0Tavi 6|

prejudisebi da diskriminacia

prejudisebi, rogorc mecnierul ise mxatvrul lite-

raturaSi ganxilulia rogorc Ósazogadoebis seni, sakma-
od avTvisebiani, romelic mravali konfliqtebis wyaro
xdeba, da miuTiTebs subieqtebis arasrulfasovnebaze.
amitom gasagebia is didi interesi romelsac iCens mecni-
ereba da pirvel rigSi socialuri fsiqologia am fenome-
nis mimarT. rogoria prejudisebis buneba? sad unda veZe-
boT misi safuZvlebi? rogor vumkurnaloT am socialur
sens? esaa sakiTxebis sfero romelic socialuri fsiqo-
logiis interesebSi Semodis.
prejudisebi da diskriminacia erTmaneTTan mWidrod
dakavSirebuli fenomenebia, magram ara igiveobrivi - Tumca
yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi xSirad gamoiyenebian rogorc
sinonimuri cnebebi.
prejudisebTan xSiradaa agreTve asocirebuli iseTi
cnebebi, rogoricaa rasizmi, seqsizmi, stereotipebi. amitom
sanam prejudisebis da diskriminaciis ganxilvas daviwyeb-
deT, sasargeblo iqneba gavmijnoT isini erTmaneTisagan.
raTa ganvasxvaoT es cnebebi erTmaneTisagan umoklesi
gza iqneba ganvsazRvroT TiToeuli maTgani. definiciaSi
gamoCndeba is niuansebi, riTac gansxvavdebian isini erTma-
neTisagan. am fenomenebis definicia, romelic metnaklebad
miRebulia socialur fsiqologiaSi, Semdegia:
prejudisi - aris atitudi (Cveulebriv negatiuri) zo-
gierTi jgufis wevrebisadmi, romelic emyareba mxolod da
mxolod maTi mocemuli jgufisadmi kuTvnilebas.
diskriminacia - gaumarTlebeli negatiuri qceva garkve-
uli jgufis an misi wevrebis mimarT (e.i. diskriminacia
ganxilulia rogorc prejudisi moqmedebaSi).
stereotipi - ganzogadoebuli azri garkveuli jgufis
adamianebis pirovnuli Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.
rasizmi - prejudisebi da diskriminaciuli qceva gar-
kveuli rasis adamianebis mimarT.
seqsizmi - prejudisebi da diskriminaciuli qceva ama
Tu im sqesis warmomadgenlebis mimarT.

105
 rogorc vxedavT yvela zemod CamoTvlili fenomeni
mWidrodaa asocirebuli prejudisebis da diskriminaciis
fenomenebTan, amitom am ukanasknelis ganxilva moiTxovs
sxva masTan asocirebuli fenomenebis analizsac.

prejudisebi

rogorc aRvniSneT, prejudisi aris negatiuri atitudi

zogierTi jgufis wevrebis mimarT, romelic emyareba mxo-
lod da mxolod maT am jgufisadmi kuTvnilebas. rodesac
vambobT, rom individs aqvs prejudisebi garkveuli soci-
aluri jgufis wevrebis mimarT, igulisxmeba maTi ten-
dencia Seafason isini garkveuli damaxasiaTebeli maneriT
(Cveulebriv negatiurad) ubralod imitom, rom isini
miekuTvnebian am jgufs. amasTan, maT individualur Tvise-
bebs da qcevas TiTqmis araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs. isi-
ni ar moswonT ubralod imitom, rom miekuTnebian garkve-
ul socialur jgufs.
rodesac prejudisebs gansazRvraven rogorc atitudis
specifikur jgufs (negatiuri), amiT ukve igulisxmeba, rom
rogorc atitudebi, is xSirad moqmedebs rogorc sqema.
rogorc socialuri kogniciis sakiTxis ganxilvisas
aRvniSneT sqema warmoadgens im kognitur fons, romelic
axdens informaciis organizirebas, interpretacias, kodi-
rebas da aRdgenas. amitom garkveuli prejudisis mqone
individs tendencia aqvs garkveuli informacia SeamCnios,
moaxdinos kodireba da mere aRadginos.
garda amisa, rogorc atitudi, prejudisi Seicavs sam
komponents - afeqtur, kognitur da qceviseul aspeqtebs.
afeqturi komponenti miuTiTebs negatiur grZnobebze da
emociebze romelsac ganicdis individi roca Sesabamisi
jgufis wevrs xedavs an roca ama Tu im mizeziT fiqrobs
masze. kognituri komponenti Seicavs rwmenebs da molodi-
nebs mocemuli jgufis wevrebis mimarT. da bolos, qcevi-
seuli komponenti miuTiTebs tendenciaze imoqmedos nega-
tiurad am jgufis mimarT - an ganzraxvaze gaakeTos ase.
rodesac aseTi tendenciebi an ganzraxva gamoxatulia
qcevis ama Tu im formiT, ukve saqme gvaqvs diskrimi-
naciasTan.

106
diskriminacia

diskriminacia warmoadgens prejudisebs moqmedebaSi.

magram Cven viciT, rom atitudebi yovelTvis ar aisaxeba
Ria aqtiobaSi. prejidusi ar aris amaSi gamonaklisi.
mraval SemTxvevaSi adamianebs ar SeuZliaT gamoxaton
TavianTi negatiuri atitudebi ama Tu im jgufis wevrebis
mimarT. kanonebi, socialuri dawola da bolosdabolos
samagieros gadaxdis SiSi afiqrebinebs individs moeridos
Tavisi atitudebis aSkara gamoxatvas. Tu aseTi Sema-
kavebeli Zalebi ar arseboben, individs SeuZlia Tavisi
negatiuri rwmenebi, grZnobebi da qceviTi tendenciebi
gamoxatos aqtiobaSi. diskriminaciulma qcevam SeiZleba
miiRos mravali gansxvavebuli forma. SeiZleba is gamov-
lindes ubralod ganridebiTi aqtiobis formiT. ufro
Zlier doneze diskriminacia SeiZleba gamovlindes samu-
Saodan, ganaTlebidan an mezoblobidan gamoricxvis for-
miT. e.i. ar dauSva rom SenTan erTad imuSaos an iswavlos
an icxovros mezoblobaSi. ufro ukiduresi formiT,
diskriminaciam SeiZleba miiRos prejudisis samiznis mi-
marT, aSkara agresiis saxe. miuxedavad Tu ra formiT
vlindeba diskriminacia, Sedegi yovelTvis aris erTi da
igive, samizne jgufis wevrebi, ama Tu im formiT iReben
zians.

diskriminaciis daxvewili formebi

dRes aSkarad SeimCneva da amas gamokvlevebic adas-

tureben, prejudisebis, rasizmis, seqsizmis TandaTanobiTi
Semcirebis tendencia. magram kvlevebi miuTiTeben adreTve,
rom kacobriobis es seni jer kidev Sorsaa sruli gankur-
nebisagan. rogorc amboben, fanatikosebi jer kidev mzad
arian ziani miayenon TavianTi prejudisebis samiznes, Tavis
mxriv raime safasuris gareSe. mTeli rigi barierebis gamo
Tundac imis gamo, rom es ukve ar iTvleba karg tonad,
kvlevebi adastureben, rom adamianebi iyeneben diskrimi-
naciis farul, ufro daxvewil formebs, romelic SesaZ-
leblobas miscems mas ise gamoavlinos diskriminacia rom
ar Candes misi safuZvladmdebare negatiuri mosazreba.

107
esenia e.w. 3neo4 rasizmi, tokenizmi da reversuli
diskriminacia.
Tanamedrove rasizmi. iyo dro, roca adamianebi
Tavisuflad gamoxatavdnen TavianT prejudisebs garkveu-
li rasis warmomadgenlebis mimarT, magram rogorc
aRvniSneT es tendencia TandaTanobiT mcirdeba. bolo
droindeli gamokvlevebi adastureben, rom adamianebi ar
avlenen am tendenciebs. mag. eqsperimentebSi, sadac
subieqts SesaZlebloba hqonda gamoeyenebina eleqtro Soki
meore individis mimarT, TeTrkaniani subieqti ar iyenebda
am SesaZleblobs ufro metad Savkanianis mimarT vidre
TeTrkanianis mimarT. ufro piriqiT, xSirad Savkanianis
mimarT naklebad iyenebda vidre TeTrkanianis mimarT,
raTqmaunda Tu ar arsebobda raime specifikuri sxva
mizezi. es eqsperimenti Catarda 70-ian wlebSi da misi
Sedegebi diametrulad gansxvavebulia 40-ian wlebSi Cata-
rebuli analogiuri eqsperimentebis Sedegebisagan. es da
msgavsi monacemebi marTlac miuTiTeben rasizmis tenden-
ciebis aSkara Semcirebaze. magram monacemebi miuTiTeben
agreTve, rom es tendenciebi farulad agrZeleben arsebo-
bas. mag. TeTrkanianma studentebma, roca sicruis deteq-
toris kontrolis pirobebSi dainaxes TavianTi rasistuli
prejudisebi, maT dauSves, rom es SeiZleba prejudisebi
yofiliyo. an kidev dunkanma (Birr Duncan, 1976) TeTrkanian
studentebs uCvena erTerTi epizodis videoCanaweri, sadac
erTi biWi meores mokled ubiZgebs kamaTis dros. subieq-
tebs evalebodaT epizodis Sefaseba. aRmoCnda, rom roca
is vinc ubiZga iyo TeTrkaniani subieqtebis mxolod 13%-ma
Seafasa es moqmedeba, rogorc Zaladobrivi aqti. magram
diametrulad icvleboda suraTi roca is vinc ubiZga iyo
Savkaniani. am SemTxvevaSi subieqtebis 73% epizods afaseb-
da rogorc aSkara Zaladobis aqts.
garda amisa aRmoCnda, rom rodesac prejudisebi aSka-
rad ar vlindeba, SenarCunebuli xdeba avtomaturi emocio-
naluri reaqciebi. erTi sityviT rasizmi ganagrZobs arse-
bobas sxva formiT. mkvlevarebi miuTiTeben e.w. Tana-
medrove rasizmis gamovlenis sam ZiriTad komponentze
(mag. Swim at al., 1995). (1) uaryofa imasa rom diskriminacia
umciresobis winaaRmdeg grZeldeba; (2) umciresobisadmi
Tanabari mopyrobis Sesaxeb moTxovnebis mimarT antagoniz-

108
mi da (3) aRSfoTeba umciresobis jgufisadmi specialuri
upiratesobis micemaze.
tokeniebi. diskriminaciis am formis meqanizmi martivia.
xorcieldeba trivialuri, pozitiuri aqtivoba im jgufis
mimarT romelic ar moswonT. Sedegad is mcire wvlili
gamoyenebuli iqneba rogorc ufro mniSvnelovani aqtiobis
gamarTleba. anu rogorc Semdgomi diskriminaciis
gamarTleba. mag. menejerma SeiZleba miiRos samuSaoze Sav-
kaniani, Tanac kargi xelfasis gadaxdiT, magram es SeiZ-
leba iyos sxva ufro Rrma Canafiqris dafarvis cda.
reversiuli diskriminacia. roca individs SemorCenili
aqvs prejudisi garkveuli socialuri jgufis mimarT da
misi reaqcia aris sawinaaRmdego - e.i. diskriminaciis
dafarva xdeba imiT, rom diskriminaciis samiznes upi-
ratesobas aniWebs swored imitom, rom mocemuli jgufis
warmomadgenelia. es faqti dasturdeba kvlevebiT (Chidester,
1986). eqsperimentSi subieqtebi (studentebi) usmenen indi-
videbis ucxosTan saubris audio Canawers - saubari
miewereboda an TeTrkanians an Savkanians. saubris damTav-
rebis Semdeg subieqtebs Txovdnen SeefasebinaT mosaubre.
Sedegebi aCvenebda, rom subieqtebi ufro dadebiTad
afasebdnen mosaubres, roca saubris avtorad igu-
lisxmeboda Savkaniani vidre roca saubari miewereboda
TeTrkanians. Semfaseblebi iyvnen TeTrebi.

ratom yalibdeba prejudisebi?

faqtia, rom prejudisebi arseboben. dgeba sakiTxi,

saidan iRebs sawyisebs prejudisebi? ratom uyalibdebaT
adamianebs specifikuri socialuri jgufebis mimarT nega-
tiuri Sexedulebei? gansakuTrebiT imaT mimarT, romlebic
gansxvavdebian sakuTari jgufisagan? socialur fsiqo-
logiaSi nakvlevia mTeli rigi faqtorebi, romlebic
SesaZloa gansazRvraven prejudisebis Camoyalibebas, mag-
ram maT Soris gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas Semdeg faqto-
rebs aniWeben: (1) interjgufuri konfliqtebi; (2) soci-
aluri kategorizacia; (3) adrindeli SeZenili gamocdile-
ba; (4) socialuri kogniciis aspeqtebi.
18 interxgufuri konfliqti. samwuxarod, sagnebi rom-
lebsac umetesoba adamianebisa Rirebulad Tvlis, kargi

109
samuSao, fuli, statusi - sakmaod deficituria. es sagnebi
arasodes ar aris sakmarisi rom yvela bednieri iyos. es
bazisuri faqti safuZvlad daedo prejudisebis amxsnel
erTerT gavlenian Teorias, romelic realuri konfliqt-
Teoriis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. am Tvalsazrisis Tanax-
mad prejudisebi momdinareoben am Rirebul sagnebze
gansxvavebul socialur jgufebs Soris konkurenciidan.
erTi sityviT, navaraudevia, rom prejudisebi momdinareo-
ben kargi samuSaosaTvis, adeqvaturi saxlisaTvis, kargi
skolisaTvis da mravali sxva sasurveli SedegisaTvis
brZolidan. Teoria gvTavazobs, rom roca aseTi konku-
rencia grZeldeba, masSi CarTuli jgufis wevrebi midian
erTimeoris mimarT negatiur damokidebulebamde. isini
erTmaneTis iarliyirebas axdenen rogorc 3mtrebi4, saku-
Tar jgufs Tvlian rogorc 3swori4 da qmnian zRvars
TavisTavsa da mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris. yovelive amis
Sedegi ki aris is, rom is rac daiwyo rogorc ubralo
konkurencia, gadaizrdeba prejudisebSi.
28 socialuri kategorizacia. adamienebi socialur
samyaros xSirad yofen or kategoriad - 3Cven4 da 3isini4.
anu adamianebi erTmaneTs ganixilaven an rogorc sakuTari
jgufis wevrebs - miakuTneben maT 3Cven4 jgufs, an rome-
lime sxva kategoriad - 3sxvaTa4 jgufs (e.i. Tavisi
jgufis gareT). samwuxarod, socialuri kategorizacia
amiT ar mTavrdeba. dramatuli Sedegi aseTi
kategorizaciisa aris is, rom “Cven” jgufis wevrebs da
jgufis gare wevrebs ukavSirdeba sakmaod kontrastuli
grZnobebi da rwmenebi. individebi 3Cven4 kategoriidan
daxasiaTebulia keTilganwyobiTi maxasiaTebliT, maSin
roca 3isini4 xSirad danaxulia negatiurad. CaTvlilia,
rom 3isini4 floben arasasurvel Tvisebebs da ar
moswonT.
dgeba sakiTxi, ra gansazRvravs adamianebis am ten-
dencias? ras emyareba socialuri kategorizaciis aseTi
Zlieri tendencia? am problemis axsnis saintereso Teoria
SemogvTavaza taifelma da misma kolegebma (Tojfel at all, 1982).
isini varaudoben, rom individi miiswrafis gazardos
Tavisi self-pativiscema imiT, rom identifikacia moaxdi-
nos specifikur socialur jgufTan. es taqtika warma-
tebuli iqneba imdenad, ramdenadac mas SeuZlia aRiqvas

110
jgufi, romelsac is miekuTneba, rogorc upiratesi vidre
sxva, miTumetes konkurentuli jgufi. yoveli individi
ganicdis am Zalis zemoqmedebas. finaluri wedegi aris is,
rom yoveli jgufi cdilobs ganixilos TavisTavi rogorc
ukeTesi vidre misi metoqe. prejudisebi yalibdeba rogorc
percepciuli darRvevis Sedegi. taSfeli am process uwo-
debs socialur konkurencias da ganasxvavebs mas faqtiuri
interjgufuri konfliqtisagan.
mravali kvleviTi monacemebi uWers mxars taSfelis
daSvebebs. erTerT kvlevaSi (Meinde & Lerner, 1985) daSve-
bulia, rom marcxis gamocdileba gaaZlierebs individis
moTxovnilebas gazardos Tavisi self-pativiscema, rac
miiyvans mas ufro Zlier socialur kategorizaciamde.
kerZod, iwinaswarmetyveles, rom individi romelmac esesaa
ganicada marcxi, jgufis gare wevrebs Seafasebs ufro
ukiduresi maneriT. raTa SeemowmebinaT es hipoTeza
inglisurenovan kanadelebs, situaciaSi romelic emuqrebo-
da maT self-pativiscemas, sTxovdnen gamoeTqvaT TavianTi
azri frangulenovani kanadelebis Sesaxeb (self-pativisce-
mis muqaras qmnidnen imiT, rom eqsperimentis dawyebis win
subieqts sTxovdnen mezobeli magididan wamoeRo skami.
roca subieqti skams iRebda 3SemTxveviT4 kompiuteris
firebis didi raodenoba ifanteboda oTaxSi. raTqmaunda
skami ise idga, rom misi umciresi daZvrac ki gamoiwvevda
amas). Sedegebi mxars uWerda hipoTezas. subieqtebi,
romlebic ganicdidnen self-pativiscemis dadablebas, faq-
tiurad jgufis gare wevrebs (frangulenovan kanadelebs)
afasebdnen ufro radikalurad vidre sakontrolo jgufis
subieqtebi.
amrigad, mTeli rigi monacemebi mxars uWeren mosazre-
bas, rom bazisuri tendencia davyoT socialuri samyaro
or kategoriad 3Cven4 da 3isini4 xSirad garkveul rols
TamaSobs rasiuli, eTnikuri da socialuri prejudisebis
CamoyalibebaSi.

3. adrindeli gamocdileba emyareba daSvebas, rom

prejiudisebi rogorc reaqcia, warmoadgens gamocdilebiT
SeZenil fenomens. misi Camoyalibeba imave kanonzomierebe-
biT xdeba rogorc xdeba saerTod atitudebis Camoyalibe-

111
ba. es midgoma cnobilia socialuri daswavlis Teoriis
saxelwodebiT.
socialuri daswavlis Teoria uSvebs, rom adamiani
specifikuri socialuri jgufebis mimarT negatiur ati-
tudebs iZens jer kidev bavSvobidan. amasTan ganixilaven
daswavlis gansxvavebul meqanizmebs. Teoriis mixedviT
daswavla SeiZleba ganxorcieldes pasiurad, ubralod
imiT, rom mniSvnelovani sxvebi (mSoblebi, megobrebi)
awvdian maT am Tvalsazriss. an SeiZleba daswavla ganxor-
cieldes ganmtkicebis principiT, - amaTuim poziciis
adaptirebisaTvis isini specialurad jildovdebian.
miuTiTeben agreTve, rom mSoblebis, maswavleblebis da
megobrebis garda am procesSi mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs masmediac. analizma aCvena, rom ukanasknel
periodamde, rasiuli da eTnikuri umciresobis warmomad-
genlebi iSviaTad Cndeboda kinosa da televiziis ekraneb-
ze. Tu Cndeboda, Cveulebriv dabal statusSi da uar-
yofiTi gmirebis rolebSi. aseTi masalis Cveneba varaudo-
ben, rom adamianebs bavSvobidanve garkveul Sexedulebes
uyalibebda, umciresobis jgufebis mimarT. rom isini arian
arasrulfasovnebi da a.S. sabednierod amJamad mdgoma-
reoba diametrulad Seicvala, rac varaudoben rom gar-
kveul rols Seitans rasiuli da eTnikuri prejudisebis
SemcirebaSi.
4. prejidusebis kognituri wyaroebi. cnobilia, rom 70-
ian wlebamde amerikul fsiqologiaSi ori ZiriTadi idea
iyo dominirebuli - biheviorizmi da fsiqoanalizi. 70-ian
wlebSi iwyeba interesebis Semobruneba kognituri proce-
sebis kvlevisaken romelic rogorc aRvniSneT j. mileris
da naiseris saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. Sesabamisad axali
mimarTuleba mieca prejudisebis kvlevebsac. kerZod,
stereotipuli rwmenebi, atitudebi da prejudisebi aRi-
niSna rom arseboben ara mxolod rogorc socialuri
ganpirobebis Sedegi an imitom rom isini Cveni agresiulo-
bis tendenciis obieqtis Canacvlebis da gareT proeqciis
SesaZleblobas gvaZleven. socialuri kogniciis pozi-
ciebidan prejudisebi gaazrebul iqna, agreTve, rogorc
normaluri azrovnebiTi procesis Tanmxlebi movlena.
monacemebi miuTiTeben, socialuri kogniciis mTel rig
bazisur aspeqtebze romlebsac garkveuli wvlili SeaqvT

112
prejudisebis Camoyalibebasa da SenarCunebaSi. maT Soris
gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa stereotipebi, iluzoruli
korelacia da jgufis gareTa homogenurobis iluzia.
stereotipebi. Cven ukve visaubreT stereotipebis bune-
baze (roca vsaubrobdiT socialur kogniciaze), SevniSneT,
rom stereotipebi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas rogorc
garkveuli tipis sqema - anu kognituri foni socialuri
informaciis interpretaciisa da damuSavebisaTvis. kerZod,
stereotipi Seicavs specifikuri socialuri jgufis Sesa-
xeb codnas da rwmenebs, romelTagan umetesoba bunebiT
negatiuria. rogorc sqema, stereotipebi gavlenas axdenen
Semosuli informaciis miReba-damuSavebaze. mag. informacia
romelic garkveuli stereotipebis relevanturia ufro
swrafad damuSavdeba vidre informacia romelic araa
dakavSirebuli stereotipTan. aseve, stereotipi axdens
informaciis SerCevas, Cveulebriv gansazRvravs im infor-
maciis SemCnevas romelic stereotipis konsistenturia. Tu
informacia arakonsistenturia, stereotipma SeiZleba gan-
sazRvros individis Zalisxmeva uaryos is, SesaZloa im
faqtebis gaxsenebiT, romelic sqemis (stereotipis) konsi-
stenturia. dabolos stereotipebi agreTve gansazRvraven
imas Tu ras gavixsenebT.
stereotipebi rom arseboben da Zlier gavlenas axdenen
azrovnebaze cxadia, magram arian isini aseve mWidrod
dakavSirebuli prejidusebTan? gasaocaria, magram uka-
nasknel dromde ar arsebobda erTmniSvnelovani mona-
cemebi romelic daadasturebda stereotipebsa da preji-
dusebs Soris aseTi Zlieri kavSiris arsebobas. amis
dadastureba SesaZlebeli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac mofiqre-
bul iqna teqnika romelic zomavda rogorc stereotipebs
ise prejidusebs. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs kavakamisa da misi
kolegebis kvleva (Kawakami et all., 1998).
kvlevaSi subieqtebs (kanadis universitetis studentebi)
kompiuteris ekranze eZleodaT sityvebi 3Savi4 da
3TeTri4, romlebic CaTvlili iyo rom moaxdenda rasiuli
stereotipebis gaaqtiurebas. sityvebi Cndeboda ekranze an
0,3 wamiT, romelic sakmaod mcire dros warmoadgenda
raTa subieqtebs ganexorcielebinaT informaciis procesis
kontrolireba, an 2,0 wamiT, xangrZlivoba romelic
savsebiT sakmarisi iyo am procesis ganxorcielebisaTvis.

113
am sityvebis ekranidan gaqrobas mohyveboda sxva sityvebi
romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo zangebisadmi pozitiur an
negatiur stereotipebTan. mag. pozitiur stereotipebTan
dakavSirebuli sityvebi iyo atleti, musikaluri da a.S.
xolo negatiur stereotipebTan dakavSirebuli sityvebi
iyo agresiuli, braziani, Raribi, kriminaluri da sxva.
subieqtebs sTxovdnen eTqvaT, romeli Tviseba iqneboda
marTebuli TiToeuli am rasiuli jgufisaTvis.
subieqtebisagan pasuxs moiTxovdnen ramdenadac es
SesaZlebelia swrafad. daSvebuli iyo, rom rac ufro
swrafad miuTiTebdnen stereotipTan dakavSirebul
sityvebs, miT ufro Zlieri iyo rasiuli stereotipis
aqtioba.
mkvlevarebis hipoTeza iyo, rom Tu stereotipebi dakav-
Sirebulia prejudisebTan, maRali da dabali preju-
dusiani individebi stereotipTan dakavSirebul sityvebze
gamoavlendnen gansxvavebul reaqciebs. kerZod, maRali
prejudisis mqone individi ufro swrafad upasuxebda
stereotipTan dakavSirebuli sityvebiT sityva 3Savis4 Sem-
deg da arastereotipTan dakavSirebuli sityvebiT sityva
3TeTris4 Semdeg. amisgan gansxvavebiT, mkvlevarebi vara-
udoben, rom reaqciebSi am tipis gansxvavebas ar eqneboda
adgili dabali prejudisebis mqone individebis pirobebSi.
CaTvlilia, rom am kvlevaSi avtorebma SeZles subieqtebSi
rasiuli prejudisebis gazomva. kvleva mTlianad adas-
turebda hipoTezas.
amrigad, es kvlevebi gvarwmuneben, rom prejudisebi
marTlac dakavSirebulia stereotipebTan. negatiuri ati-
tudebi, romelic gvaqvs gansxvavebuli jgufebis mimarT,
emsaxurebian maT Sesaxeb stereotipebis aqtivacias. radgan
es stereotipebi SemdgomSi am jgufebis Sesaxeb axali
informaciis miRebis procesebs gadaxris stereotipebisad-
mi konformulobis mimarTulebiT yalibdeba mojadoebuli
wre, rom prejudusebi aaqtiurebs stereotipebs da stereo-
tipebi aZlierebs prejudisebs - sakmaod savalalo Sedege-
biT prejudisebis samiznisaTvis.
iluzoruli korelacia. rogorc adre mivuTiTeT,
iluzoruli korelacia miuTiTebs tendenciaze aRviqvaT
cvladebs Soris kavSiri iq, sadac ar aris. Cans rom
pirvel rigSi es iluzia momdinareobs sistemebis an

114
movlenebis erTdroulobidan. mag. ZalmomreobiTi krimina-
li aris sakmaod iSviaTi movlena, romelsac sazogadoeba-
Si maRali emocionaluri Sefaseba aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT
Zaladobis danaSauli sakmaod gansxvavebulia, iSviaTia.
aseve gansxvavebulad ganicdeba umciresobis wevrad yofna.
bolosdabolos umciresoba imitomaa, rom is mocemuli
sazogadoebisagan gansxvavebulia. radgan es ori movlena
SedarebiT, ar aris Cveulebrivi, maTi Tanxvedra miTumetes
iSviaTobaa - gansxvavebulia. amdenad, angariSi umciresobis
warmomadgenlis mier Cadenili danaSaulis Sesaxeb -
(vTqvaT saqarTveloSi CeCeni moqalaqis mier Cadenilia
kriminali) maSinaTve miiqcevs umravlesobis yuradRebas.
gazviadebuli yuradReba xels uwyobs am movlenis
mexsierebaSi myarad damkvidrebas. Sedegad, aRmoCndeba,
rom umravlesobis warmomadgenlis mier Cadenili
danaSauli cnobierebaSi ufro iSviaTad amotivtivdeba,
vidre, davuSvaT umciresobis warmomadgenlis mier
Cadenili kriminali. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi
qarTvelebis mier Cadenili kriminali gacilebiT xSiria,
misi ara gansxvavebulobis gamo advilad miecema
daviwyebas, maSin roca CeCenis mier (rogorc
gansxvavebulis) Cadenili kriminali yovelTvis advilad
gvaxsendeba. swored aseTma advilma xelmisawvdomobam
SeiZleba gansazRvros iluzoruli korelacia - rom
garkveuli eTnikuri identuroba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
Zaladobis kriminalTan.
amrigad, iluzoruli korelacia, romelic yalibdeba
bazisuri tendenciis gamo, yuradReba mivaqcioT ara
Cveulebriv, gansxvavebul movlenebs, garkveul rols
TamaSobs stereotipebis da prejudisebis CamoyalibebaSi.
jgufis gareTa homogenurobis iluzia. tendencias
jgufis gareTa wevrebi aRviqvaT rogorc erTmaneTis msgav-
si an homogenurebi vidre sakuTari jgufis wevrebi, rom
yvela 3isini4 erTnairebi arian, uwodeben jgufis gareTa
homogenurobis iluzias.
jgufis gareTa homogenurobis iluzia dadasturda
gansxvavebul konteqstSi. aRmoCnda, rom adamianebs ten-
dencia aqvT maTze ufro axalgazrdebi an ufro xnierebi,
pirovnul TaviseburebebSi, aRiqvan rogorc erTmaneTis
msgavsebi, vidre Tavisive asakis adamianebi. an kidev,

115
universitetis studentebi sxva universitetis studentebs
aRiqvamen rogorc ufro homogenurebs. jgufis gareTa
homogenuroba dadasturda agreTve sakuTari da gansxva-
vebuli rasis saxis identifikaciis sakiTxebze Catarebul
saerTaSoriso gamokvlevebSi. aRmoCnda, rom individi uf-
ro zustad amoicnobs Tavisive rasis ucxo saxes vidre
gansxvavebuli rasis ucxos.
jgufis gareTa homogenurobis tendenciis erTerTi axsna
emyareba daSvebas, rom Cven meti kontaqtebi gvaqvs
sakuTari jgufis wevrebTan da amdenad maT Sesaxeb
gviyalibdeba ufro mkacri da diferencirebuli kognituri
reprezenteciebi. magram kvlevebi adastureben, rom
sakiTxis am principiT axsna problemis zedmetad
gamartivebaa. jer erTi aRmoCnda, rom jgufis gareSe
homogenurobis iluzia maSinac arsebobs roca kontaqtebi
sakmaod intensiuria. mag. mamakacebi qalebs maT atitudebsa
da qcevebSi aRiqvamen rogorc ufro homogenurebs vidre
kacebs. iseve rogorc qalebi TavianT mxriv, mamakacebs
aRiqvamen rogorc homogenurebs, Tumca ver vityviT maT
Soris kontaqtebis naklebobaze. aSkaraa, rom tendencia
3Cven4 jgufisgan gansxvavebuli sxva jgufis wevrebi
aRviqvaT rogorc 3Zalian msgavsni4 gamoxatavs gadaxris
bazisur tips Tu rodis da ras fiqrobs sxvebze. amdenad
jgufis gareTa homogenurobis iluzia warmoadgens
prejudisebis erTerT kognitur wyaros.
stereotipebi, iluzoruli korelacia da jgufis gare-
Ta homogenurobis iluzia warmoadgenen prejudisebis
kognitur wyaroebs. es e.w. negatiuri atitudebi garkveuli
socialuri jgufebis mimarT, emyareba socialuri kognici-
is bazisur aspeqtebs, rogoricaa interjgufuri konfliq-
ti, adrindeli socialuri daswavla da survili gazardo
TviT-pativiscema.

seqsizmi - rogorc prejudisebis erTerTi forma.

prejudisebi, romelic emyareba sqess, anu qalebis mi-

marT, jer kidev sakmaodaa gavrcelebuli. miuxedavad
imisa, rom qalebi umravlesobas warmoadgenen samyaroSi,
damokidebuleba qalebisadmi jer kidev umciresobisadmi
damokidebulebis modeliT xorcieldeba. qalebis dis-
kriminacia, cxovrebis mTel rig sferoebSi (maTi gamo-

116
ricxva garkveuli samuSaodan, politikuri da ekonomiuri
mmarTvelobidan) realobaa, Tumca faqtia, rom mTel rig
ganviTarebul qveynebSi es tendencia SesamCnevad mcirdeba.
magram seqsTan dakavSirebuli prujidusebi jer kidev
SeimCneva mraval situaciaSi. imis gamo rom aseTi tenden-
ciebi negatiur Sedegebs gvaZlevs, rogorc qalebisaTvis
ise mamakacebisaTvis, is socialuri fsiqologiis speci-
aluri kvlevis sagani gaxda.

qaleqis mimarT prejudisebis buneba

rogorc aRvniSneT, qalebi xSirad arian stereotipebis

obieqtebi, es aseve samarTliania mamakacebis mimarTac.
isini aRqmulni arian rogorc erTmaneTis msgavsebi mTel
rig pirovnul Tvisebebsa da atitudebSi. isic faqtia, rom
Cveulebriv stereotipebi, romlebic qalebs exeba Tavisi
SinaarsiT ufro negatiuria, rasac ver vityviT mamakacebis
mimarT stereotipebze. mraval kulturaSi daSvebulia rom
mamakacisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi Tvisebebi, rogo-
ricaa simtkice, ambiciuroba, dominantoba, gadawyvetilebis
miRebis unari. maSin, roca qalebs miewereba iseTi
maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa submisiuroba, pasiuroba,
sxvebze zrunva da sxva. es mosazreba mxardaWerilia mTe-
li rigi monacemebiT. bolo wlebSi socialur fsiqo-
logiaSi nacadia garkveva imisa Tu (1) ramdenad zustia
qalebis mimarT stereotipebis aseTi xasiaTi da (2) ratom
SemorCa jer kidev adamianis cnobierebas aseTi stereo-
tipebi - anu ratom iCenen isini Seupovrobas.
stereotipebi qalebis da mamakacebis mimarT - ramdenad
zustia isini. Tu ramdenad gansxvavdebian qalebi da
mamakacebi TavianTi qcevebiT da pirovnuli TvisebebiT
aRmoCnda, rom arc Tu ise advili gadasawyveti problemaa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kvlevebi Catarda mraval gansxva-
vebul doneze, erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi ar arsebobs.
erTaderTi daskvna, romelic gamomdinareobs monacemebis
analizidan da romelsac mkvlevarebis umravlesoba izia-
rebs aris is, rom sqess Soris gansxvaveba marTlac
arsebobs, magram 3saRi azri4 azviadebs am gansxvavebas.
rom marTalia qalebi da mamakacebi marTlac
gansxvavebulad qmnian garkveul saqmeebs, magram

117
gansxvavebis zoma da raodenoba ufro naklebia vidre
gabatonebuli stereotipebi gvarwmuneben. magaliTad
kvlevebi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro
akademiaSi, mamakaci da qali kadetebis qcevaSi SemCneuli
iqna mxolod Zalian mcire gansxvaveba. aseve mcire iyo
gansxvaveba qali da mamakaci menejerebis mTel rig
pirovnul ganzomilebebSi. erTi sityviT, Zalian mcirea
monacemebi romlebic mxars uWeren mosazrebas rom
qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris gansxvaveba mniSvnelovania.
monacemebis analizi iSviaTad miuTiTebs imaze, rom
gansxvaveba mamakacebs da qalebs Soris rogorc
raodenobrivad ise Tvisobrivad gacilebiT ufro nak-
lebia, vidre miaCniaT. amdenad mosazreba, rom qalebi da
mamakacebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan rogorc qcevebSi
ise pirovnul maxasiaTeblebSi mxolod nawilobrivadaa
marTali. is ufro miTia vidre realoba.
seqs-stereotipebi, ratom arian Seupovarni? Tu seqsTan
dakavSirebuli stereotipebi ufro miTia vidre realoba,
maSin ratom arseboben isini? ratom iCens is Seupovrobas,
da ar icvleba? sakiTxi sakmaod rTuli aRmoCnda da amaze
ar arsebobs pirdapiri pasuxi.
saintereso gamokvleva ganaxorciela amasTan dakav-
SirebiT eglim (Eagly & Steffen, 1986). misi azriT qalebis
mimarT arsebuli stereotipebi emyareba im faqts, rom
qalebi da mamakacebi sazogadoebaSi xSirad ikaveben gan-
sxvavebul rolebs. dResac ki swrafi socialuri cvlile-
bebis Semdeg, mamakacebis udidesi nawili muSaobs saxlis
gareT. navaraudevia, rom individi romelsac aqvs aseTi
pozicia (e.i. muSaobs saxlis gareT da ara saxlSi), miu-
xedavad misi sqesisa aRiqmeba iseTi pirovnuli maxasiaTeb-
lebis mqoned, romelic mamakacebs miewereba (mag. simtkice,
TviT-darwmunebuli, gadawyvetilebis mimRebi). qalebis meti
nawili ki ufro saxlSi momuSaveebi arian vidre saxlis
gare samuSaosaTvis daqiravebulni. individebi romlebsac
aseTi pozicia ukaviaT, aRqmulni arian iseTi pirovnuli
Tvisebebis mqone, romlebic miewereba qalebs (damokide-
buli, pasiuri da a.S.). mokled, daSvebulia, rom sqesobrivi
stereotipebi simtkices iCenen imitom, rom mamakacebi da
qalebi Tanabrad ar inawileben socialur rolebs. kvleve-
bi adastureben, rom (Eagly & Steffen, 1986) saxlSi momuSaveebi

118
Sefasdnen (pirovnul maxasiaTeblebSi) rogorc ufro
qalurebi vidre isini, romlebic saxlis gareT daqi-
ravebul Sromas ewevian. amasTan mniSvneloba ar hqonda
individis sqess. individi romelic muSaobda saxlis gareT
miuxedavad misi sqesisa fasdeboda rogorc mamakacuri. e.i.
Tu ra maxasiaTeblebiT aRiqmeboda individi damokidebuli
iyo imaze, Tu ra rols TamaSobda is socialur urTi-
erTobaSi da ara mis sqesze.
es monacemebi Seicavs sakmaod optimistur nagulisxmeb
azrs, rom Tu qalebi socialur urTierTobaSi daikaveben
Sesatyvis rolebs, tradiciuli stereotipebi maT Sesaxeb
SesaZlebelia TandaTanobiT gaqres. isini aRqmuli iqnebian
maTi rolis Sesabamisad da ara sqesis.

seqsizmis kognituri safuZvlebi

Tanamedrove kanonmdebloba, samarTlebrivi wesebi da

sazogadoebrivi azric erTnairad ibrZvis genderul safuZ-
velze diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg. ukve SeuZlebelia biz-
nesSi, skolebSi an organizaciebSi uaryon samuSaos
mTxovneli imitom, rom is qalia (an mamakacia). magram
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, qalebs aRmoCnda rom sazogado-
ebaSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi garkveul sferoebSi, ukaviaT ara
upiratesobis mqone pozicia. qalebi umTavresad koncen-
trirebulni arian SedarebiT dabal xelfasian, dabali
statusis mqone samuSaoebSi. amis mizezebi rogorc Cans,
moicavs mTel rig faqiz, magram qalebisaTvis zianis mom-
tan Zalebs, romlebic moqmedeben maT warmatebasa da
miRwevebze. maT Soris ganixilaven: amaTuim samuSaos subi-
eqturi Rirebulebas da karieris arCevas; kreditis
uaryofa sadac krediti jerovania; molodinebis roli;
darwmunebulobis da self-percepciis roli.
amocanis subieqturi Rirebuleba da karieris arCeva.
statistikurma analizma aCvena, rom kolejis studentebi-
dan, maT Soris romlebic sainJinro saqmianobaSi miiRes
bakalavris xarisxi mxolod 6% iyo qali. xolo kompiute-
rul saqmianoSi, bakalavris xarisxis miRebulebidan, qali
iyo 18%. es maSin, roca Sesabamis kolejSi qalebis rao-
denoba 50 procenti iyo. cxadia es ar iyo Ria diskrimina-
ciis Sedegi. nakleb safiqrebelia, rom umaRlesi saswav-

119
leblebi aseT barierebs xelovnurad qmnides qalebisaT-
vis. maSin sad unda veZeboT amis mizezebi? monacemebi miu-
TiTeben, rom es SeiZleba momdinareobdes gansxvavebuli
subieqturi Rirebulebebidan, romelsac qalebi da mama-
kacebi miaweren gansxvavebul sferoebs.
umaRlesi skolebis pirvel kurselebis eqstensiuri
kvlevebi aCveneben, rom qalebi afaseben inglisur enas ro-
gorc ufro mniSvnelovans vidre maTematikas, maSin roca
biWi studentebi Tanabar mniSvnelobas aniWeben maT. garda
amisa, gogonebi ufro Zlier interess gamoxataven momaval-
Si inglisuri enis daxelovnebaSi. radgan samuSaos maRal-
anazRaurebis sferoebi (mag. sainJinro saqme an infor-
matika da kompiuteris programireba) moiTxoven garkveul
safuZvlebs maTematikaSi da umaRlesi rigis xelmZRva-
nelebi am sferodanaa, fiqroben, rom yovelive es warmo-
adgens erTerT SesaZlebel mizezs Tu qalebs ratom uWi-
ravT ufro dabali statusi SromiT saqmianobaSi. rogorc
aRniSnaven, gogonebi TviTon irCeven safuZvlebs, romelsac
isini mihyavs naklebad anazRaurebul samuSaomde. kiTxva,
Tu gogonebi ratom irCeven aseT gzas, anu ratom aZleven
upiratesobas enis codnas da ara maTematikas, sakmaod
rTuli sakiTxia.
kreditis uaryofa, sadac krediti jerovania. davuSvaT
gTxoven SeafasoT ori daqvemdebarebuli. orive Tavis saq-
mes asrulebs erTidaigive damakmayofilebel doneze. mag-
ram mizezi am Sesrulebisa gansxvavebulia. erTi akeTebda
kargad imitom, rom is muSaobda mondomebiT da unarianad.
meores gamosdioda kargad imitom rom SemTxveviT mas
advili samuSao eZleoda Sesasruleblad. aseT situaciaSi
raTqmaunda SefasebaSi upiratesobas miscemT pirvels.
bolosdabolos Zalisxmeva ufro Rirsia dajildoebis
vidre iRbali. erTi sityviT, adamianebi met mniSvnelobas
aniWeben warmatebas, roca is TviTon individis Zalis-
xmevisa da unaris Sedegia da ara SemTxveviTi faqtorebis.
kauzaluri atribuciis kvlevebma gamoavlina erTi
saintereso faqti. aRmoCnda, rom adamianebs tendencia aqvT
mamakacis warmateba Tavis saqmianobaSi mis Sinagan faqto-
rebs miaweron - (unari, Zalisxmeva da a.S.), xolo qalebis
warmateba miaweron garegan faqtors (bedi, amocanis
siadvile (Deaux, 1982)).

120
 radgan iseTi mniSvnelovani jildo, rogoricaa dawi-
naureba Cveulebriv Sefasebazea damokidebuli, cxadia,
rom es tendencia mTel rig biznesis situaciaSi moqmedebs
qalebis winaaRmdeg. radgan qalebis warmatebas, umTavre-
sad, garegan faqtorebs miaweren, dawinaurebis situaciaSi
qali mamakacTan konkurenciaSi marcxdeba.
sabednierod, es tendencia ar moqmedebs yvela kon-
teqstSi. gansakuTrebiT roca Semfaseblis yuradReba
myaradaa mimarTuli faqtiur Sefasebaze. aseT situaciaSi
Sefasebis kognituri gadaxra qreba.
dabali molodinebi. erTerTi faqtori, romelic ase
vTqvaT emuqreba qalebs aris maTive sakuTari molodinebi.
kvlevebi miuTiTeben, rom saerTod qalebs Cans, naklebi
molodinebi aqvT TavianTi karieris Sesaxeb vidre mamaka-
cebs. isini moelian, rom miaRweven dabal (rogorc sawyis
ise umaRles) xelfass (Jackson, Gardner & Sullivan, 1992). isini
fiqroben, rom dabali xelfasi qalebisaTvis ramdenadme
samarTliania (Jackobson & Grabski, 1988). dgeba sakiTxi, ratom
aqvT qalebs aseTi dabali molodinebi? saintereso mosaz-
rebebs gvTavazobs am sakiTxze robert beroni (Robert A.
Baron & Donn Byrne, 2000). misi azriT qalebis aseTi dabali
molodinebi, aixsneba TviT qalebis molodiniT, rom met
dros dauTmoben ara samuSaos (met dros darCebian
SvilebTan). es qmnis tendencias daadablos maTi molo-
dinebi umaRles anazRaurebaze.
meore. qalebi TviTon aRiareben, rom maT mamakacebze
naklebi anazRaureba unda miiRon. amdenad, maTi dabali
molodinebi SesaZloa ubralod asaxaven maT mier realo-
bis aRiarebas da es moqmedebs im xelfasze rasac isini
iReben.
mesame. qalebs tendencia aqvT TavianTi dabali anaz-
Raureba aRiqvan rogorc samarTliani.
bolos, qalebs tendencia aqvT TavianTi Tavi Seadaron
isev qalebs. da radgan qalebi mraval SemTxvevaSi iReben
naklebs vidre mamakacebi, aqedan isini askvnian, rom arc
ise cudad aris saqme.
amrigad, beronis azriT, qalebis dabali molodinebi
SeiZleba mniSvnelovani faqtori iyos, romelic moqmedebs
maT winaaRmdeg mraval konteqstSi.

121
 TavisTavSi darwmunebisa da self-percepciis roli.
darwmunebuloba xSirad CaTvlilia rogorc warmatebis
saukeTeso maCvenebeli. is vinc darwmunebulia warmatebaSi
aRwevs kidec.
miuTiTeben, rom miRwevasTan dakavSirebul situaciebSi
qalebs tendencia aqvT ufro naklebad iyvnen darwmunebu-
lebi vidre mamakacebi. amiT Tu aixsneba adamianebis ten-
dencia CaTvalon rom qalebi ar arian ise agresiulebi da
determinacoulni raTa miaRwion iseT warmatebebs rogor-
sac mamakacebi aRweven (Lander, 1992).
erTi sityviT kacebi ufro TviTdarwmunebulni arian
vidre qalebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi garkveul situaciebSi da
sxvebi amCneven amas. es ki CaTvlilia, gansazRvravs im faq-
ts, rom maT jer kidev ver miuRweviaT mamakacebTan sruli
TanasworobisaTvis mraval SromiT situaciaSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom es ar exeba yvela konteqsts. mag.
erTerT kvlevaSi (Beyer & Bowden, 1997) miTiTebulia, rom
qalebs tendencia aqvT TavianTi unarebi, e.w. mamakacuri
samuSaoebis zogierTi aspeqtebis SesrulebaSi naklebad
Seafason. magram igive tendencia ar mJRavndeba im saqmiano-
bis mimarT, romelSic moelian rom qalebi iqnebian
saukeTesoebi, an kidev im saqmianobis mimarT romelic gen-
der-neitraluria.
negatiuri reaqcia qali lideris mimarT. 1990-ani
wlebidan ukve miRebulad iTvleba, rom qalebi
garkveulad SeiZleba efeqturi liderebi gaxdnen. qalebs
irCeven saxelmwifo organoebSi, irCeven senior-
msajulebad, xdebian maRali rangis samxedro moxeleebi,
arian kompaniebisa da organizaciebis xelmZRvanelebi.
saintereso iyo imis kvleva, Tu rogoria adamianebis
reaqcia qali liderebisadmi? aRiqvamen da afaseben Tu ara
maT mamakacebis Tanabrad? kvleviTi monacemebi aCveneben,
rom ara. aRmoCnda, rom adamianebi TavianT uaryofiT
reaqcias qali liderebis mimarT gamoxataven
araverbaluri qceviT (Butler & Geis, 1990). ufro metic,
negatiur Sefasebas avlenen maSinac ki, roca sityvierad
aseT gadaxras mkacrad uaryofdnen.
amrigad, uSveben, rom arsebobs tendencia qal lidereb-
ma, mamakacebTan SedarebiT miiRon dabali Sefaseba. es
gansakuTrebiT asea roca qal liders aTvisebuli aqvs

122
liderobis stili, romlis stereotipulad CaTvlilia
rogorc mamakacuri (avtoritaruli da direqtuli stili)
da situaciaSi sadac umravlesoba liderebisa mamakacia da
Semfaseblebic mamakacebi arian. es monacemebi gvarwmuneben,
rom qalebi maSinac ki SeiZleba aRmoCndnen araxelsayrel
mdgomareobaSi roca maT miRweuli aqvT lideris pozicia
(Kent & Moss, 1994).

brZola prejudisebTan

prejudisebs, yovelTvis da yvelgan aqvs seriozuli

problemebi. Tavisi SedegebiT prejudisebi ganixileba
rogorc ekali - romelic badebs mraval wyenas da kon-
fliqts. amdenad prejudisebis Semcireba misi negatiuri
efeqtebis winaaRmdeg brZola socialuri fsiqologiis
erTerTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa. sabednierod, arsebobs
ramdenime strategia am miznis misaRwevad.

fanatikosis jaWvis gawyveta. bavSvebi ar ibadebian

garkveuli socialuri jgufebisadmi siZulviliT. preju-
disebi da diskriminacia SeZenili fenomenebia. am procesSi
ZiriTadad dominirebs mSoblebis roli. amitom, preju-
disebis winaaRmdeg brZolis erTerT efeqtur gzad,
bavSvebis aRzrdis procesis sworad warmarTvasa da mis
regulirebaSi xedaven. raTqmaunda es ar aris martivi
sakiTxi. fsiqologebs ar SeuZliaT uSualod Caerion
mSobel-Svilis urTierTobaSi. es iqneba rogorc ara-
eTikuri, ise arakanonieric. is rac SeuZlia fsiqologs
aris is, rom gaucnobieros mSobels misi fanatizmis
kritikuli roli bavSvis pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi.
SemCneulia, rom gamokveTili prejudisebis mqone mSoblebs
surT Svilebsac analogiuri prejudisebi hqondeT. magram
Cveulebriv umravlesobas surs maT Svilebs socialuri
samyaros mimarT swori Tvalsazrisi hqondeT. amitom
miaCniaT, rom mcdelobas, romelic miznad isaxavs mSoble-
bis cnobierebis am procesebze gamaxvilebas, SeiZleba
pozitiuri Sedegebi hqondes.
SesaniSnavi nimuSi imisa Tu ra roli SeuZlia iTamaSos
maswavlebelma fanatikosis jaWvis gawyvetaSi, mogvca aio-
vas Statis maswavlebelma Jane Elliot- ma. man gadawyvita
daxmareboda mesameklasel TeTr bavSvebs Caswvdomobdnen

123
prejudisebis arss. am mizniT man bavSvebi dayo or jgufad
Tvalis feris mixedviT - yavisferTvalianebad da cisfer-
Tvalianebad. yavisferTvalebian jgufs miawera dabali
statusi. Sesabamisi iyo maT mimarT qcevac. maswavlebeli
maT sasacilod igdebda, amtkicebda rom isini goneba-
Clungebi, zarmacebi da daudevrebi arian. maT uars eub-
nenebodnen saklaso privilegiebze. rogorc maTi dabali
statusis maCvenebeli, maT unda CaecvaT garkveuli feris
tansacmeli. Semdeg jgufebma Secvales rolebi. amjerad,
cisferTvalebianebi gaxades “prejudisebis” msxverpli.
Sedegi iyo is, rom orive jgufis mozardebma TavianT
Tavze ganicades diskriminaciis 3sikeTe4. rolebis gaTa-
maSebis mizani iyo bavSvebs uSualod ganecadaT diskrimi-
naciis xedva. imedovnebdnen, rom amis Semdeg maT qcevebSi
Semcirdeboda prejudisebis gamovlena, rasac Sedegebi
erTmniSvnelovnad adasturebda. garda amisa, aRmoCnda, rom
roluri TamaSis periodSi, diskriminirebuli jgufi mkveT-
rad adablebda standartuli saklaso davalebebis Sesru-
lebis dones.

uSualo interjgufuri kontaqtebi. adamianebis

umravlesobas Cveulebrivze meti socialuri kontaqtebi
aqvT im individebTan, romlebic maT jgufebs miekuTvnebian.
situacia nawilobriv icvleba umciresobis jgufis
wevrebisaTvis. magram ZiriTadad, metwil socialur
urTierTobebs individebi sakuTari jgufis wevrebTan
asruleben. am bazisurma faqtma dabada azri, rom SeiZleba
Semcirdes prejidusebi Tu gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris
kontaqtebi intensiuri gaxdeba. idea, rom amas SeuZlia
prejudisebis Semcireba, cnobilia rogorc kontaqtebis
hipoTeza. varaudoben, rom aseT strategias SeiZleba
garkveuli efeqti hqondes. hipoTeza emyareba Semdeg
argumentebs:
1. roca gansxvavebuli jgufis wevrebi ukeTesad ecnobi-
an erTmaneTs, maT SeiZleba gaacnobieron, rom isini ufro
emsgavsebian erTmaneTs vidre adre fiqrobdnen. aseTi
msgavsebis gacnobiereba, rogorc SemdegSi vnaxavT, Tavis
mxriv warmoSobs urTierT mowonebis (mizidvis) tendencias.
2. marTalia stereotipebi winaaRmdegobas uweven Secv-
las, magram misi Secvla principSi SeiZleba Tu individi

124
iRebs stereotipisaTvis arakonsistentur sakmao infor-
macias. amdenad, Tu gansxvavebuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi
ukeTesad gaicnoben erTmaneTs, uaryofiTma sqematam SeiZ-
leba daiwyos rRveva, an sulac Secvla.
3. gameorebulma kontaqtebma SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos
jgufis gareTa homogenurobis iluziis Semcirebas. Sede-
gad navaraudevia, rom pirdapirma interjgufurma kontaq-
tebma SeiZleba efeqturad gauwios winaaRmdegoba preju-
disebs. magram aseve SeiZleba, rom am taqtikam Sedegi ar
mogvces. yovel SemTxvevaSi erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi ar
arsebobs. amitom miuTiTeben, rom aseTi kontaqtebi SeiZle-
ba produqtiuli iyos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca
kontaqtebi xorcieldeba specifikur pirobebSi. kuki (Cook
& Pelfrey, M, 1985) miuTiTebs Semdeg pirobebze:
1. urTierTqmedebaSi myofi jgufebi daaxloebiT toli
socialuri ekonomiuri da amocanasTan dakavSirebuli
statusis unda iyvnen - Tu am sakiTxebSi gansxvaveba
mkveTri iqneba, SeiZleba maT Soris komunikacia gaZneldes
da faqtiurad prejudisebi gaZlierdes.
2. kontaqtis situacia unda iyos TanamSromluri. jgu-
febi unda muSaobdnen saerTo miznis mimarTulebiT.
3. ramdenadac SesaZlebelia jgufebs Soris kontaqtebi
unda iyos araformaluri, ise rom, maT unda SeeZloT
icodnen erTmaneTi erTi-erTze urTierTobis safuZvelze.
4. kontaqti unda ganxorcieldes situaciaSi, sadac
jgufebis normebi tolia da zrdis individebs Soris
kavSirebs.
5. jgufebi ise unda iyvnen urTierTobaSi, rom ar unda
hqondeT erTmaneTis Sesaxeb negatiuri stereotipuli
rwmenebis ganmtkicebis SesaZlebloba.
6. individebi erTmaneTs unda ixilavdnen rogorc Tavi-
anTi jgufis tipiur warmomadgenlebs.
Tu or urTiermoZule jgufebs Soris kontaqti xdeba
zemoT miTiTebul pirobebSi, aris Sansi rom maT Soris
prejudisebi Semcirdes. es mosazreba brwyinvaled iqna
dadasturebuli aronsonisa da misi kolegebis kvlevebSi
("kkbjn Fhjycjy= 1998)\ kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iqna kontaqte-
bi TanamSromlur pirobebSi, rogorc bavSvebs Soris
prejudisebis Semcirebis saSualeba. gamoyenebuli proce-
dura iyo martivi. moswavleebis eqvsi jgufi muSaobda

125
specifikur davalebaze (bavSvebs unda SeeswavlaT gamo-
Cenili pirovnebis biografia - romelic dayofili iyo
eqvs paragrafad). jgufis yoveli wevrisagan moiTxovdnen
davalebis garkveuli nawilis damuSavebas da misi sxvebis-
Tvis miwodebas. jgufi warmatebiT gadawyvetda amocanas
mxolod maSin, Tu TiToeuli individi Tavis wils saerTo
saqmianobaSi Seasrulebda adeqvaturad. amdenad yvela
wevris TanamSromloba aucilebeli iyo saerTo miznis
misaRwevad. Sedegi, romelic miRweuli iqna am martivi
proceduriT STambeWdavi iyo. eqsperimentis damTavrebis
Semdeg bavSvebi aCvenebdnen aSkarad Semcirebul rasiul
stereotipebs, amJRavnebdnen urTierTmowonebis sakmaod
maRal dones.
amrigad, jgufebs Soris pirdapiri kontaqtebi, misi
swori gamoyenebiT, SeiZleba efeqturi saSualeba iyos
jgufebs Soris mtrobisa da prejudisebis winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad.

kognituri intervencia. adre mivuTiTeT, rom

adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia e.w. 3kognituri siZunwe4.
es imas niSnavs, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi Cven informacias
gadavamuSavebT pasiurad, avtomatiurad. mag. roca ucxos
vxvdebiT, Cven vemyarebiT kategoriebs, romelic gvaqvs
dispoziciurad da ar vcdilobT axalis Camoyalibebas. es
tendencia momdinareobs prejudisebidan. roca SevxedavT,
rom individi ekuTvnis garkveul socialur jgufs, Cvens
SefasebaSi dominirebs es erTaderTi maxasiaTebeli. ver
vamCnevT am individis Sesaxeb sxva mniSvnelovan faqtebs.
aseTi stereotipuli azrovneba, rogorc adre mivuTiTeT
qmnis prejudisebis arss. Tu es asea, da rogorc adre
vnaxeT asea, kognituri intervencia im mizniT, rom
SevamciroT stereotipebis tendencia mniSvnelovani iqneba
prejudisebis da diskriminaciis Sesamcireblad. am miznis
misaRwevad socialur fsiqologiaSi miuTiTeben ramdenime
teqnikaze.
pirveli - stereotipebis gavlena SeiZleba Semcirdes,
Tu individi aRmoCndeba imis aucileblobis winaSe, rom
ifiqros sxvaze, yuradReba miaqcios individis unikalur
maxasiaTeblebs da ara mis garkveul jgufisadmi wevrobas.
mag. Tu individs mivawvdiT informacias, rom misi warma-
teba damokidebulia imaze Tu ramdenad zusti iqneba misi

126
STabeWdileba meore individis Sesaxeb, an Tu vityviT, rom
mis warmatebaze gavlenas moaxdens meore individis
Sesrulebis done, aseT pirobebSi individi motivirebuli
iqneba SefasebaSi iyos zusti da Seamciros stereotipebis
tendenciis efeqti.
meore - stereotipuli Sefasebis tendencia SeiZleba
Semcirdes teqnikiT, romelic emyareba atribuciis princi-
pebs. es principebi emyareba im faqts, rom xSirad Cven sxva
individis Sesaxeb vaskvniT maTi moqmedebis Sedegidan da
vaxdenT sxva faqtebis ignorirebas, romelmac SeiZleba
mogvces igive Sedegi. mag. vTqvaT gaigeT, rom ucxom
gamocdebze daagrova 70 qula da rom gamsvleli iyo 65
qula. Sedegi aris is, rom individi 3gavida4. axla davuS-
vaT, rom 75 qula iyo gamsvleli da individma daagrova 70
qula. Sedegi aris is, rom individi ver gavida
(3damarcxda4). Tu gTxoves am individebis inteleqtis an
motivaciis Sefaseba, arsebobs albaToba, rom mas ufro
maRal Sefasebas miscemT pirvel SemTxvevaSi vidre meore-
Si. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive SemTxvevaSi Sesruleba
erTnairi iyo. e.i. sxvebis Sefasebisas Tu misi saqmianobis
Sedegi viciT, arsebobs tendencia, daskvna am Sedegebze
dayrdnobiT gakeTdes.
am principis gamoyeneba SeiZleba prejudisebisa da
stereotipebis tendenciis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.
vTqvaT, gaigeT, rom erTerT did kompaniaSi qali daawinau-
res maRali donis menejerad. Sedegi naTelia. qali
daawinaures. moaxdens am Sedegis codna gavlenas qalis
unarebis da motivaciis Sefasebaze? unda vivaraudoT rom
moaxdens da rac mTavaria - maSinac ki Tu Tqven gaigeT,
rom am kompanias aqvs specialuri Zlieri programa da
Sesabamisad aqtiurad cdilobs qalebisa da umciresobis
jgufis warmomadgenlebis dawinaurebas. da es daskvna
romelic Sedegebis codnas emyareba Tavisi bunebiT
stereotipuli Sefasebis sawinaaRmdego iqneba, rac
mogvcems CarTuli stereotipebis Sesustebas. rogorc
vxedavT, atribuciis bazisuri principi efeqturad SeiZ-
leba gamoviyenoT socialuri stereotipebis efeqtebis
Sesamcireblad. es daskvna mxardaWerilia mTeli rigi
kvlevebiT.

127
128