXWXS WHUKDGDS RSHUDVL ‫ ל‬VHKLQJJD + EXNDQ
VXEJUXSVHKLQJJD+EXNDQVXEJUXSQRUPDO
ϭϱϭ
&RQWRK
=DGDODKJUXSDEHOLDQGDQ=DGDODKVXEJUXSQRUPDOGDUL
='DSDWGLWXQMXNNDQGHQJDQPXGDKEDKZDܼȀ͵ܼDGDODK
JUXSIDNWRUGHQJDQܼȀ͵ܼ ൌ ሼͲ ൅ ͵ܼǡ ͳ ൅ ͵ܼǡ ʹ ൅ ͵ܼሽ

&RQWRK
ܼ݊DGDODKVXEJUXSQRUPDOGDUL=XQWXN‫ ܼ א ݊׊‬ା
'DSDWGLWXQMXNNDQEDKZD
ܼȀܼ݊ ൌ ሼͲ ൅ ܼ݊ǡ ͳ ൅ ܼ݊ǡ ʹ ൅ ܼ݊ǡ ǥ ǡ ሺ݊ െ ͳሻ ൅ ܼ݊ሽ

&RQWRK
7HQWXNDQJUXSIDNWRUሺܼସ ൈ ܼ଺ ሻȀ‫ۃ‬ሺͲǡͳሻ‫ۄ‬GHQJDQ‫ۃ‬ሺͲǡͳሻ‫ۄ‬
DGDODKVXEJUXSVLNOLNGDULሺܼସ ൈ ܼ଺ ሻ\DQJGLEDQJXQROHK
ሺͲǡͳሻǤ
0LVDO
‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫ۃ‬ሺͲǡͳሻ‫ ۄ‬ൌ ሼሺͲǡͲሻǡ ሺͲǡͳሻǡ ሺͲǡʹሻǡ ሺͲǡ͵ሻǡ ሺͲǡͶሻǡ ሺͲǡͷሻሽ
ሺܼସ ൈ ܼ଺ ሻ ൌ ሼሺܽǡ ܾሻȁܽ ‫ܼ א‬ସ ܾ݀ܽ݊ ‫ ଺ܼ א‬ሽ
6HKLQJJDGLVLQLܼସ ൈ ܼ଺ PHPSXQ\DLHOHPHQ6HKLQJJD
VHPXDNRVHWGDUL‫ܪ‬GDODPܼସ ൈ ܼ଺ KDUXVPHPSXQ\DL
HOHPHQGDQሺܼସ ൈ ܼ଺ ሻȀ‫ܪ‬KDUXVEHURUGHU
'LSHUROHKሺܼସ ൈ ܼ଺ ሻȀ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼሺͲǡͲሻ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ǡ ሺͳǡͲሻ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ǡ ሺʹǡͲሻ ൅
‫ܪ‬ǡ ሺ͵ǡͲሻ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ሽ

ϭϱϮ
&RQWRK
'DODP‫\ ଺ܩ‬DQJGLEDQJXQROHKܽ\DLWX
‫ ଺ܩ‬ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽଷ ǡ ܽସ ǡ ܽହ ሽ
$GDODKVXDWXJUXSWHUKDGDSRSHUDVLSHUNDOLDQ'LNHWDKXL
VXEJUXSGDUL‫\ ଺ܩ‬DLWX‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ሽ
$SDNDK+VXEJUXSQRUPDOGDUL‫ ଺ܩ‬
.LWDDNDQPHQ\HOLGLNLNRVHWNLULGDQNRVHWNDQDQGDUL+
GDODP‫ ଺ܩ‬
.RVHWNLUL
݁ ൈ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ݁ ൈ ሼ݁ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ሽ ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ሽ
ܽ ൈ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ܽ ൈ ሼ݁ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ሽ ൌ ሼܽǡ ܽଷ ǡ ܽହ ሽ
ܽଶ ൈ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ܽଶ ൈ ሼ݁ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ሽ ൌ ሼܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ǡ ݁ሽ
ܽଷ ൈ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ܽଷ ൈ ሼ݁ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ሽ ൌ ሼܽଷ ǡ ܽହ ǡ ܽଵ ሽ
ܽସ ൈ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ܽସ ൈ ሼ݁ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ሽ ൌ ሼܽସ ǡ ݁ǡ ܽଶ ሽ
ܽହ ൈ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ܽହ ൈ ሼ݁ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ሽ ൌ ሼܽହ ǡ ܽଵ ǡ ܽଷ ሽ
.RVHWNDQDQ
‫ ܪ‬ൈ ݁ ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ሽ ൈ ݁ ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ሽ
‫ ܪ‬ൈ ܽ ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ሽ ൈ ܽ ൌ ሼܽǡ ܽଷ ǡ ܽହ ሽ
‫ ܪ‬ൈ ܽଶ ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ሽ ൈ ܽଶ ൌ ሼܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ǡ ݁ሽ
‫ ܪ‬ൈ ܽଷ ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ሽ ൈ ܽଷ ൌ ሼܽଷ ǡ ܽହ ǡ ܽଵ ሽ
‫ ܪ‬ൈ ܽସ ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ሽ ൈ ܽସ ൌ ሼܽସ ǡ ݁ǡ ܽଶ ሽ
‫ ܪ‬ൈ ܽହ ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ܽସ ሽ ൈ ܽହ ൌ ሼܽହ ǡ ܽଵ ǡ ܽଷ ሽ
7HUEXNWLNRVHWNLULGDUL+GDODP‫ ଺ܩ‬VDPDGHQJDQNRVHW
NDQDQQ\D
ϭϱϯ
6HKLQJJD+PHUXSDNDQVXEJUXSQRUPDOGDUL‫ ଺ܩ‬
6HODQMXWQ\DNLWDDNDQPHQFDULJUXSIDDNWRUGDUL‫ ଺ܩ‬Ȁ‫ܪ‬
‫ ଺ܩ‬Ȁ‫ܪ‬DGDODKKLPSXQDQNRVHWNRVHWGDUL+GDODP‫ ଺ܩ‬
6HKLQJJDNLWDSHUROHK
‫଺ܩ‬
ൌ ሼ‫ܪ‬ǡ ‫ܽܪ‬ሽ
‫ܪ‬
7HRUHPD
*UXSIDNWRUGDULJUXSVLNOLNDGDODKVLNOLN
%XNWL
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+DO LQL EHUDUWL ‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ ܪ‬GDSDW GLEDQJXQ ROHK VXDWX HOHPHQ

ܽ‫ܪ‬ǡ\DQJ PDQD ܽ‫ܩ א ܪ‬Ȁ‫ ܪ‬NDUHQD XQWXN VHPEDUDQJ ݃‫ܪ‬
GDODP ‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ ܪ‬EHUODNX ݃ ൌ ܽ௠ XQWXN VXDWX ELODQJDQ EXODW ݉Ǥ
VHKLQJJDGDSDWNLWDWXOLVNDQEDKZD݃‫ ܪ‬ൌ ܽ௠ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሺܽ‫ܪ‬ሻ௠
7HUEXNWLEDKZD‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ܪ‬GLEDQJXQROHKVXDWXHOHPHQGDODP‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ܪ‬
GHQJDQNDWDODLQ‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ܪ‬DGDODKVLNOLN

7KHRUHPD
-LND*JUXSDEHOLDQPDND‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ܪ‬MXJDDEHOLDQ
%XNWL
$PELOVHPEDUDQJHOHPHQGDUL‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ܪ‬PLVDOܽ‫ܪܾ݊ܽ݀ܪ‬ǡNDUHQD
*PHUXSDNDQJUXSDEHOLDQPDND
ϭϱϰ
ܽ‫ ܪܾܪ‬ൌ ܾܽ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ܾܽ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ܾ‫ܪܽܪ‬
7HUEXNWLEDKZD‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ܪ‬DGDODKDEHOLDQ
7KHRUHPD
-LND‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ܪ‬VLNOLNVHUWDVHWLDSHOHPHQGL+NRPXWDWLIGHQJDQ
VHPXDHOHPHQGL*PDND*DGDODKJUXSDEHOLDQ
%XNWL
.DUHQD‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ܪ‬VLNOLNPDND‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ܪ‬GDSDWGLQ\DWDNDQVHEDJDL
‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ ۄܪܽۃ ܪ‬ൌ ሼሺܽ‫ܪ‬ሻ௡ ȁ݊ ‫ܼ א‬ሽ
.DUHQDሺܽ‫ܪ‬ሻ௡ ൌ ܽ௡ ‫ܪ‬PDNDVHPXDNRVHWNLULGDUL+GDODP*
EHUEHQWXNܽ௡ ‫ܪ‬
6HODQMXWQ\DDPELOVHPEDUDQJ݃ଵ ݀ܽ݊݃ଶ GDODP*0LVDO

݃ଵ ݀ܽ݊݃ଶ EHUDGDGDODPVXDWXNRVHWGDUL+GDODP*PLVDO
݃ଵ ݈݀ܽܽ݉ܽ௡ ‫ܪ‬GDQ݃ଶ ݈݀ܽܽ݉ܽ௠ ‫ܪ‬XQWXNVXDWXELODQJDQ
EXODW݊݀ܽ݊݉
6HKLQJJD݃ଵ ൌ ܽ௡ ݄ଵ ݀ܽ݊݃ଶ ൌ ܽ௠ ݄ଶ XQWXN݄ଵ ݄݀ܽ݊ଶ GDODP

+
݃ଵ ݃ଶ ൌ ሺܽ௡ ݄ଵ ሻሺܽ௠ ݄ଶ ሻ
ൌ ܽ௡ ܽ௠ ݄ଵ ݄ଶ
ϭϱϱ
ൌ ܽ௠ ܽ௡ ݄ଶ ݄ଵ
ൌ ሺܽ௠ ݄ଶ ሻሺܽ௡ ݄ଵ ሻ
7HUEXNWLEDKZD*DGDODKJUXSDEHOLDQ
&RQWRK
'DODPܼଵ଼ ܼଵ଼ PHUXSDNDQJUXSVLNOLNGHQJDQJHQHUDWRU
GDQ
0LVDO‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽDGDODKVXEJUXSGDULܼଵ଼ 0DNDGDSDWNDQ
JUXSIDNWRUGDUL+GDODPܼଵ଼
-DZDE
3HUWDPDKDUXVNLWDVHOLGLNLEDKZD+DGDODKVXEJUXSQRUPDO
GDULܼଵ଼
ܼଵ଼ ൌ ሼͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷǡ͸ǡ͹ǡͺǡͻǡͳͲǡͳͳǡͳʹǡͳ͵ǡͳͶǡͳͷǡͳ͸ǡͳ͹ሽ

.RVHWNLULGDUL+GDODPܼଵ଼
Ͳ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ Ͳ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ
ͳ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͳ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼͳǡ͹ͳ͵ሽ
ʹ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ʹ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼʹǡͺǡͳͶሽ
͵ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͵ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼ͵ǡͻǡͳͷሽ
Ͷ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ Ͷ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼͶǡͳͲǡͳ͸ሽ
ͷ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͷ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼͷǡͳͳǡͳ͹ሽ
͸ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͸ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼ͸ǡͳʹǡͲሽ
͹ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͹ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼ͹ǡͳ͵ǡͳሽ
ͺ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͺ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼͺǡͳͶǡʹሽ
ϭϱϲ
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ͳͲ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͳͲ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼͳͲǡͳ͸ǡͶሽ
ͳͳ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ Ͳ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼͳͳǡͳ͹ǡͷሽ
ͳʹ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͳʹ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼͳʹǡͲǡ͸ሽ
ͳ͵ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͳ͵ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼͳ͵ǡͳǡ͹ሽ
ͳͶ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͳͶ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼͳͶǡʹǡͺሽ
ͳͷ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͳͷ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼͳͷǡ͵ǡͻሽ
ͳ͸ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͳ͸ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼͳ͸ǡͶǡͳͲሽ
ͳ͹ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ͳ͹ ൅ ሼͲǡ͸ǡͳʹሽ ൌ ሼͳ͹ǡͷǡͳͳሽ
%HJLWXGHQJDQNRVHWNDQDQQ\D
'HQJDQ FDUD \DQJ VDPD GLSHUROHK NRVHW NLUL GDPD GHQJDQ
NRVHWNDQDQ
6HODQMXWQ\DNLWDDNDQPHQFDULJUXSIDNWRUGDUL+GDODPܼଵ଼
ܼଵ଼ Ȁ‫ܪ‬DGDODKNXPSXODQNRVHWNRVHWGDUL+GDODPܼଵ଼

ܼଵ଼ Ȁ‫ ܪ‬ሼ‫ܪ‬ǡ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ǡ ʹ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ǡ ͵ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ǡ Ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ǡ ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ሽ
.LWDDNDQPHPEXNWLNDQEDKZDܼଵ଼ Ȁ‫ܪ‬PHUXSDNDQJUXS
൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ʹ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͵ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ Ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
‫ܪ‬ ‫ܪ‬ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ʹ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͵൅‫ܪ‬ Ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͳ൅‫ܪ‬ ʹ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͵ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ Ͷ൅‫ܪ‬ ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ‫ܪ‬
ʹ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ʹ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͵ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ Ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ‫ܪ‬ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
͵ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͵ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ Ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ‫ܪ‬ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ʹ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
Ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ Ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ‫ܪ‬ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ʹ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͵ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ‫ܪ‬ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ʹ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ ͵ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ Ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬

'DULWDEHOWHUVHEXWGDSDWNLWDDPDWLEDKZD
x ܼଵ଼ Ȁ‫ܪ‬WHUWXWXSWHUKDGDSRSHUDVLSHQMXPODKDQ
ϭϱϳ
x ܼଵ଼ Ȁ‫ܪ‬PHPHQXKLVLIDWDVRVLDWLISHQMXPODKDQ
x ܼଵ଼ Ȁ‫ܪ‬PHPLOLNLHOHPHQLGHQWLWDV\DLWX+
x 6HWLDSHOHPHQGLܼଵ଼ Ȁ‫ܪ‬PHPSXQ\DLLQYHUV\DLWX
‫ି ܪ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ܪ‬
ሺͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ሻିଵ ൌ ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
ሺʹ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ሻିଵ ൌ Ͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
ሺ͵ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ሻିଵ ൌ ͵ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
ሺͶ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ሻିଵ ൌ ʹ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
ሺͷ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ሻିଵ ൌ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
7HUEXNWLEDKZDܼଵ଼ Ȁ‫ܪ‬PDHUXSDNDQJUXS
ϭϱϴ
/DWLKDQ
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JUXSGDQ‫ܪ‬ଵ ൌ ሼͲǡ͵ሽDGDODKVXEJUXSGDULܼ଺
'DSDWNDQVHPXDNRVHWNLULGDQNRVHWNDQDQGDUL‫ܪ‬ଵ
GDODPܼ଺
7HQWXNDQVXEJUXS\DQJGLEDQJXQROHKHOHPHQGDQ
GDODPܼଷ଺
7HQWXNDQRUGHUGDUL*UXSIDNWRUܼ଺ Ȁ‫ۄ͵ۃ‬VHUWD
VHEXWNDQHOHPHQHOHPHQGDULܼ଺ Ȁ‫ۄ͵ۃ‬
'DSDWNDQJUXSIDNWRUሺܼ ൈ ܼሻȀ‫ۃ‬ሺͲǡͳሻ‫ۄ‬
7XQMXNNDQ EDKZD MLND + DGDODK VXEJUXS GDUL JUXS
DEHOLDQ * PDND VHWLDS NRVHW NLUL GDUL + MXJD
PHUXSDNDQNRVHWNDQDQGDUL+
7XQMXNNDQEDKZDMLNDVHEXDKJUXS*GHQJDQHOHPHQ
LGHQWLWDV ݁ VHUWD EHURUGHU ݊ PDND ܽ௡ ൌ ݁ XQWXN
VHWLDSܽ ‫ܩ א‬
ͳ ʹ ͵
-LND ܽ ൌ ቀ ቁ PDND ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫ ۄܽۃ‬7XQMXNNDQ
ʹ ͵ ͳ
EDKZD‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫ۄܽۃ‬DGDODKVXEJUXSQRUPDOGDODPܵଷ
ͳ ʹ ͵
0LVDOܾ ൌ ቀ ቁGDQ‫ ܭ‬ൌ ‫ۄܾۃ‬0DND
ʹ ͳ ͵
D 7HQWXNDQVHPXDHOHPHQGDODP.
E 7HQWXNDQNRVHWNLULGDUL.GDODPܵଷ
'DODP ‫ ଺ܦ‬MLND RSHUDVL ‫ ל‬SDGD ‫ ଺ܦ‬GLGHILQLVLNDQ
VHEDJDLEHULNXW
‫ל‬ ݁ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬
݁ ݁ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬
ଶ
‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ ݁ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕݔ‬
ଶ ଶ
‫ ݔ ݔ‬ ݁ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݕݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬
‫ݕ‬ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ ݔ ݕݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ ݁ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ
ଶ
‫ݕ ݔ ݕݔ ݕݔ‬ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݁ ‫ݔ‬
ଶ ଶ
‫ݕ ݕ ݔ ݕ ݔ‬ ‫ݕݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ݁

ϭϱϵ
-LND‫ ܣ‬ൌ ሼ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሽ
0DNDWHQWXNDQODKVHQWUDOLVHU‫ܣ‬GL‫଺ܦ‬
%HUGDVDUNDQ VRDO SDGD QRPRU MLND GLNHWKDXL VXE
KLPSXQDQWDNNRVRQJGDUL‫଺ܦ‬DGDODK
‫ ܭ‬ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሽPDNDWHQWXNDQQRUPDOLVHUGDUL‫ܭ‬GDODP
‫଺ܦ‬

3 3(18783
7HV)RUPDWLI
'DODP ܼଵଶ ൌ ሼͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡͷǡ͸ǡ͹ǡͺǡͻǡͳͲǡͳͳሽ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͲǡͶǡͺሽ
DGDODKVXEJUXSGDULܼଵଶ 7HQWXNDQVHPXDNRVHWNLULGDQ
NRVHWNDQDQGDUL+GDODPܼଵଶ
'LNHWDKXL JUXS IDNWRU ܼ଺ Ȁ‫ܪ‬GHQJDQ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͲǡʹǡͶሽ
7HQWXNDQRUGHUGDULJUXSIDNWRUWHUVHEXWGDQRUGHUGDUL
VHWLDS HOHPHQHOHPHQ GL GDODP ܼ଺ Ȁ‫ ܪ‬.HPXGLDQ
VHOLGLNLODKDSDNDKܼ଺ Ȁ‫ܪ‬VLNOLN"
$PELOODK VXEJUXS VHMDWL GDODP ଼ܼ‫ כ‬PLVDONDQ +
NHPXGLDQ GDSDWNDQ JUXS IDNWRU ଼ܼ‫ כ‬+ NHPXGLDQ
WHQWXNDQ RUGHU GDUL JUXS IDNWRU WHUVHEXW VHUWD WHQWXNDQ
RUGHUGDULVHWLDSHOHPHQHOHPHQGDODP଼ܼ‫ כ‬+
$SDNDK଼ܼ‫ כ‬+VLNOLN"
$PELOODK VXEJUXS VHMDWL GDODP ܼ଻‫ כ‬PLVDONDQ +
NHPXGLDQ GDSDWNDQ JUXS IDNWRU ܼ଻‫ כ‬+ NHPXGLDQ
RUGHUGDULVHWLDSHOHPHQHOHPHQGDODPܼ଻‫ כ‬+
ϭϲϬ
$SDNDKܼ଻‫ כ‬+VLNOLN"
%XNWLNDQܼଵଶ Ȁ‫ۄʹۃ‬DGDODKVHEXDKJUXS
‫ܩ‬DGDODK JUXS EHUKLQJJD PLVDONDQ ‫ ܭ݊ܽ݀ܪ‬DGDODK
VXEJUXSGDUL‫\ܩ‬DQJPHPHQXKL‫ ܪ‬൑ ‫ ܭ‬൑ ‫ܩ‬7XQMXNNDQ
EDKZD
ሺ‫ܩ‬ǣ ‫ܪ‬ሻ ൌ ሺ‫ܩ‬ǣ ‫ܭ‬ሻሺ‫ܭ‬ǣ ‫ܪ‬ሻ
'DSDWNDQJUXSIDNWRUGDULሺܼସ ൈ ܼ଺ ሻȀ‫ۃ‬ሺͲǡʹሻ‫ۄ‬
7HQWXNDQRUGHUGDULሺܼସ ൈ ܼଵଶ ሻȀ‫ۃ‬ሺʹǡʹሻ‫ۄ‬
7XQMXNNDQEDKZDMLND+GDQ.DGDODKVXEJUXSQRUPDO
GDUL*\DQJPHPHQXKL‫ ܭ ת ܪ‬ൌ ሼ݁ሽPDND݄݇ ൌ
݄݇‫ܭ א ݇݊ܽ݀ܪ א ݄׊݇ݑݐ݊ݑ‬
‫כ‬
$PELOODK VXEJUXS VHMDWL GDODP ܼଵ଴ PLVDONDQ +
‫כ‬
NHPXGLDQ GDSDWNDQ JUXS IDNWRU ܼଵ଴ + NHPXGLDQ
‫כ‬
RUGHUGDULVHWLDSHOHPHQHOHPHQGDODPܼଵ଴ +
‫כ‬
$SDNDKܼଵ଴ +VLNOLN"
7HQWXNDQVHQWUDOLVHUGDQQRUPDOLVHUGDUL଼ܼ GDQ‫଼ܦ‬

ϭϲϭ

7HQWXNDQVXEJUXS\DQJGLEDQJXQROHKHOHPHQGDQ
GDODPܼଷ଺
-DZDE
6XEJUXS\DQJGLEDQJXQROHKHOHPHQGDODPܼଷ଺ DGDODK
VXEJUXS\DQJEHURUGHU\DLWX
‫ܪ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ ۄͻۃ‬ൌ ሼͻǡͳͺǡʹ͹ǡͲሽ ൌ ሼͲǡͻǡͳͺǡʹ͹ሽ
6XEJUXS\DQJGLEDQJXQROHKHOHPHQGDODPܼଷ଺
DGDODKVXEJUXS\DQJEHURUGHU\DLWX
‫ܪ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ͳۃ‬ͺ‫ ۄ‬ൌ ሼͲǡͳͺሽ

7HQWXNDQRUGHUGDUL*UXSIDNWRUܼ଺ Ȁ‫ۄ͵ۃ‬VHUWDVHEXWNDQ
HOHPHQHOHPHQGDULܼ଺ Ȁ‫ۄ͵ۃ‬
-DZDE
6XEJUXS\DQJGLEDQJXQROHKGDODPܼ଺ DGDODK
݉݅‫ ۄ͵ۃ݈ܽݏ‬ൌ ‫ܪ‬ǡ ݉ܽ݇ܽ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫ ۄ͵ۃ‬ൌ ሼͲǡ͵ሽ
6HKLQJJDRUGHUJUXSIDNWRUܼ଺ Ȁ‫ۄ͵ۃ‬DGDODK
'HQJDQܼ଺ Ȁ‫ۄ͵ۃ‬
Ͳ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͲǡ͵ሽ ൌ ‫ܪ‬
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ʹ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼʹǡͷሽ
͵ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͲǡ͵ሽ ൌ ‫ܪ‬
Ͷ ൅ ‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼͶǡͳሽ ൌ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬
ϭϲϮ
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ܼ଺ Ȁ‫ ۄ͵ۃ‬ൌ ሼ‫ܪ‬ǡ ͳ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ǡ ʹ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ሽ
7XQMXNNDQ EDKZD MLND + DGDODK VXEJUXS GDUL JUXS
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$NDQ GLWXQMXNNDQ EDKZD NRVHW NLUL GDUL + MXJD
PHUXSDNDQNRVHWNDQDQSXODGDUL+GDODP*
$PELO݃ ‫ܪ א ݄݊ܽ݀ܩ א‬ǡ ݇ܽ‫ܩ݌ݑݎܾ݃ݑݏܪܽ݊݁ݎ‬ǡ
݄݉ܽ݇ܽ ‫ܩ א‬
.RVHWNLULGDUL+GDODP*
݃‫ ܪ‬ൌ ሼ݄݃ȁ݃ ‫ܪ א ݄݊ܽ݀ܩ א‬ሽ
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.DUHQD*DEHOLDQPDND‫݃׊‬ǡ ݄ ‫ܩ א‬ǡ ݄݉ܽ݇ܽ݃ ൌ ݄݃

7XQMXNNDQEDKZDMLNDVHEXDKJUXS*GHQJDQHOHPHQ
LGHQWLWDV ݁ VHUWD EHURUGHU ݊ PDND ܽ௡ ൌ ݁ XQWXN
VHWLDSܽ ‫ܩ א‬
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ϭϲϯ
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ʹ ͵ ͳ
EDKZD‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫ۄܽۃ‬DGDODKVXEJUXSQRUPDOGDODPܵଷ
-DZDE
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ܽൌቀ ቁ
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ܽଷ ൌ ቀ ቁ ൌ ݁
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‫ ܪ‬ൌ ‫ ۄܽۃ‬ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ሽ
8QWXN PHPEXNWLNDQ + VXEJUXS QRUPDO GDUL ܵଷ NLWD
EXNWLNDQWHUOHELKGDKXOXEDKZD+DGDODKVXEJUXSGDUL
ܵଷ
‫ל‬ ݁ ܽ ܽଶ
݁ ݁ ܽ ܽଶ
ܽ ܽ ܽଶ ݁
ଶ ଶ
ܽ ܽ ݁ ܽ
%HUGDVDUNDQWDEHOWHUVHEXWDGDSDWNLWDDPDWLEDKZD
x 6LIDWNHWHUWXWXSDQSDGD+WHUSHQXKL
x 6LIDWDVRVLDWLIWHUSHQXKL
x $GDHOHPHQLGHQWLWDVGL+\DLWXܽଷ ൌ ݁
x 6HWLDSHOHPHQGL+PHPSXQ\DLLQYHUV\DLWX
݁ ିଵ ൌ ݁ǡ ܽ ିଵ ൌ ܽଶ ǡ ሺܽଶ ሻିଵ ൌ ܽ
6HKLQJJD+DGDODKVXEJUXSGDULܵଷ
6HODQMXWQ\DDNDQNLWDFDULNRVHWNLULGDQ
ϭϲϰ
NRVHWNDQDQGDUL+GDODPܵଷ
(OHPHQHOHPHQGDODPܵଷ DGDODKVHEDJDLEHULNXW
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݁ൌቀ ቁ
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ܽൌቀ ቁ
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ܾൌቀ ቁ
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݁ ‫ ܪ ל‬ൌ ݁ ‫ ל‬ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ሽ ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ሽ
ܽ ‫ ܪ ל‬ൌ ܽ ‫ ל‬ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ሽ ൌ ሼܽǡ ܽଶ ǡ ݁ሽ
ܾ ‫ ܪ ל‬ൌ ܾ ‫ ל‬ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ሽ ൌ ሼܾǡ ݂ǡ ܿሽ
ܿ ‫ ܪ ל‬ൌ ܿ ‫ ל‬ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ሽ ൌ ሼܿǡ ܾǡ ݂ ሽ
݀ ‫ ܪ ל‬ൌ ݀ ‫ ל‬ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ሽ ൌ ሼ݀ǡ ݁ǡ ܽሽ
݂ ‫ ܪ ל‬ൌ ݂ ‫ ל‬ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ሽ ൌ ሼ݂ǡ ܿǡ ܾሽ
.RVHWNDQDQGDUL+GDODPܵଷ ݈݄ܽ݀ܽܽǣ
‫ ݁ ל ܪ‬ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ሽ ‫ ݁ ל‬ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ሽ
‫ ܽ ל ܪ‬ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ሽ ‫ ܽ ל‬ൌ ሼܽǡ ܽଶ ǡ ݁ሽ
‫ ܾ ל ܪ‬ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ሽ ‫ ܾ ל‬ൌ ሼܾǡ ܿǡ ݁ሽ
‫ ܿ ל ܪ‬ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ሽ ‫ ܿ ל‬ൌ ሼܿǡ ݂ǡ ܾሽ
‫ ݀ ל ܪ‬ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ሽ ‫ ݀ ל‬ൌ ሼ݀ǡ ݁ǡ ܽሽ
ϭϲϱ
‫ ݂ ל ܪ‬ൌ ሼ݁ǡ ܽǡ ܽଶ ሽ ‫ ݂ ל‬ൌ ሼ݂ǡ ܾǡ ܿሽ

.DUHQDNRVHWNLULGDUL+GDODPܵଷ WLGDNVDPDGHQJDQ
NRVHW NDQDQQ\D PDND + EXNDQ VXEJUXS QRUPDO GDUL
ܵଷ

ϭϲϲ

&RFRNNDQODK MDZDEDQ DQGD GHQJDQ NXQFL MDZDEDQ VRDO
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KLWXQJODK WLQJNDW SHQJXDVDDQ DQGD GHQJDQ PHQJJXQDNDQ
UXPXVEHULNXW


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6HGDQJ
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PDNDDQGDGDSDWPHODQMXWNDQNHEDEEHULNXWQ\D7HWDSLMLND
QLODL DQGD GLEDZDK PDND VHEDLNQ\D DQGD PHQJXODQJL
EDELQLWHUXWDPDEDJLDQ\DQJEHOXPDQGDNXDVDL

ϭϲϳ

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PHPSHODMDULVHNLODVWHQWDQJNRQVHSIXQJVLNHPXGLDQNRQVHS
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PHPSHODMDULEDELQLPDKDVLVZDPDPSXPHODNXNDQDQDOLVLV
WHUKDGDSKRPRPRUILVPHJUXS

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3(1<$-,$1

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3HPEDKDVDQ KRPRPRUILVPH JUXS WHUOHELK GDKXOX NLWD DZDOL
GHQJDQSHPEDKDVDQIXQJVL
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MLNDGDQKDQ\DMLND‫ܤ א ݕ׊‬DGD‫ ݕ݄ܽ݃݃݊݅݁ݏݔ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ

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PHUXSDNDQIXQJVL\QDJVXUMHNWLI
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VXUMHNWLI NDUHQD ‫ ׌‬െ ͳ ‫ ܴ א‬WHWDSL WLGDN DGD ‫\ ݔ‬DQJ
PHPHQXKL‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ െͳ

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KDUXVODK‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݕ‬

&RQWRK
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‫ݕ ് ݔ݌ܽ݅ݐ݁ݏ݇ݑݐ݊ݑ‬ǡ ݂݉ܽ݇ܽሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ് ݂ሺ‫ݕ‬ሻ
ϭϲϵ

'HILQLVL 0LVDONDQ ሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫כ‬ሻ݀ܽ݊ሺ‫ܪ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻ DGDODK *UXS 0DND
SHPHWDDQ ݂ǣ ‫ ܩ‬՜ ‫ ܪ‬GLQDPDNDQ KRPRPRUILVPH JUXS MLND I
PHQJDZHWNDQRSHUDVL\DLWX݂ሺ‫ݕ כ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ‫݂ ל‬ሺ‫ݕ‬ሻ
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LQMHNWLIVHNDOLJXVVXUMHNWLI

'HILQLVL+RPRPRUILVPHJUXS
0LVDOሺ‫ܩ‬ǡ‫כ‬ሻGDQሺ‫ܪ‬ǡ‫ל‬ሻDGDODKJUXSSHPHWDDQIXQJVLGDUL*NH
+GLNDWDNDQPHQJDZHWNDQRSHUDVLKRPRPRUILVPHMLND
݂ሺ‫ݕ כ ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ‫݂ ל‬ሺ‫ݕ‬ሻ

&RQWRK
0LVDONDQ ሺ‫ܩ‬ǡൈሻ PHUXSDNDQ JUXS DEHOLDQ ݂ǣ ‫ ܩ‬՜ ‫ ܩ‬GHQJDQ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬௡ $NDQ GLWXQMXNNDQ EDKZD I VXDWX KRPRPRUILVPH
JUXS
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&RQWRK
0LVDONDQ
ܼ݀ܽ݊௡ ൌ ሼͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵ǡ ǥ ǡ ݊ െ ͳሽ0LVDONDQSHPHWDDQ
݂ǣ ܼ ՜ ܼ௡ GHQJDQ ݂ሺܽሻ ൌ ܽ 3HPHWDDQ LQL KRPRPRUILVPH
NDUHQD
݂ሺܽ ൅ ܾሻ ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൌ ݂ሺܽሻ ൅ ݂ሺܾሻ
'HILQLVL
0LVDO݂ǣ ‫ ܩ‬՜ ‫ܪ‬DGDODKVHEXDKKRPRPRUILVPHJUXSPDND
L ݂GLQDPDNDQPRQRPRUILVPHMLND݂LQMHNWLI
ϭϳϬ
LL݂GLQDPDNDQHSLPRUILVPHMLND݂VXUMHNWLI
LLL ݂GLQDPDNDQLVRPRUILVPHMLND݂ELMHNWLI
LY ݂GLQDPDNDQHQGRPRUILVPHMLND‫ ܩ‬ൌ ‫ܪ‬
Y݂GLNDWDNDQDXWRPRUILVPHMLND‫ ܩ‬ൌ ‫ܪ‬GDQ݂ELMHNWLI
&RQWRK
݂ǣ ܼ ՜ ʹܼGHQJDQI[ [PHUXSDNDQLVRPRUILVPH
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'HILQLVL
-LND݂ǣ ‫ ܩ‬՜ ‫ܪ‬KRPRPRUILVPHNHUQHO݂DGDODK
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&RQWRK
0LVDONDQ݂ǣ ܼ ՜ ܼ଺ ݂݀݁݊݃ܽ݊ሺܽሻ ൌ ͵ܽ
'LGDSDWNDQ
݂ ൌ ሼʹ݊ȁ݊ ‫ܼ א‬ሽ
'DQ݅݉ሺ݂ሻ ൌ ሼͲǡ͵ሽ
6LIDW
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QRUPDOGDUL*
%XNWL
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ൌ ݂ሺܽሻ݂݁ሺܽିଵ ሻ
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6HKLQJJDGLSHUROHK݂ሺܾܽܽିଵ ሻ ‫݂ א ܾ׊݇ݑݐ݊ݑ ݂ א‬GDQ
ܽ ‫'ܩ א‬HQJDQGHPLNLDQ
݂ ݈݄ܽ݀ܽܽ‫ܩ݅ݎ݈ܽ݀ܽ݉ݎ݋݊݌ݑݎܾ݃ݑݏ‬

3URSRVLVL
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PDND
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LLL ݂ሺ݃௡ ሻ ൌ ݂ሺ݃ሻ௡
LY ݂ ൑ ‫ܩ‬
Y ݅݉ሺ݂ሻ ൑ ‫ܪ‬
%XNWL
3HPEXNWLDQGLJXQDNDQVHEDJDLODWLKDQ
'HILQLVL
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0DND*UXSIDNWRU*.DGDODKJUXS

7KHRUHPD
6HEXDKKRPRPRUILVPH݂GDULJUXS*DGDODKIXQJVLVDWXVDWX
MLNDGDQKDQ\DMLND ݂ ൌ ሼ݁ሽ

7KHRUHPD)XQGDPHQWDOKRPRPRUILVPH
0LVDO݂VXDWXKRPRPRUILVPHGDULJUXS*NHJUXS+GHQJDQ
NHUQHO.PDND݂ሺ‫ܩ‬ሻDGDODKVHEXDKJUXSGDQ݂ሺ‫ܩ‬ሻLVRPRUILV
GHQJDQ‫ܩ‬Ȁ‫ܭ‬
ϭϳϮ
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0LVDO*+JUXS݂ǣ ‫ ܩ‬՜ ‫ܪ‬DGDODKVXDWXKRPRPRUILVPH
PDND
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LLȁ‫ܩ‬ǣ ݂ȁ ൌ ȁ݂ሺ‫ܩ‬ሻȁ
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3HPEXNWLDQGLJXQDNDQVHEDJDLODWLKDQ
,VRPRUILVPD

'HILQLVL
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LVRPRUILVPHGHQJDQ+MLNDWHUGDSDWIXQJVL݂ǣ ‫ ܩ‬՜ ‫\ܪ‬DQJ
PHPHQXKL
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)DGDODKKRPRPRUILVPH
0DNDGDSDWGLNDWDNDQILVRPRPRUILVPH

7KHRUHPD
-LND݂ǣ ‫ ܩ‬՜ ‫ ܩ‬ᇱ DGDODKVHEXDKIXQJVL\DQJLVRPRUILVPHGDUL*

NH*¶GDQ݁DGDODKHOHPHQLGHQWLWDVGL*PDND݂ሺ݁ሻDGDODK
LGHQWLWDVSXODGL*¶GHPLNLDQMXJDGHQJDQ
ିଵ
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8QWXNVHWLDSܽ ‫ܩ א‬
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0LVDO‫ݔ‬Ԣ ‫ܩ א‬Ԣ.DUHQD݂DGDODKIXQJVL\QDJLVRPRUILVPH
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‫ ݔ‬ᇱ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ
‫ ݔ‬ᇱ ൌ ݂ሺ݁‫ݔ‬ሻ
‫ ݔ‬ᇱ ൌ ݂ሺ݁ሻ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ
ϭϳϯ
‫ ݔ‬ᇱ ൌ ݂ሺ݁ሻ‫ݔ‬Ԣ
'DQ

‫ ݔ‬ᇱ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ
‫ ݔ‬ᇱ ൌ ݂ሺ‫݁ݔ‬ሻ
‫ ݔ‬ᇱ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ݂ሺ݁ሻ
‫ ݔ‬ᇱ ൌ ‫ݔ‬Ԣ݂ሺ݁ሻ
6HODQMXWQ\DXQWXN‫ݔ׊‬Ԣ ‫ܩ א‬ԢNLWDPHPSXQ\DL
݂ሺ݁ሻ‫ ݔ‬ᇱ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ᇱ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ᇱ ݂ሺ݁ሻ
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'DQ
݂ሺ݁ሻ ൌ ݂ሺܽܽିଵ ሻ ൌ ݂ሺܽሻ݂ሺܽିଵ ሻ
ିଵ
7HUEXNWL݂ሺܽିଵ ሻ ൌ ൫݂ሺܽሻ൯

7HRUHPD7HRUHPD,VRPRUILVPHSHUWDPD
0LVDONDQ݂ǣ ‫ ܩ‬՜ ‫ܪ‬DGDODKVXDWXKRPRPRUILVPHGHQJDQ
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6HKLQJJDGLSHUROHK
݉ ൌ ݇݊ ൌ ͳ݊ ൌ ݊

&RQWRK
7XQMXNNDQEDKZDܼସ LVRPRUILVGHQJDQ‫ۄ݅ۃ‬MLNDDQWDUD
ܼସ GHQJDQ‫ۄ݅ۃ‬GLGHILQLVLNDQVHEXDKIXQJVLVHEDJDL
EHULNXW
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‫ۄ݅ۃ‬

&RQWRK
7XQMXNNDQ EDKZD ܵଷ WLGDN LVRPRUILV GHQJDQ ܼ଺ PHVNLSXQ
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ϭϳϵ
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&RQWRK
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‫݁݉ݏ݂݅ݎ݋݉݋݊݋݉ݑݐܽݑݏ݂ ׵‬

&RQWRK
)XQJVL ݂ \DQJ PHPHWDNDQ ݂ǣ ܴ ՜ ܴ GHQJDQ GHILQLVL
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‫݁݉ݏ݂݅ݎ݋݉݋݊݋݉ݑݐܽݑݏ݊ܽ݇ݑܾ݂ ׵‬

ϭϴϬ
&RQWRK
'LNHWDKXLGXDKLPSXQDQELODQJDQ5HDOܴ\DLWX
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&RQWRK
6HEXDKIXQJVL݂\DQJPHPHWDNDQܼସ NH‫ܩ‬GLPDQD‫ ܩ‬ൌ ‫ۄ݅ۃ‬
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(SLPRUILVPH
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݂GLQDPDNDQHSLPRUILVPHMLND݂VXUMHNWLI

3DGD&RQWRK
6HEXDKIXQJVL݂\DQJPHPHWDNDQܼସ NH‫ܩ‬GLPDQD‫ ܩ‬ൌ ‫ۄ݅ۃ‬
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7HUEXNWLEDKZD݂VXDWXHSLPRUILVPH

&RQWRK
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&RQWRK
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ൌቀ ቁ
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GLOSARIUM
Aljabar. salah satu cabang matematika yang mempelajari tentang
pemecahan masalah menggunakan simbol – simbol sebagai
pengganti konstanta dan variabel (wikipedia). Aljabar ditemukan
oleh seorang cendekiawan Islam yaitu beliau Al Khawarizmi.
Aljabar sendiri berasal dari kata “al – jabr” yang artinya
penyelesaian.
Analisis. suatu usaha untuk mengamati secara detail sesuatu hal atau
benda dengan cara menguraikan komponen-komponen
pembentuknya atau penyusunnya untuk di kaji lebih lanjut Konsep.
Deskripsi. Deskripsi adalah satu kaidah upaya pengolahan data
menjadi sesuatu yang dapat diutarakan secara jelas dan tepat dengan
tujuan agar dapat dimengerti oleh orang yang tidak langsung
mengalaminya sendiri.
Evaluasi. Evaluasi merupakan saduran dari bahasa Inggris
"evaluation" yang diartikan sebagai penaksiran atau penilaian. ...
Dalam perusahaan, evaluasi dapat diartikan sebagai proses.
Identifikasi. kegiatan yang mencari, menemukan, mengumpulkan,
meneliti, mendaftarkan, mencatat data dan informasi dari
“kebutuhan” lapangan. Secara intensitas kebutuhan dapat
dikategorikan (dua) macam yakni kebutuhan terasa yang sifatnya
mendesak dan kebutuhan terduga yang sifatnya tidak mendesak.
Konsep atau anggitan adalah abstrak, entitas mental yang universal
yang menunjuk pada kategori atau kelas dari suatu entitas, kejadian
atau hubungan. Istilah konsep berasal dari bahasa latin conceptum,
artinya sesuatu yang dipahami.
Proyek (project). proyek merupakan sebagai usaha sementara yang
dilakukan untuk menciptakan produk layanan, unik atau hasil
pengukuran akan evektivitas strategi yang digunakan dalam upaya
mencapai tujuan perusahaan.
Relevansi. relevansi/re·le·van·si/ /rélevansi/ n hubungan; kaitan:
setiap mata pelajaran harus ada -- nya dengan keseluruhan tujuan
pendidikan
208
TENTANG PENULIS
Penulis bernama Sri

Suryanti, lahir di
Ponorogo, 13 September
1985. Penulis adalah
Dosen di program studi
Pendidikan Matematika
Universitas
Muhammadiyah Gresik
sejak tahun 2014.
Penulis menyelesaikan studi S2 pada bidang Matematika
di Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya
pada tahun 2013. Bidang aljabar merupakan salah satu
bidang yang ditekuni oleh penulis. Selama mengajar
penulis telah menulis lima modul yang nantinya akan
dikembangkan menjadi buku ajar. Lima modul tersebut
adalah modul Teori Grup, modul Teori Ring, modul
Persamaan Differensial, modul Matematika Dasar dan
modul kalkulus.
Sejauh ini penelitian yang dilakukan penulis difokuskan
pada bidang aljabar. Apabila terdapat hal-hal yang ingin
dikomunikasikan, pembaca dapat menghubungi penulis di
nomor 081280297873 atau melalui email:
srisuryanti@umg.ac.id.
209

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Sri Suryanti, M. Si.

Universitas Muhammadiyah Gresik

Desain sampul dan Tata letak

Angoota IKAPI No. 189 dan APPTI No. 002.021

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Assalamu’alaikum. Wr. Wb.

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Wassalamu’alaikum. Wr. Wb.

Gresik, 26 Oktober 2017

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$SDNDK ሺܼǡ‫ל‬ሻ VXDWX JUXSRLG MLND RSHUDVL ‫ ל‬GLGHILQLVLNDQ

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