Spesialisasi Neurologi,
epileptology
ICD-9-CM 345
DiseasesDB 4366
MedlinePlus 000694
eMedicine neuro/415
MeSH D004827
[sunting di Wikidata]
Serangan
Psikososial
Genetik
Sekunder
Sindrom
Definisi
Klasifikasi
Pemeriksaan laboratorium
EEG
Pemeriksaan elektroensefalogram (EEG)
dapat membantu memberikan gambaran
aktivitas otak yang menunjukkan
peningkatan risiko terjadinya seranga.
Pemeriksaan ini direkomendasikan
hanya pada mereka yang menunjukkan
kejang epileptik sebagai gejala. Pada
diagnosis epilepsi, elektroensefalografi
dapat membantu membedakan jenis
kejang atau sindrom yang ada saat itu.
Pada anak-anak biasanya hanya
diperlukan setelah adanya kejadian
kejang kedua. Pemeriksaan ini tidak
dapat digunakan untuk menyingkirkan
diagnosis, dan dapat menyebabkan
tanda positif palsu pada mereka yang
tidak mengidap penyakit ini. Pada situasi
tertentu akan membantu apabila
pemeriksaan dilakukan ketika pasien
tertidur atau dalam keadaan kurang
tidur.[46]
Pencitraan
Pencegahan
Walaupun banyak kasus yang tidak dapat
dicegah, usaha untuk mengurangi cedera
kepala, yaitu dengan penanganan yang
baik untuk wilayah sekitar kepala saat
kelahiran, dan menekan parasit dari
lingkungan seperti misalnya cacing pita
dapat memberikan hasil yang efektif.[3]
Langkah yang dilakukan di salah satu
wilayah Amerika Tengah utuk
menurunkan tingkat infeksi cacing pita
telah berhasil menurunkan kasus baru
epilepsi hingga 50%.[10]
Penatalaksanaan
Epilepsi biasanya ditangani dengan
pemberian obat setiap hari bila telah
timbul kejang yang kedua,[15][46] tetapi
untuk pasien dengan risiko tinggi,
pengobatan dapat dimulai segera setelah
kejang yang pertama kali.[46] Pada
sejumlah kasus mungkin perlu dilakukan
diet khusus, implantasi neurostimulator,
atau pembedahan saraf.
Pertolongan pertama
Pengobatan
Antikonvulsan
Penanganan andalan untuk epilepsi
adalah dengan pemberian obat
antikonvulsan, dengan kemungkinan
pemberian seumur hidup.[15] Pemilihan
penggunaan antikonvulsan tergantung
pada tipe kejang, sindrom epilepsi,
pengobatan lain yang digunakan,
masalah kesehatan lainnya, dan usia
serta gaya hidup penderita.[61] Pada
awalnya direkomendasikan pengobatan
tunggal;[62] bila tidak efektif,
direkomendasikan beralih ke pengobatan
tunggal lainnnya.[46] Dua jenis
pengobatan sekaligus hanya
direkomendasikan bila pengobatan
tunggal tidak bekerja dengan baik.[46]
Pada kurang lebih setengahnya, agen
pertama efektif; agen tunggal kedua
membantu sekitar 13% dan yang ketiga
atau dua agen pada waktu bersamaan
mungkin memberi tambahan bantuan
sebanyak 4%.[63] Sekitar 30% dari
penderita tetap mengalami kejang
walaupun sudah mendapatkan
penanganan dengan antikonvulsan.[5]
Terdapat berbagai pengobatan yang
tersedia. Fenitoin, carbamazepin dan
valproat tampaknya memberikan
pengaruh yang sama pada kejang fokal
dan yang umum.[64][65] Pelepasan
terkontrol dari carbamazepin juga
tampaknya bekerja dengan baik
sebagaimana pelepasan langsung
carbamazepin, dan mungkin hanya
memberikan sedikit efek samping.[66] Di
Inggris, carbamazepin atau lamotrigin
direkomendasikan sebagai pengobatan
lini pertama untuk kejang fokal, dengan
levetirasetam dan valproat sebagai lini
kedua atas pertimbangan masalah biaya
dan efek sampingnya.[46] Valproat
direkomendasikan sebagai pengobatan
lini pertama untuk kejang secara umum
dengan lamotrigin sebagai pengobatan
lini kedua.[46] Pada penderita yang tidak
disertai kejang, direkomendasikan
penggunaan etosuksimid atau valproat;
valproat pada umumnya efektif untuk
kejang mioklonik dan kejang tonik atau
atonik.[46] Bila kejang telah terkontrol
dengan baik dengan penaganan tertentu,
biasanya tidak selalu diperlukan
pemeriksaan rutin kadar obat dalam
darah.[46]
Bedah
Lainnya
Pengobatan alternatif
Mortalitas
Epidemiologi
Epilepsi merupakan salah satu gangguan
saraf serius yang paling umum terjadi[95]
yang mempengaruhi sekitar 65 juta
orang di seluruh dunia.[6] Ia
mempengaruhi 1% penduduk pada usia
20 tahun dan 3% penduduk pada usia 75
tahun.[8] Ia lebih jamak terjadi pada laki-
laki daripada perempuan, tetapi secara
menyeluruh selisihnya cukup kecil.[10][36]
Sebagian besar penderita (80%) tinggal
di dunia berkembang.[3]
Sejarah
Rekam medis tertua menunjukkan bahwa
epilepsi telah mempengaruhi manusia
semenjak awal mula sejarah tertulis.[97]
Sepanjang sejarah kuno, gangguan
tersebut diduga sebagai kondisi
kerohanian.[97] Deskripsi mengenai
kejang epilepsi yang tertua di dunia
tercantum pada naskah dalam Akkadia
(suatu bahasa yang dipakai di
Mesopotamia kuno) yang ditulis sekitar
2000 SM.[1] Orang yang dideskripsikan
dalam naskah tersebut didiagnosis
berada dalam pengaruh dewa Bulan, dan
oleh karena itu diselenggarakanlah
upacara eksorsis(pengusiran roh
jahat).[1] Dalam Hukum Hammurabi
(sekitar 1790 SM), kejang epilepsi
disebut sebagai alasan sah seorang
budak belian boleh dikembalikan dengan
ganti rugi,[1] lalu Papirus Edwin Smith
(sekitar 1700 SM) mendeskripsikan
kasus-kasus penderita konvulsi
epilepsi.[1]
Ekonomi
Kendaraan
Organisasi pendukung
Penelitian
Prediksi kejang merujuk pada usaha
untuk memperkirakan kejang epileptik
berdasarkan EEG sebelum hal itu
terjadi.[113] Pada 2011, belum ada
pengembangan mekanisme efektif untuk
meramalkan kejang.[113] Kindling, yaitu
paparan berulang terhadap kejadian yang
dapat menyebabkan kejang pada
akhirnya membuat kejang timbul lebih
mudah, telah digunakan untuk
menciptakan model binatang dari
epilepsi.[114]
Binatang lain
Epilepsi terjadi pada sejumlah binatang
lain termasuk anjing dan kucing serta
merupakan kelainan otak yang paling
umum dijumpai pada anjing.[118] Kelainan
ini biasanya dirawat dengan
antikonvulsan seperti fenobarbital atau
bromida pada anjing dan fenobarbital
pada kucing.[119] Sementara diagnosis
kejang tergeneralisasi pada kuda cukup
mudah ditegakkan, akan lebih sulit untuk
menegakkan diagnosis kejang yang tidak
tergeneralisasi dan EEG mungkin dapat
membantu.[120]
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