Tavi 6.
krit
kritika5
itika
swavlis procesSi da swavlis dasrulebis Semdegac Tqvengan moelian, rom
kritikulad iazrovnebT, waikiTxavT da dawerT. kritikuli niSnavs „kreatuls~,
„skeptikurs~. kritikulad operireba niSnavs imas, rom eWvi geparebaT da amowmebT
sxvebis naTqvams da sakuTar azrsa da nafiqrals gamoTqvamT. am konteqstSi sityva
kritikuli ar niSnavs „negatiurs~. misi mniSvneloba berZnuli sityvidan
„gancalkeveba~, „gamijvna~, „wvdoma~ momdinareobs. kritikulad moazrovne, iqneba es
mkiTxveli, Tu avtori, sakiTxs Semadgenel nawilebad dayofs da arkvevs, Tu ra
mimarTebaSi imyofebian es nawilebi erTmaneTTan, rogor ukavSirdeba es sakiTxi
sxva sakiTxebs da (xSirad) msjelobs sakiTxis Tvisebebsa da Rirebulebaze.
Tqven yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ukve operirebT kritikulad, rodesac megobrebTan
arkvevT urTierTobas („ras gulisxmobda am sityvebSi?~), an rodesac wina dRiT
nanax films arCevT („rogor fiqrob, is cudi ti pi Zalian gamomwvevad iqceoda?~).
aseTi kiTxvebi im mizezebis gamokveTaSi gexmarebaT, Tu ra da ratom gemarTebaT
da ra mniSvneloba aqvs Tqvens gamocdilebas.
aq azrovnebisa da (sapirispiro poziciidan) kiTxvis praqtikul, aseve, weris
ufro formalur meTodebs warmogidgenT. bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: risTvis
aris saWiro am meTodebis mizanmimarTulad swavla?
− kritikulad azrovneba swavlisa da muSaobis unars gagiumjobesebT. sadac
ar unda iyoT, Tqvengan moelian wakiTxulisa da mosmenilis Sefasebas, aseve
_ Tqveni mosazrebebis gamoTqmas;
− kritikulad azrovneba Tqveni sakuTari qmedebebisa da mosazrebebis ukeT
gagebaSi, sapirispiro mosazrebebTan maTi mniSvnelobis Sefasebasa da Tqveni
msjelobebisa da motivebis damajereblad gamoTqmaSi dagexmarebaT;
− Tqveni damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba didadaa damokidebuli kritikulad
azrovnebis, kiTxvisa da weris unarze.
kritikulad azrovneba da kiTxva
nebismier saganze SesaZlebelia kritikulad fiqri da azrovneba, iqneba es
avtobusSi yurmokruli argumenti, Tqveni sayvareli musikosis axali albomi,
programuli uzrunvelyofa, megobris ideebi, fexburTi da ZaRlis sakvebic ki.
nebismieri maTganis „gamocalkevebiTa~ da „wvdomiT~ Tqven misi ukeT gagebis, sxva
movlenebTan Tu sakiTxebTan misi mimarTebisa da Sefasebis SesaZlebloba geZlevaT.
kritikuli azrovneba swavlis periodSi, ZiriTadad, naweri teqstebis (moTxroba,
Jurnalis statia, internet-korespondencia, vebgverdi) an vizualuri obieqtebis
(foto, grafiki, diagrama, filmi) damuSavebisas gamogadgebaT. nebismieri sagnis
kritikulad ganxilva, gadamuSavebis sul mcire, sam doneze xorcieldeba: (1) ras
gveubneba an gviCvenebs avtori, (2) ra ar uTqvams an uCvenebia avtors, magram naSromSi
mocemulia (igulisxmeba an ara), (3) Tqven ras fiqrobT. naSromis (vizualuris
CaTvliT) TiToeuli donis ganxilva kiTxvis mTel rig meTodebs (ix. cxrili #6.1)
saWiroebs. swored amaze visaubrebT qvemoT.
5
Tavis ZiriTadi nawili momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Fowler H. Ramsey;
Aaron Jane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook.
68
Tavi 5. argumentirebuli
argumentirebuli ese
argumentirebuli eses mizania raime azris sisworeSi mkiTxvelis darwmuneba.
argumentebis motanis saWiroeba maSin Cndeba, rodesac adamianebi ar eTanxmebian
erTmaneTs raime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. erTi mxare mosazrebas gamoTqvams da am
mosazrebis mxardaWeris mizezebs gvTavazobs. meore mxare sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebas
gvawodebs da aseve gvTavazobs mis dasabuTebas.
SeiZleba ori adamianis azri romelime konkretuli sakiTxze ar daemTxvas
erTmaneTs, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom is namdvilad sadavo da sakamaTo sakiTxia.
magaliTad, erT-erTi mxare Tvlis, rom marwyvis nayini ukeTesia, vidre Jolosi,
magram ar arsebobs aranairi xerxi, romliTac erTi SeZlebs meoris gadarwmunebas
da sakuTari azris sisworeSi darwmunebas, radgan garkveuli aromatis mqone
nayinisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba gemovnebis sakiTxia da ara logikisa da
dasabuTebis; Tumca, SesaZloa sakamaTo iyos is, rom erT-erTi maTgani ufro
popularulia, vidre meore. am SemTxvevaSi dasasabuTeblad SesaZlebelia gayiduli
produqtis raodenobis maCveneblebis faqtebis motana. analogiurad, orma adamianma
SeiZleba bevri ikamaTos da mainc ver SeTanxmdebs imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu ara
RmerTi; SeuZlebelia, erT-erTma daarwmunos meore da Seacvlevinos Sexeduleba,
radgan religiur sakiTxebze Sexeduleba rwmenas efuZneba da ara logikasa da
Semowmebad faqtebs. aseve, Tu ar emTxveva azri imis Sesaxeb, vin moigo erovnuli
Cempionati, mcire gamokvlevis Semdeg SesaZlebelia amis dadgena. aq argumentad
faqtebi gveqneba. amrigad, gemovneba, faqtebi da rwmena ar aris sakamaTo da sadavo
Temebi.
sakamaTod da sadavod SeiZleba iseTi sakiTxi iqces, romelic mosazrebas,
azrs, Sexedulebas efuZneba, romlis dasabuTebac SesaZlebelia faqtebiT, eqspertTa
mosazrebebiT, empiriuli monacemebiT an logikuri mizezebiT. magaliTad, Tqven
gsurT daasabuToT mosazreba, rom skolis moswavleebma fizikuri momzadebis
kursi yvela semestrSi unda gaiaron. Tqven amis gakeTeba relevanturi faqtebiTa
da logikuri mizezebiT unda moaxerxoT, radgan sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis
mqone adamianebsac TavianTi dasabuTeba aqvT sakuTari mosazrebis sasargeblod.
fizikuri momzadebis kursis saWiroeba iseTi sakiTxia, romelsac ori mxare aqvs,
is ar aris arc rwmenis, arc faqtebisa da arc gemovnebis saqme (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M.
K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).
argumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisi
naSromebis umaravlesobas gamarTuli sakvanZo debuleba aqvs, magaliTad,
„amerikaSi pirvelma vizitma travma momayena~ debulebis centraluri ideaa travma,
magram es ar aris argumentirebuli debuleba. vinaidan argumentirebuli ese
aucileblad unda moicavdes argumentirebul debulebas, romelSic avtori
mkiTxvelis darwmunebas, misi Sexedulebis Secvlasa da sakuTar mosazrebaze
gadayvanas ecdeba, argumentirebuli ese damajerebeli da logikurad gamarTuli
unda iyos.
argumentirebuli sakvanZo debuleba anu Tezisi sxva ti pis debulebebisgan
ZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom masSi gadmocemulia pozicia, romelic Semdeg
unda dasabuTdes. magaliTad, fizikuri kulturis kursis Sesaxeb sakvanZo debulebas
SeiZleba Semdegi saxe hqondes: `saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma yovel
semestrSi unda gaiaron fizikuri kulturis kursi~. ra Tqma unda, viRac SeiZleba
ar daeTanxmos am mosazrebas da sapirispiro Sinaarsis sakvanZo debuleba
SemogvTavazos: `saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma ar unda gaiaron fizikuri
kulturis kursi yovel semestrSi~ (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).
53
 daskvna cxrili #6.1. kritikuli kiTxvis meTodebi
• wera: kiTxvis dros SeniSnvnebis Cawera;
Sesavali abzacis funqcia Temis wardgena, Temis gacnobaa. Sesabamisad, daskvniTi
abzacis funqcia diskusiis damTavreba, ganviTarebis logikuri dasasrulia. Tu • gadaxedva: ukan dabruneba, gadaTvaliereba,
ganmaviTarebeli abzaci aviTarebs, gaSlis sakvanZo debulebas, bunebrivia, rom mas Tvalis gadavleba;
daskvna mosdevdes. • kiTxva: teqstze muSaoba da Seswavla;
daskvna mTlianad ganmaviTarebel abzaczea damokidebuli, Tumca, arsebobs • Sejameba: Sinaarsis gaazreba da gageba;
daskvnis daweris standartuli wesebi: • sakuTari kritikuli pasuxis Camoyalibeba
daskvnaSi ganxiluli qveTemebis (an Temis sxvadasxva aspeqtis) xelaxali analizi: nawilebad dayofa;
gacxadeba unda xdebodes. es mimoxilva ufro mokle unda iyos, ramdenadac
interpretacia: mniSvnelobebisa da daSvebebis
es sakiTxebi vrclad unda iyos ganxiluli ganmaviTarebel abzacSi.
gaazreba da gaSla;
daskvnaSi SeiZleba sakvanZo debulebis xelaxali gacxadebac, magram, sinTezi: nawilebis SeerTeba, kavSirebis
tavtologiis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, es SeiZleba sxva sityvebiT moxdes. damyareba;
sakvanZo debulebis gameoreba misi mniSvnelobis dasabuTebaa.
Sefaseba: xarisxisa da Rirebulebis Sefaseba.
daskvnaSi ar unda xdebodes axali Temis anda Temis axali aspeqtis gaCena,
romelic ar iyo naxsenebi ganmaviTarebel abzacebSi. kritikuli kiTxvis meTodebi ar aris erTmaneTis miyolebiT aucileblad
gasavleli safexurebi. Tqven SeiZleba ar gamoiyenoT yvela maTgani yoveli
savarjiSo #4.8: mocemulia sakvanZo debulebebi dasabuTebuli debulebebiTa da konkretuli naSromis SemTxvevaSi. zogjer, rodesac aucilebelia teqstis
daskvnebiT. ganixileT, aris Tu ara daskvna logikuri mocemuli winadadebebisTvis. detalurad kritikulad wakiTxva, SeiZleba ubralod ar gqondeT mimoxilvis,
daasabuTeT Tqveni daskvna. wakiTxvisa da xelaxali wakiTxvis dro. sxva SemTxvevebSi, naweris wakiTxvis mizezi
(Tqveni mizani) ganapirobebs imas, Tu kiTxvis romel meTods gamoiyenebT. suraTze
sakvanZo debuleba:
#6.1 sqematurad mocemulia kritikuli kiTxvis etapebi.
televizoris yureba ar aris drois flangva.
suraTi #6.1: kritikuli kiTxvis etapebi
a) is sasargeblo saganmanaTleblo saSualebaa;
b) is garTobis saukeTeso saSualebaa, romelic modunebis saSualebas
iZleva; kritikuli
kiTxva
g) is masalas iZleva ojaxuri diskusiebisTvis.
kritikosebi agrZeleben televizoris kritikas, magram misi
saganmanaTleblo Rirebulebis da kidev imis gamo, rom is ulev masalas
iZleva diskusiisTvis, Cveni ojaxi televizoris xangrZliv yurebas
agrZelebs. aseve moiqcevian sxvebic. marTlac, televizoris yureba drois wera kiTxvis gadaTva wakiTxva Sejameba kritikuli
gayvanis, drois flangvis saukeTeso saSualebaa. procesSi liereba • pirveli • sityvebisa da pasuxis
• informaciis da • moculoba; wakiTxva cnebebis moZebna formireba
ideebis Cawera • gamomcemloba; (gadakiTxva); (romlebic ar • analizi;
momavali • Sinaarsi; • gameorebiT gvesmis); • sinTezi;
miznebisTvis; • avtori; wakiTxva (ukve • teqstis calkeul • interpretacia;
• maqsimaluri • Tqven TviTon nela, nawilTa • Sefaseba.
informaciis detaluri identifikacia, maT
miRebis saSualeba; kiTxva). Soris kavSiri;
• wignTan • TiToeuli
urTierTqmedeba; nawilisTvis
• ormxriv CanawerTa Sejamebis dawera;
dRiuri • avtoris ZiriTadi
ideis gamokveTa;
• mTliani abzacis
dawera: ZiriTadi
idea dasabuTebiT;
• gamoiyeneT Tqveni
sityvebi.

iseTi saqmianobac ki, rogoricaa Jurnal „Tbiliselebis~ wakiTxva, kiTxvis

sxvadasxva meTods moiazrebs, arCeuli meTodi ki wakiTxvis mizanzea damokidebuli
(ix. cxrili #6.2).

52 69
 nebismier saswavlo kursSi Semavali davalebebic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan
maTSi wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis mixedviT. wignis kiTxva SeiZleba saWiroebdes
weras, gadaxedvas, kiTxvasa da Sejamebas, magram ara _ intensiur kritikul kiTxvas;
Jurnalis statiis Sefasebisas ki zemoT CamoTvlili yvela meTodis gamoyeneba
SeiZleba.
cxrili #6.2. wakiTxvis miznisa da kiTxvis meTodis
urTierTmimarTeba
mizani kiTxvis meTodi
Worebis gageba eqimis mosacdelSi swrafi,
arakritikuli
Jurnal „Tbiliselebis“, rogorc detaluri,
Cveni popkulturis artefaqtis, kritikuli
ganxilva, romelic asaxavs da
xSirad afasebs kidec Tanamedrove
Rirebulebebs
wera kiTxvis dros
arsebobs ori kargi mizezi imisaTvis, rom weroT kiTxvis dros: (1) Caweril
informaciasa da ideebs momavalSi gamoiyenebT da (2) wakiTxuli naSromidan mets
gaigebT.
kritikuli kiTxva aqtiuri kiTxvaa, Tqven urTierTobT naSromTan, CarTuli
xarT masSi. is Tqvens gamocdilebas emateba, giCenT ideebsa da kiTxvebs. kiTxvis
dros saweri kalmisa Tu dafis gamoyenebiT nawerze werilobiT reagirebT, riTac
mocemul naSroms Tqvens „enaze TargmniT~ (Tqveni sityvebiT gadmoscemT) da TqvenTvis
mis rekonstruqcias axdenT.
gadaxedva, gadaTvaliereba
mxatvruli literaturis nimuSis kiTxvisas, Cveulebisamebr, am safexurs
toveben (`axtebian~), magram sxva ti pis naSromebis kritikulad wakiTxvisas es
nayofieri safexuria garkveuli molodinebisa da pirveladi kiTxvebis
formirebisTvis manamde, sanam sityva-sityviT gaarCevdeT naSroms. gadaxedva kiTxvis
process metad informaciulsa da nayofiers xdis.
gadaxedvis erT-erTi gzaa gadaTvaliereba, romelic mowodebulia Sinaarsis,
avtorisa da naSromisadmi Tqveni damokidebulebis ZiriTadi maniSneblebis
mosaZieblad. gverdebis uxalisod gadafurcvlisa Tu ekranze Tvalis gadavlebiT
garbenisgan gansxvavebiT, gadaTvaliereba informaciis moZiebis fokusirebuli,
koncentrirebuli aqtivobaa. teqstis gadaTvalierebisas SegiZliaT qvemoT mocemuli
kiTxvebi gamoiyenoT (ix. cxrili #6.3).
kiTxva
kiTxva, TavisTavad, ar aris erTsafexuriani procesi. Tqveni ZiriTadi mizania
pirveli safexuris gageba, romliTac operirebs teqsti anu is, rasac avtori
realurad ambobs.
pirveli wakiTxva
Tavdapirvelad axali masala SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad da uwyvetad waikiTxeT;
Tan SeecadeT, gamokveToT arsi (dedaazri) da igrZnoT avtoris toni.
70
1. me mizidavs gasarTobi adgilebis mravalferovneba.
2. momwons resursebis xelmisawvdomoba.
3. ___________________________________________________
2. sakvanZo debuleba:
sigaretis moweva saSiSia Tqveni janmrTelobisTvis.
mTavari winadadebebi:
1. sigaretis Warbma mowevam SeiZleba yelis daavadeba gamoiwvios.
2. moweviT SeiZleba filtvebi daiziano.
3. ___________________________________________________
3. sakvanZo debuleba:
sirbili ar aris erTaderTi gza sisxlis momoqcevis gasaumjobeseblad.
mTavari winadadebebi:
1. bevrisTvis efeqturi varjiSia velosi pedis tareba.
2. sisxlis mimoqcevis gasaumjobesebeli saSualebaa curvac.
3. ____________________________________________________________
4. sakvanZo debuleba:
universitetSi aucilebelia ucxo enis Seswavla.
mTavari winadadebebi:
1. studentebi SeZleben sxva qveynebis kulturis gacnobas..
2. ucxo enis codna momaval saqmianobaSi dagexmarebaT.
3. ___________________________________________________
7: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli sakvanZo debulebebi da TiToeulisTvis
savarjiSo #4.7:
sami mTavari winadadeba dawereT.
1. inglisuri enis swavla advili araa.
1. ___________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________
2. avtobusiT mgzavroba SeiZleba arc ise usafrTxo iyos.
1. ___________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________
3. umuSevrobam SeiZleba adamians sakuTari Tavis pativiscema daakargvinos.
1. ___________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________
51
 2. ganmaviTarebeli abzacis wamyvani azri unda exmaurebodes sakvanZo debulebis cxrili #6.3. gadaxedvisas gamosadegi kiTxvebi
ZiriTad ideas. Tu sakvanZo debuleba isaa, rom `moweva damangreveli Cvevaa~, maSin
TiToeuli abzaci am gavlenis damangrevel Sedegebs unda Seexebodes. masalis moculoba sakmarisad mcirea Tu ara masalis moculoba, rom erTbaSad
waikiTxoT, Tu meti dro dagWirdebaT?
3. ganmaviTarebeli abzaci Tanmimdevruli, logikuri unda iyos, sxartad, moqnilad
unda ikiTxebodes da mTlianobiT unda xasiaTdebodes. aseve, abzacebic logikurad publikaciis faqtebi iZleva Tu ara publikaciis TariRi informacias misi
savaraudo gavrcelebisa da mimdinare konteqstis Sesaxeb?
unda iyos erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, iseve, rogorc masSi Semavali calkeuli
specializdeba Tu ara publikacia erTi mimarTulebiT
winadadebebi. winadadebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis princi pebi ZalaSia abzacebis (vTqvaT, samecniero statiebi Tu popularuli wignebi)?
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis SemTxvevaSic.
Sinaarsis maniSneblebi ras geubnebaT naSromis saTauri, rezume an abstraqti,
Temis dakonkretebis meTodi sakvanZo debulebis SemTxvevaSic gamoiyeneba. sakvanZo qvesaTaurebi, ilustraciebi da sxva maxasiaTeblebi? ra
debuleba ufro zogadia, vidre mTavari winadadeba. garda amisa, TiToeuli kiTxvebi giCndebaT amasTan dakavSirebiT?
ganmaviTarebeli abzaci ganixilavs sakvanZo debulebaSi mocemuli mTavari Temis avtori ras geubnebaT avtoris biografiuli monacemebi misi
erT aspeqts. debulebis SerCevis Semdeg is logikurad TiToeuli abzacisTvis publikaciis, interesebis, tendenciebisa da reputaciis
Temebad unda daiyos. es Temebi, arsebiTad, Tqveni debulebis dasabuTebaa. Sesaxeb?
erT-erTi meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba sakvanZo debulebis Temebad Tqven xedavT Tu ara raime konkretul sirTules SinaarsTan
dayofa, debulebis kiTxvad gadaqcevaa. kiTxvaze pasuxebi SeiZleba ganmaviTarebeli dakavSirebiT? Tqveni mxridan ra saxis mikerZoebam SeiZleba
abzacis Temad iqces. moaxdinos gavlena Sinaarsze reagirebisas? magaliTad,
SfoTvam, cnobismoyvareobam, mowyenilobam anda avtoris
1. sakvanZo sofeli saukeTeso sacxovrebeli garemoa CemTvis. radikalurad gansxvavebulma xedvam.
debuleba:
kiTxva: ra aqcevs sofels saukeTeso garemod?
pasuxi: • adamianTa axlo urTierTobebi.
9 ukeTesi koncentraciisTvis ikiTxeT wynar adgilas, iseTi gamRizianeblebisgan
• naklebad dabinZurebuli garemo.
moSorebiT, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, musika an saubari.
• usafrTxo cxovreba.

2. sakvanZo gasaubrebaze kargi STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad aucilebelia 9 gamoyaviT dro kiTxvisTvis. Tu CqarobT, an sxva rameze gaqvT yuradReba
debuleba: momzadeba. gadatanili, ver gaigebT wakiTxuls.
kiTxva: rogor unda moemzado gasaubrebisTvis? 9 SeecadeT, muSaobisgan siamovneba miiRoT; SeecadeT, wakiTxuli imas
pasuxi: • dagegmo da winaswar unda moifiqro pasuxebi savaraudo daukavSiroT, rac ukve iciT. moi poveT axali informacia, saintereso
SekiTxvebze. kavSirebi, mniSvenlovani argumentebi, iumori, kargi magaliTebi.
• SearCio, ras Caicvam.
9 kiTxvis dros mokle CaniSvnebi gaakeTeT. aRniSneT ZiriTadi erTeulebi,
• ar unda daigviano.
rogoricaa, magaliTad, abzaci, romelic ver gaigeT da romelsac xelmeored
3. sakvanZo televizoris yureba ar aris drois fuWad kargva. wakiTxvisas miubrundebiT.
debuleba:
kiTxva: ratom ar aris televizoris yureba drois fuWad kargva? pirveli wakiTxvisas nu SeCerdebiT TiToeul ucxo, gaugebar sityvaze da nu
daiwyebT misi mniSvnelobis garkvevas. ase veRar iqnebiT koncentrirebulni, codnas
pasuxi: • Rirebuli saganmanaTleblo gadacemebi.
ki ver miiRebT imdens, rom koncentrirebis dakargvad Rirdes. amitom SeecadeT,
• televizia relaqsaciis saukeTeso saSualebaa. rom ucnobi sityvebis mniSvneloba konteqstis mixedviT ivaraudoT, SemoxazeT es
• informaciis wyaroa. sityvebi da xelmeored wakiTxvisas gaarkvieT maTi mniSvnelobebi.
4. sakvanZo baTumi da foTi ufro metad hgvanan erTmaneTs, vidre xalxs
debuleba: hgonia.
kiTxva: ratom? riT hgvanan es qalaqebi erTmaneTs? ganmeorebiTi wakiTxva
pasuxi: • orive qalaqi didia.
pirveli gadakiTxvis Semdeg, sul mcire, kidev erTxel unda waikiTxoT naSromi.
• orivegan sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebi cxovrobs. amjerad nela ikiTxeT. am dros Tqveni ZiriTadi mizani Sinaarsisa da misi
• orive saporto qalaqia. struqturis (agebis princi pis) wvdomaa. es niSnavs, rom Tqven xelaxla unda
waikiTxoT abzaci, Tu ver mixvdiT, ris Tqma surda avtors, leqsikonSi unda
6: mocemulia sakvanZo debulebebi ori Tematuri winadadebiT.
savarjiSo #4.6: moiZioT saWiro sityvebi anda vebgverdebze moZebnoT saTanado bmulebi („linkebi~).
yuradRebiT waikiTxeT TiToeuli sakvanZo debuleba da mTavari winadadeba.
gansazRvreT, ra logikiT xdeba Temis dakonkreteba da daumateT TiTo mTavari teqstis kiTxvisas SeniSvnebisa da komentarebis gakeTebisaTvis Tavisuflad
winadadeba. gamoiyeneT kalami an klaviatura:

1. sakvanZo debuleba: 9 Tu pirdapir teqstze ver axerxebT SeniSvnebis miweras (is Tqveni ar aris an
eleqtronuli versia gaqvT), calke furcelze CamowereT SeniSvnebi da
qalaqi aris adgili, sadac me vicxovrebdi. komentarebi.
mTavari winadadebebi:

50 71
 9 Tu pirdapir teqstze muSaobis saSualeba gaqvT, maSin TqvenTvis mosaxerxebeli
nebismieri sistemis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT, magaliTad: _ gaugebari frazebis
gaswvriv mindorze dasviT „?~ niSani, SemoxazeT ucnobi, gaugebari sityvebi,
ZiriTad sakiTxebsa da azrebs xazi gausviT, „*~-iT aRniSneT is debulebebi,
romelsac eTanxmebiT, xolo `!~-iT ki isini, romlebic aRmafrTovaneblad,
gamaogneblad da mimzidvelad migaCniaT, „mere ra?~ SegiZliaT miaweroT
iseT frazebsa Tu debulebebs, romlebic aradamajereblad geCvenebaT.
savarjiSo #6.1: qvemoT mocemulia souel Tomasis statia „studenturi sesxi~,
romelic stenfordSi daibeWda 1993 wels Jurnal huverSi 131-133 gverdebze. mocemuli
teqsti, sul mcire, orjer waikiTxeT da SeecadeT gaigoT, ras wers avtori. CainiSneT
yvela Tqveni komentari, SekiTxva Tu asociacia, romelic kiTxvisas gagiCndebaT.
gaarkvieT yvela ucnobi sityvis mniSvneloba da SeecadeT, Tavad gasceT pasuxi
gaCenil kiTxvebs.
studenturi sesxi
souel Tomasi
Sowell, Thomas, “Student Loans.” Is Reality Optional? And Ather Essays.
Stanford: Hoover, 1993.131-33.
ekonomikis pirveli gakveTilis Tema deficitis cnebaa: _ adamianTa moTxovnebis
srulad dakmayofilebisaTvis sakmarisi ram arasodes arsebobs.
politikis pirvel gakveTils ki ekonomikis pirveli gakveTilis ugulebelyofa
warmoadgens. rodesac politikosi xedavs adamianTa jgufs, romelic Civis, rom
raRac imdeni ar aqvs, ramdenic surs, politikosis mier miRebuli „gadawyvetileba”
maTTvis am raRacis ufro meti raodenobiT micemaa, magram saidan moaqvT
politikosebs es „ufro meti”? cxadia, isini erTs (viRac petres) arTmeven da
meores (viRac pavles) aZleven.
cxadia, cota xnis Semdeg politikosebi aRmoaCenen, rom axla petres ar aqvs es
raRac sakmarisi odenobiT. isev ifeTqebs maTSi TanagrZnobis talRa da axla
petres gadarCenas ecdebian. imis nacvlad, rom politikosebma aRiaron, rom petres
gaZarcva pavles moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad TavisTavad miuRebeli qceva
iyo, isini axla toms, diksa da haris Zarcvaven da ase exmarebian petres.
am grZeli istoriis dasasruli aseTi iqneba: _ politikosebi ucbad aRmoaCenen,
rom kolejis uamravi studenti yelamde valebSi Cafluli amTavrebs universitets.
maTTvis dResaviT naTeli xdeba, rom mTavrobam daxmareba unda gauwios gadamxdelebs.
ramdenad mZimea is tvirTi, romelzec ase xSirad saubroben politikosebi da
Jurnalistebi? saxelmwifo kolejebis studentebisTvis es Tanxa daaxloebiT 7 000
dolaria, kerZo kolejis studentebisTvis ki _ 9 000 dolars uaxlovdeba.
Cveulebrivi, saSualo donis avtomobilis yidva am valze gacilebiT meti jdeba,
magram, rogorc wesi, manqanis valis dafarva ufro swrafad xdeba, vidre aTwliani
studenturi valis. metic, manqanis yidva ramdenime weliwadSia SesaZlebeli, kolejSi
erTxel swavlis valis dafarva ki TiTqmis mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba.
cxadia, kolejis kursdamTavrebulebs ufro meti Semosavali aqvT, vidre sxvebs.
Tu es asea, maSin ratomRaa atexili aseTi panika maTi valebis gamo? saSualo
Semosavlis mqone kolejis kursdamTavrebuli pirvel wels wliuri Semosavlis
10%-ze naklebs ixdis sesxis dasafarad, momaval wlebSi ki es procenti gadasaxadis
zrdasTan erTad sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba.
politikuri isteria da media-reklama dabali Semosavlis mqone studentebze
akeTebs aqcents, romelTac didi vali aqvT aRebuli. Tqven SeiZleba gulisamaCuyebeli,
sruliad uCveulo, arati puri istoriebic ki moisminoT. realurad ki gasul
aTwleulSi perspeqtiuli studentebi sesxs iRebdnen rogorc maRali Semosavlis
mqone pirebisagan, ise _ saxelmwifo programebidan.
72
"Cven yvela vicnobT msuqani, mxiaruli adamianis xats. aris Tu ara es ase?
samwuxarod, es araswori stereoti pia. msuqani adamianebi yovelTvis ar arian
aseTi bednierni .
"`Cven yvelani qalaqisken mivemarTebiT~, _ am sityvebs uamravi sofleli ambobs
dRes. roca maT gadaadgilebis mizezebis dasaxelebas sTxoven, isini martivad
upasuxeben, rom qalaqSi cxovreba gacilebiT ganviTarebulia, vidre _ sofelSi.
qalaqSi arsebobs transporti, sakomunikacio saSualebebi, saganmanaTleblo da
samedicino momsaxureba. aseve, aq samsaxuris dawyebis ufro meti Sansia. me veTanxmebi
am adamianebs, magram ifiqres Tu ara maT sakuTar janmrTelobaze? ifiqres Tu ara
im safrTxeze, romelic maT Svilebs emuqreba? am safrTxem SeiZleba ar iCinos
Tavi pirveli eqvsi Tvis manZilze, magram is aucileblad gamovlindeba momavalSi,
roca qalaqi sxvadasxva erovnebisa da warmoSobis adamianebiTa da uamravi manqaniT
gaivseba. miuxedavad imisa, rom sofeli moklebulia momsaxurebis zogierT sferos,
romelic zemoT iqna naxsenebi, is CemTvis kvlav rCeba saukeTeso sacxovrebel
garemod .
"msurs Cemi mSobliuri qalaqis Sesaxeb giamobT. esaa patara qalaqi daaxloebiT
8000 mcxovrebiT. mTavari saqmianoba aq saxelmwifosTvis muSaobaa, ramdenadac is
samxreTis dedaqalaqia .
"gasul wels Cemma biZaSvilma giorgim samsaxurisTvis banks mimarTa. mogexsenebaT,
rodesac aseTi TxovniT mimarTav organizacias, mzad unda iyo imisaTvis, rom bevri
orazrovani kiTxvisTvis mogiwevs pasuxis gacema. zogierTi SekiTxva, romelsac
gisvamT interviueri, SeiZleba ganaTlebasa da wina samsaxurs exebodes, magram
giorgi ar iyo momzadebuli SekiTxvevebisTvis. interviuerma mas kiTxvebi dausva,
giorgim ki umravlesobas ver upasuxa, radgan ar iyo momzadebuli interiviusTvis.
Sesabamisad, ver moewyo samsaxurSi. Tu ar gsurT imave situaciaSi aRmoCndeT, unda
moemzadoT gasaubrebisTvis.
savarjiSo #4.5: mocemulia Temebi. gamoiyeneT ideebis Tavmoyris meTodi da
daajgufeT informacia Temis irgvliv. airCieT Tema, romelic yvelaze metad mogwonT
da dawereT Sesavali abzaci.
Temebi:
1. Cems samSobloSi uamravi RirsSesaniSnavi adgilia, romelTa naxvac
Rirs.
2. Sidsis virusi msoflio problemaa.
3. televizoris yureba ar aris drois flangva.
4. axali weli saukeTeso dResasawaulia.
naSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzaci
ganmaviTarebeli abzacis funqcia sakvanZo debulebis axsna, ilustrireba, ganxilva
da dasabuTebaa. ganmaviTarebeli abzacis maxasiaTeblebia:
1. TiToeuli ganmaviTarebeli abzaci unda ganixilavdes mTavari Temis mxolod
erT aspeqts, magaliTad, Tu Tqven werT naSroms sigaretis mowevis gavlenis Sesaxeb
adamianis janmrTelobaze, maSin TiToeul ganmaviTarebel abzacs unda hqondes
Tema `sigaretis gavlena~.
49
 kidec igi, rom pirveli winadadebis Semdeg man gaagrZelos kiTxva. pirvelsave
winadadebaSi Tqveni Sexedulebis gadmocema, Cveulebriv, aRaraa saintereso;
faqtobrivad, Tu mkiTxveli ar eTanxmeba Tqvens azrs, savaraudod, is aRar
gaagrZelebs kiTxvas. amitom sakvanZo debuleba unda moTavsdes Sesavali
abzacis bolos an daaxloebiT mis dasasrulTan axlos.
savarjiSo #4.3: ganixileT Semdegi abzacebi. xazi gausviT sityvas an sityvebs,
romlebic pirvel winadadebaSi Cndeba da xelmeored aris mocemuli sakvanZo
debulebis saxiT (Smalley R. L, Ruetten M. K. & Kozirev J.R. 2000).
"kompiuteri daxvewili manqanaa, romelic Zalian swrafad inaxavs da ixsenebs
informacias. is Zalian martivi da saintereso ramaa gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT,
Tumca, zogierTs eSinia kidec misi. mec meSinoda kompiuteris, meSinoda
warumateblobis, radgan araferi vicodi programirebis Sesaxeb, magram Semdeg
mivxvdi, rom kompiuterTan muSaobis procesi Zalze martivia .
"rodesac Zalian axalgazrdebi viyaviT, gvjeroda, rom SeuZlebelia mSoblebma
raime arasworad gaakeTon. isini srulyofil arsebebad gveCvenebodnen, romlebmac
yvela Cvens kiTxvaze icodnen pasuxi da romlebsac yvela Cveni problemis gadaWra
SeeZloT; Tumca, roca gavizardeT, davinaxeT, rom mSoblebic uSveben Secdomebs.
"Cven televiziis epoqaSi vcxovrobT, sadac televizori drois flangvis
saSualebaa. adamianebi sul ufro da ufro met dros atareben televizorTan da
sxvas arafers akeTeben. zogierTi uaryofs amas da ambobs, rom televizoris
yureba sulac ar aris drois kargva, radgan televizoris saSualebiT adamiani
Zalian bevr rames swavlobs. darwmunebuli var, rom Tu didxans da yuradRebiT
gadavxedavT satelevizio programebs, namdvilad SeiZleba saganmanaTleblo
gadacemebis moZebna, magram, umeteswilad, televizoris yureba drois flangvaa.
"dRevandeli bavSvebi Cveni momavalia. erT dRes isini dominantur Zalad iqcevian.
Tu maT Sesaferis xelmZRvanelobas gauweven da Tu mSvenieri bavSvoba eqnebaT,
roca gaizrdebian, isini did daxmarebas gauweven Cvens sazogadoebas. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, dRevandeli bavSvebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas moaxdenen Cvens
sazogadoebaze momavalSi, magram mSoblebma unda gaiTvaliswonon is Sesaferisi
garemo, romelic maT Svilebs mTeli bavSvobis manZilze esaWiroebaT.
Sesavali abzacis Sefaseba
1. gvamcnobs, waradgens Tu ara abzaci Temas?
2. mianiSnebs Tu ara abzaci, rogor iqneba Tema SemdegSi gaSlili da
Camoyalibebuli?
3. moicavs Tu ara abzaci sakvanZo debulebas?
4. aris Tu ara abzaci gamomwvevi, damaintrigebeli?
savarjiSo #4.4: SeadareT abzacebi zemoT mocemuli SekiTxvebis mixedviT. aris
Tu ara abzacSi mocemuli yvela elementi? (Smalley R. L, Ruetten M. K. & Kozirev J.R. 2000).
48
1978 wlamde saxelmwifo programebidan sesxis aReba kolejis mxolod im
studentebs SeeZloT, romelTa ojaxebis Semosavali garkveul niSnulze dabali
iyo. es niSnuli TiTqmis orjer aRemateboda saSualo Semosavals, magram rokfeleris
da vanderbiltsis msgavs mdidar adamianebs am sesxiT sargeblobis uflebas ar
aZlevda. Tanamedrove „TanagrZnobis~ epoqaSi ki kongresma es SezRudvebic gaauqma.
am faqtma yvelasaTvis gaxsna gza. rogori mdidaric ar unda yofiliyo adamiani,
mas Zalian mcire saprocento ganakveTiT SeeZlo saxelmwifosagan Tanxis sesxeba,
Svilebis ganaTlebisaTvis Segrovili fuli ki SeeZlo sxva saqmeSi Caedo, saidanac
maRal procents miiRebda. studenturi sesxis gadaxdis dros mSoblebs SvilebisTvis
Segrovili TanxiT SeeZloT am valis gadaxda da miRebuli procentuli sxvaobis
miTviseba.
swrafad mzardma sesxebma politikosebsa da medias aCvena, Tu ra didi „saWiroebaa”
amisa. is faqti, rom studentebi Tavs arideben droulad valis gadaxdas, gviCvenebs,
Tu ramdenad „mZimea~ vali maTTvis. sinamdvileSi ki maT, vinc valis gadaxdas
gaurbis, rogorc wesi, SedarebiT mcire sesxi aqvT aRebuli da xSirad isini
swavlis periodSi kolejidanac arian garicxulni. upasuxismgeblo adamianebi
yvela saqmeSi upasuxismgebloni arian.
kolejis standartebis gauaresebas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs maTi mzardi
advilad misawvdomoba maTTvis, vinc ganaTlebis miRebas seriozulad ar ekideba.
koleji ar aris adgili, sadac SegiZlia dro ataro, araferi akeTo da amaSi
viRacam fuli ixados. ra Tqma unda, ganaTleba Zviri Rirs, magram gadasaxadebi
Zalian mZime tvirTad awevT ara marto saxelmwifo universitetebsa da qalaqis
kolejebs, aramed sul ufro mzard „kerZo~ saswavleblebsac.
uamravi saxelmwifo subsidia da sesxis programa bevr adamians socialuri
resursebis uzarmazari raodenobis maTTvis dabali saprocento ganakveTiT
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. 1970 wlidan ramdenime aseuli procentiT
gaizarda federaluri daxmareba umaRlesi ganaTlebisaTvis. aman kolejebs swavlis
gadasaxadis naxtomiseburad gazrdis da profesorebisaTvis ufro mdare xarisxis
swavlebis procesSi sul ufro metis gadaxdis saSualeba misca.
bunebrivia, yvela, vinc aseTi SeRavaTebiT sargeblobs, am isteriebisa da reklamebis
iniciatoria. is amiT cdilobs gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa fuliT sargeblobis
gaxangrZlivebas, magram Cven sulelebi viqnebiT, Tu gavagrZelebT maTTvis
ganusazRvreli raodenobis Tanxaze qviTrebis gamoweras.
Tu Tqven am faqtebs ekonomikis kuTxidan SexedavT, amas gacvlas uwodeben,
politikaSi ki _ siZunwes. rogorc Cans, Tuki am sakiTxs ubralod sxva kuTxiT
mivudgebiT, deficiti aRar iqneba.
Sejameba
mocemuli teqstis miRma qveteqstis ufro Rrma Sinaarsis danaxvamde da mis
mimarT sakuTari mosazrebis Camoyalibebamde, Tqven zustad unda gaarkvioT da
gaigoT, realurad ras ambobs avtori. teqstis Sinaarsis wvdomisa da misi Zlieri
da susti mxareebis danaxvis saukeTeso saSualebaa teqstis Sejameba anu ZiriTadi
punqtebis, mosazrebebis dawmenda, gamijvna, gamoyofa da sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema.
Tqven mogiwevT davalebebis Sesruleba, romelSic mcire zomis Sejamebas
mogTxoven, amasTan, Sejameba kvleviTi (samecniero statia, sakurso Tu sabakalavro)
naSromisa da iseTi sxva ti pis nawerebis arsebiTi, mniSvnelovani nawilia, romelSic
wyaroebis gamoyeneba dagWirdebaT. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, wakiTxulis ukeT gagebis
mizniT mis Sejamebaze visaubrebT.
Sejameba mocemuli teqstis ZiriTadi mosazrebebis SeZlebisdagvarad mokled,
ramdenime winadadebiT gadmocemas gulisxmobs. rodesac ramdenime abzacis an
mokle statiis Sejamebaa saWiro, is ar unda aRematebodes originaluri (mTliani)
teqstis erT mexuTeds. ufro didi moculobis naSromisTvis, rogoricaa wignis
73
erTi Tavi an mTlianad wigni, miRebuli Sejameba sawyis teqstTan SedarebiT sakmaod
mcire zomis unda iyos. Sejamebis monaxazis Seqmnis procesis aRwera mocemulia
cxrilSi #6.4.
cxrili #6.4. Sejamebis monaxazis Seqmnis procesis aRwera
 moZebneT da gaarkvieT im sityvebisa da cnebebis mniSvnelobebi, romlebic xels
giSlian avtoris mier dawerili teqstis Sinaarsisa da masSi mocemuli kavSirebis
danaxvaSi.
 daamuSaveT teqsti da gamoyaviT nawilebi (qveTavebi, seqciebi) _ calkeuli abzacebi
an abzacTa erTobliobebi, romlebic erT Temas Seexeba. raTa ufro naTlad
gamoikveTos, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba naSromis nawilebi erTmaneTs, SeecadeT, Sinaarsi
grafikulad gamosaxoT (piramidis saxiT) an monaxazi gaakeToT (ix. werisTvis
mosamzadebeli etapi).
 ukve garCeuli nawilebi erTi-ori winadadebiT SeajameT. yuradReba am nawilis
ZiriTad punqtebze gaamaxvileT da gamotoveT magaliTebi, faqtebi da dasabuTebebi.
 erTi-ori winadadebiT CawereT avtoris ZiriTadi idea.
 dawereT erTi mTliani (da Tu saWiroa metic) abzaci, romelic ZiriTadi ideiT
daiwyeba da dasabuTebis funqcias naSromis TiToeuli nawilis Sejamebisas dawerili
winadadebebi Seasruleben. es abzaci mokled (SemWidrovebulad) da zedmiwevniT
unda aRwerdes mTlian naSroms.
 wereT Tqveni sityvebiT. werisas naSromis Sinaarsi im sityvebiT unda gadmosceT,
romelic TqvenTvis iqneba gasagebi, amitom yovelTvis Tqveni sityvebiT wereT da nu
SeecdebiT TqvenTvis ucxo da uCveulo sityvebis gamoyenebas.
erTi abzacis Sejamebac ki SeiZleba rTuli da Sromatevadi iyos.
SeniSvna: sakuTari sityvebiT Sejamebisas darwmundiT, rom plagiatori ar xarT.
Sejamebis Tqveni sityvebiT werisas Tu raimes sxvaTa mier dawerils iyenebT,
aucileblad unda miuTiToT wyaro, romlidanac iRebT am azrs, ideasa Tu pozicias.
savarjiSo #6.2: daubrundiT wina savarjiSoSi mocemul teqsts da Tqveni sityvebiT
dawereT misi erTabzaciani Sejameba.
kritikuli pasuxis formireba
wakiTxulis Sinaarsis _ avtoris mier naTqvamis _ wvdomisa da gaazrebis
Semdeg Tqven ukve SegiZliaT teqstTan mibruneba da imis garkveva, Tu ra ar uTqvams
avtors pirdapir, magram igulisxma, ra ivarauda, anda ra mosazreba SemogvTavaza.
kiTxvis am etapze Tqveni yuradReba avtoris ganzraxvaze an/da mizanze da am miznis
miRwevis xerxebze gadadis. wasakiTxi teqstis Taviseburebebidan da kiTxvis miznidan
gamomdinare, Tqven arkvevT, Tu rogor asabuTebs avtori sakuTar pozicias, rogoraa
teqsti organizebuli, rogori eniT wers igi da rogoria teqstis sxva elementebi.
kritikuli azrovneba da kiTxva oTx operacias gulisxmobs: esenia analizi,
interpretacia, sinTezi da (xSirad) Sefaseba. miuxedavad imisa, rom es operaciebi
qvemoT Tanmimdevruladaa ganxiluli, realurad isini mWidrod urTierTqmedeben
da faraven erTmaneTs. pirveli sami operacia xSirad gaerTianebulia da maT
erTad analizs uwodeben, xolo Sefaseba ganixileba, rogorc am procesis Sedegi.
analizi
sakiTxis ukeT gagebis mizniT mimarTaven mis Semadgenel nawilebad
(elementebad) dayofas, daSlas. wasakiTx teqstSi am elementebis gamoxSirvisaTvis
dasviT SekiTxva, romelSic teqstis analizis mizani iqneba mocemuli: _ ratom
74
savarjiSo # 4.2: waikiTxeT winadadebebi. gansazRvreT, romeli maTgani ar aris
sakvanZo debuleba. gadawereT TiToeuli maTgani. gadaaqcieT is sakvanZo
debulebad.
nimuSi: me vapireb, agixsnaT, Tu ratom gadavwyvite kolejSi Cabareba.
kolejSi swavlis gagrZeleba rTulad misaRebi gadawyvetileba iyo.
1. qimiuri narCenebis Senaxvis safrTxe.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. qalaqsa da sofelSi cxovreba bevri ramiT hgavs da gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan.
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Tbilisi saqarTveloSi yvelaze didi qalaqia.
_______________________________________________________________________
4. zRvispira qalaqSi cxovreba gacilebiT ukeTesia, vidre mTian adgilze.
_______________________________________________________________________
5. saqarTvelos universitetebi ufro met humanitarul kursebs saWiroeben;
maT, agreTve, meti socialuri aqtivoba esaWiroebaT.
_______________________________________________________________________
Sesavali
sakvanZo debuleba
sakvanZo debuleba mTeli eses mTavari debulebaa. ar arsebobs wesi, romlis
mixedviTac sakvanZo debuleba raime gansakuTrebul adgilze unda iyos ganTavsebuli,
Tumca, Cveulebriv, is Sesaval abzacSia xolme mocemuli. debuleba unda aixsnas
da ganimartos ganmaviTarebel abzacSi.
Sesavali abzacis maxasiaTeblebi
1. Sesavali abzaci waradgens Temas. esaa pirveli, rasac mkiTxveli ecnoba.
aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom am abzacma unda miawodos mkiTxvels
informacia gansaxilveli Temis Sesaxeb.
2. Sesavali abzaci unda miuTiTebdes, zogadad rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili.
kargi Sesavali abzaci unda miuTiTebdes, agreTve, ra iqneba ganxiluli
eseSi: _ mizezebi, Sedegebi, magaliTebi; iqneba Tu ara gadmocemuli eseSi
procesis aRwera, axsna Tu klasifikacia.
3. zogadad, Sesavali unda moicavdes sakvanZo debulebas. esaa zogadi wesi.
xandaxan sakvanZo debuleba SeiZleba nawerSi ufro mogvianebiT gamoCndes,
xandaxan _ dasasrulSic. zogierT SemTxvevaSi debuleba pirdapir arc
aris mocemuli da igulisxmeba. sasurvelia, rom sakvanZo debuleba
SesavalSive naTlad iyos gadmocemuli.
4. idealur SemTxvevaSi Sesavali abzaci imdenad saintereso unda iyos, rom
naSromis wasakiTxad iwvevdes mkiTxvels. ramdenadac Sesaval abzacs Temis
gacnobis funqcia aqvs da is gamomwvevi unda iyos, amitom sasurvelia,
sakvanZo debuleba ar iyos moTavsebuli zustad Sesavali abzacis
dasawyisSi. Tqven ara mxolod unda gaacnoT mkiTxvels Tema, sanam
gadmoscemT Tqvens Sexedulebasa da mosazrebas, aramed unda moxibloT
47
 swori sakvanZo debuleba:
xSirad radiaciis Sedegebi sruliad prognozirebadia.
3. sakvanZo debuleba unda gamoxatavdes azrs, Sexedulebas da ara faqts, romlis
WeSmaritebaSic Znelad Tu SeiZleba eWvi Seeparos vinmes. ramdenadac sakvanZo
debulebiT gadmocemulia damokidebuleba anda idea Temis Sesaxeb. sakvanZo
debuleba, romelsac SeiZleba vinme ar daeTanxmos, unda aixsnas da dasabuTdes.
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:
Zroxa gvaZlevs rZes.
swori sakvanZo debuleba:
rZe, romelsac Zroxa gvaZlevs, yovelTvis ar Seesabameba adamianis
moTxovnebs.
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:
kolejSi Cabarebas bevri nakli da bevri dadebiTi mxare aqvs (ar aris
sakamaTo Tema).
swori sakvanZo debuleba:
kolejSi Cabareba aSkarad sjobs arCabarebas.
4. sakvanZo debuleba unda gamoxatavdes mxolod erT ideas erT TemasTan
dakavSirebiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, naSromi dakargavs erTianobas. Tu masSi
gadmocemulia ori an meti idea, arsebobs riski, rom ese ar iqneba logikurad
gamarTuli da winadadebebi erTmaneTs azrobrivad ver daukavSirdeba (unity,
coherence).
gainteresebT, an ris garkvevas cdilobT. es SekiTxva erTgvari gamadidebeli SuSis
funqcias Seasrulebs _ is gamokveTs zogierT Strixs da SeumCnevlad datovebs
danarCenebs. qvemoT (ix. cxrili #6.5) sailustraciod mocemulia kiTxvebi, romelTa
dasmac SesaZlebelia Jurnal `sarkis~ mimarT; aseve, aRniSnulia, am JurnalTan
dakavSirebul romel nawils, elements Seexeba TiToeuli maTgani.
rogorc magaliTidan Cans, analizis mizniT kiTxvebis gamoyenebiT Tqveni
yuradReba teqstis relevantur anu saTanado maxasiaTeblebze warimarTeba,
irelevanturi ki yuradRebis miRma rCeba. magaliTad, Jurnal `sarkis~ mier garkveuli
momsaxurebis gamoyenebisken biZgis Sesaxeb kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad Tqveni
yuradReba iseT debulebebze unda SeaCeroT, romlebic momsaxurebisa da garTobis
saSualebebis moxmarebas Seexeba: _ silamazis salonebis, klubebisa Tu solariumebis
sareklamo fotoebze, im cnobili adamianebis interviuebze, romlebic ukve
sargebloben SemoTavazebuli momsaxurebiT da kmayofilni arian. amasTan, Tqven
unda gamotovoT („gadaaxteT~) is debulebebi, romlebic mcirediT an saerTod ar
exeba moxmarebis Temas. magaliTad, konkretuli ojaxis amaRelvebeli istoria an
romelime cnobili wyvilis mogonebebi piradi cxovrebidan.
cxrili #6.5. konkretul elementebze mimarTuli kiTxebi analizisTvis.
kiTxvebi analizisTvis elementebi
• qmnis Tu ara Jurnali `sarke~ • stereotipebi: eqsplicituri da implicituri
stereotipebs? stereotipebi an gamowvevebi JurnalSi.
• sTavazobs Tu ara Jurnali • roluri modelebi: teqsti da fotoebi dadebiTi an
dadebiT rolur modelebs uaryofiTi roluri modelebis funqcias asruleben.
Tavis mkiTxvelebs?

mcdari sakvanZo debuleba: • JurnalSi mocemuli statiebi • biZgi moxmarebisTvis: momsaxurebisa da garTobis
da maTi Tanmxlebi fotoebi saSualebebis moxsenieba, momxmareblebze aqcentis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Cabareba SeiZleba gasarTobi ram ubiZgeben Tu ara mkiTxvels, gakeTeba, SeTavazebuli momsaxurebisa da bednierebis an
iyos da me aRmovaCine, rom didi qalaqis gareubani ufro kargi rom gaxdes SeTavazebuli warmatebis gaTanabreba.
sacxovrebeli adgilia, vidre _ koleji. momsaxurebisa da garTobis
saSualebebis momxmarebeli?
swori sakvanZo debuleba:
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Cabareba gasarTobi (mxiaruli)
ramaa. interpretacia
1: guldasmiT waikiTxeT debulebebi. gansazRvreT, aris Tu ara
savarjiSo #4.1 cxadia, rom mTelis elementebis identificireba procesis mxolod dasawyisia.
debuleba sakvanZo. amitom am etapis bunebrivi gagrZelebaa TiToeuli elementisa da maTgan Seqmnili
1. genetikis upiratesobebi. mTelis mniSvnelobisa Tu mniSvnelovnebis interpretirebaa. interpretacia, rogorc
wesi, gulisxmobs mocemul sakiTxze avtoris daSvebis, mosazrebisa Tu rwmenis
2. Cemi survilia, ganvixilo sakuTari Sexeduleba olimpiur wvdomas (mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT daskvnebis gamotanas).
TamaSebze.
sityva daSveba aq ufro viwro mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, vidre yoveldRiur
3. studentebs wignis maRaziaSi muSaobis neba unda darTon. metyvelebaSi, romelSic is SeiZleba molodins (`vvaraudob, rom aanazRaurebs~),
4. rodesac pirvelad vestumre SeerTebul Statebs, ar spekulacias (`es naklebad dasaSvebia~), anda Secdomas (`angariSi varaudebiT iyo
vsargeblobdi swrafi kvebis obieqtebiT da gaocebuli viyavi savse~) aRniSnavdes. ufro zustad Tu ganvmartavT, daSveba aris is, rac individis
savaWro centrebiT. varaudiT, marTali da gardauvalia. TiToeul adamians Tavisi mosazrebebi aqvs.
adamianebi aseTi daSvebebis garemocvaSi cxovroben.
5. ratom ar minda, rom mosamarTle gamovide?
miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi yovlismomcvlia, daSvebebi yovelTvis ar aris
6. saqarTvelos respublikur da konservatul partiebs Soris
pirdapir da gasagebad mocemuli. momxsenebeli an avtori, SesaZloa, gulisxmobdes,
gansxvaveba.
rom misi auditoria an mkiTxveli ukve icnobs mis daSvebebs da miRebuli aqvs isini,
7. ucxo enis codna yvelasaTvis kargia. Tumca SeiZleba auditoriam an mkiTxvelma sruliad araferi icodes am daSvebebis
Sesaxeb anda momxsenebeli/avtori sruliad Segnebulad Tavs ikavebdes sakuTari
8. vapireb, aRvwero sakuTari saxli.
daSvebebis deklarirebisgan auditoriis/mkiTvelis mier miuReblobis SiSis gamo.
9. Tbilissa da quTaiss Soris bevri msgavseba da gansxvavebaa.

46 75
swored amitomaa saWiro kritikulad wakiTxvis dros avtoriseuli daSvebebis
interpretireba.
sinTezi
Tu analizisa da interpretaciis procesiT dakmayofildebiT da aq SewyvetT
teqstis kritikulad wakiTxvas, mxolod calkeuli elementebisa da SesaZlo
mniSvnelobebis grova SegrCebaT xelSi da ver SeZlebT mocemuli teqstis, rogorc
erTi mTlianobis aRqmas. sinTezis etapze nawilebis an calkeuli erTeulebis
urTierTdakavSireba xdeba. Tqven kavSirebisa da daSvebebis Sesaxeb daskvnebis
gamotaniT axal mTlianobas qmniT.
sinTezis saSualebiT Tqven raRac axals, sawyisi masalisgan gansxvavebuls
qmniT. magaliTad, Jurnal `sarkis~ mkiTxvelebisTvis is garTobis saSualebaa, xolo
Tqven, kritikulad wakiTxvis Semdeg (rodesac Tqven gaaanalizeT, interpretireba
da sinTezireba moaxdineT) es Jurnali (yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi is konkretuli
nawili, romelic daamuSaveT) momxmarebelTa kulturis formirebis mniSvnelovan
saSualebad aRiqviT. es gansxvaveba kritikulad wakiTxvidan gamomdinareobs.
qvemoT mocemulia analizis, interpretaciisa da sinTezisTvis gamosadegi
kiTxvebi (ix. cxrili #6.6).
cxrili #6.6. kiTxvebi analizis, interpretaciisa da sinTezisTvis
• ra mizniT kiTxulobT?
• ra kiTxvebi giCndebaT naSromTan dakavSirebiT? romeli kiTxvebi gainteresebT yvelaze
metad an romeli kiTxvebi iZleva yvelaze met SesaZleblobas? ra elementebi unda
iqnes detalurad ganxiluli? Sedegad, romeli elementebis ignorirebaa SesaZlebeli?
• ra interpretacias aZlevT elementebis mniSvnelobasa da mniSvnelovnebas rogorc
individualur doneze anu calkeul elementTan, ise _ mTlian naSromTan mimarTebiT?
ra daSvebebi gaqvT naSromis Taobaze? avtoris daSvebebis Taobaze?
• rogor axdenT maT sinTezs? ra mimarTebaa elementebs Soris? ra mimarTebaa am
konkretul naSromasa da sxva Sromebs Soris?
• ra daskvnas akeTebT naSromis Sesaxeb? ras matebs es daskvna naSroms?
Sefaseba
xSirad kritikulad kiTxva da wera mxolod analiziT, interpretaciiTa da
sinTeziT Semoifargleba. Tqven ganmartavT avtoris naTqvamis Tqveneul gagebas,
magram Tavad arafers ambobT. kritikulad kiTxvisa da werisas mxolod maSin
unda ganacxadoT da daicvaT Tqveni pozicia naSromis xarisxisa da mniSvnelovnebis
Sesaxeb, rodesac misi Sefasebac mogeTxovebT. SefasebaSi erTad SekrebT Tqvens
mosazrebebs, ganmartavT, Tu ratom arian isini zogadad misaRebni da maT debulebebis
formiT ayalibebT; amasTan, Tavad asabuTebT Tqvens TiToeul mosazrebas
originaluri teqstis citirebis saSualebiT.
Sefaseba kompetenturobis garkveul dones moiTxovs. SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom
gakliaT codna da gamocdileba imisaTvis, rom sxvisi naSromis logikasa da
azrTa dinebas mihyveT, gansakuTarebiT maSin, rodesac teqsti rTulia an misi
avtori kargad cnobili pirovnebaa. sruliad marTalia, rac ufro metad xarT
informirebulni da meti iciT mocemul sferoSi, miT ukeT waikiTxavT kritikulad,
magram isic gaxsovdeT, rom keTilsindisierad kiTxva da analizi Sinagan
darwmunebulobas SegZenT da SeZlebT imis garCevas, Tu rogor weria realurad,
Tqven rogor aRiqvamT dawerils da amaSi xels ar SegiSliT Tqveni gamocdileba,
dakvirvevebi da damokidebulebebi.
76
Tavi 4. ra aris ese3
aris
ese abzacTa garkveuli jgufia, romelSic Camoyalibebulia erTi ZiriTadi
idea. abzacisagan gansxvavebiT, eses ufro formaluri (zusti) struqtura aqvs.
masSi TiToeul abzacs sxvadasxva funqcia akisria:
1. Sesavali _ Cveulebriv, es erTi (ori an meti) abzacia, romelic gansaxilvel
Temasa da eses ZiriTad ideas _ sakvanZo debulebas gadmogvcems.
2. ganmaviTarebeli abzaci _ ayalibebs centraluri ideis da Temis sxvadasxva
aspeqts. is SeiZleba ganixilavdes mizezebs, Sedegebs, magaliTebs, procesebs,
klasifikacias anda Sedarebebs. is, agreTve, SeiZleba aRwerdes an
mogviTxrobdes rames.
3. daskvna _ moicavs azrebs, romlebic Camoyalibebulia eseSi. esaa daskvniTi,
saboloo sityva.
is, Tu ramdeni abzaci iqneba eseSi, mTlianad damokidebulia Temis sirTuleze.
zogierT eses ori an sami abzaci aqvs, zogs ki _ 20 da 30 abzaci.
sakvanZo debuleba
eses, iseve, rogorc abzacs, erTi mTavari wamyvani azri aqvs. sakvanZo debuleba
_ es aris winadadeba, romelic moicavs eses ZiriTad ideas. abzacis mTavari
winadadebis msgavsad, sakvanZo debuleba moicavs gamonaTqvams, romelSic
gadmocemulia damokidebuleba, mosazreba an idea Temis Sesaxeb, magram, mTavari
winadadebisgan gansxvavebiT, sakvanZo debuleba ufro farToa da masSi mTeli
esesaTvis aris gadmocemuli wamyvani azri. faqtobrivad, TiToeul ganmaviTarebel
abzacs wamyvani azri unda hqondes, romelic exmaureba an ukavSirdeba ZiriTad
ideas _ sakvanZo debulebas.
sakvanZo debulebasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia gvaxsovdes Semdegi:
1. sakvanZo debuleba gadmocemuli unda iyos sruli winadadebis saxiT, unda
gamoxatavdes dasrulebul azrs da ar unda iyos dasmuli kiTxvis saxiT; anu
sakvanZo debuleba unda iyos dasrulebuli azri, romelic, rogorc wesi,
gadmocemulia rTuli winadadebiT.
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:
sibnelis SiSi. (me meSinia sibnelis an Cemi sibnelis SiSi)
swori sakvanZo debuleba:
sibnelis SiSi Cems cxovrebas autanels xdis.
2. sakvanZo debulebaSi gadmocemulia azri, damokidebuleba an idea da ara ubralod
Tema, romelic eseSi iqneba Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebuli. sakvanZo debuleba
acnobs azrs, damokidebulebas raime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, ara im
saxiT, rom “me vapireb ganvixilo~, radgan sakvanZo debulebaSi xdeba romelime
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tqveni poziciis gancxadeba da ara imaze miniSneba, Tu
rogor iqneba warmodgenili da gaSlili is Tqvens naSromSi.
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:
ganvixilavT radiaciis gavlenas.
3
Tavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., & Joann
Rishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills. Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.
45
 g) kvlevebi, aseve, aCveneben, rom sigaretis mwevlebs ufro xSirad emarTebaT
gulis Setevebi.
d) metic, sigaretis moweva kbilebs ayviTlebs.
Tu faqtobrivi detalebiT ver xerxdeba dasabuTeba axsniT abzacSi, SeiZleba
sxva saxis dasabuTebis gamoyeneba da es, yvelaze xSirad, aris magaliTi. ganmartebis
Tanaxmad, magaliTi aris erTeuli, romelSic warmodgenilia sagnebis, adamianebisa
Tu ideebis jgufi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, magaliTi aris zogadi kategoriis
konkretuli warmomadgeneli. erTi sityviT, magaliTi generalizacias anu wamyvan
azrs ufro gasagebs xdis da amitom dasabuTebis efeqturi saSualebaa.
savarjiSo #3.23: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da gansazRvreT abzacis
ti pebi.
"Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wyalSi Camayofina. roca erT xelze civi wylis
Wavli Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva `wyali~ jer nela, Semdeg
ufro swrafad. me wynarad vijeqi da mTeli gulisyuriT SevigrZnobdi misis
salivanis TiTebis moZraobas. uecrad dameufla bundovani amaRelvebeli gancda,
TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda da rogorRac enis saidumlos farda
aexada. maSin mivxvdi, rom `w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri grili raRac, xelebze rom
mexeboda. am cocxalma sityvam gamoafxizla Cemi suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle, imedi,
sixaruli da Tavisufleba; miuxedavad imisa, rom siZneleebi amiT ar dasrulebula,
maT SedarebiT iolad vumklavdebodi (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).
" zafxulobiT, roca santa esperansas mosaxleoba erTiaTad izrdeba
turistuli sezonis gamo, aq ara mxolod damsveneblebi arian, aramed dRiuri
muSaobis msurvelnic, radgan servisis sferos Tavad mosaxleoba ver audis
turistebis siWarbisa da kunZulis mosaxleobis tradiciebis ramdenadme
Taviseburebis gamo (aka morCilaZe, “mister diqslis mdumare yuTi”).
" Cvilebi xedavdnen Semdeg movlenas: ekrani zemoT iweoda ise, rom maT
SeeZloT imis danaxva, rom mis miRma araferi iyo da isev eSveboda. Semdeg daxril
sibrtyeze patara vagoni gordeboda, romelic sademonstracio yuTs gaivlida da
siCqaris Semcirebis gareSe ekranis ukan uCinardeboda, Semdeg ekranis meore mxaridan
gamoCndeboda da sabolood sademonstracio yuTis marjvena mxares gamodioda
(Baillargeon, 1986).
" amanda fsiqoTerapevti iyo. is saSualo asakis, warmosadegi, gemovnebiT
Cacmuli, gawonasworebuli qali iyo. misi kilo, romelic Cems gamocdil smenas ar
gamoparvia, maRal sazogadoebaSi aRzrdaze an, sul cota, samxreTul daxvewilobaze
mianiSnebda. amanda Wkviani da kompetenturi qali Canda, romelsac CemTvis daxmarebis
gaweva SeeZlo (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).
44
qvemoT mocemulia sxvadasxva ti pis naSromis SefasebisTvis gamosadegi kiTxvebi
(ix. cxrili #6.7).
cxrili #6.7. kiTxvebi SefasebisTvis
• ra reaqcia gaqvT naSromze? konkretulad ras exmaurebiT naSromSi?
• Seesabameba Tu ara naSromi ZiriTad ideas? aris Tu ara faqtebi, magaliTebi da
sxva mtkicebulebebi naTlad da adekvaturad mocemuli?
• miaRwia Tu ara avtorma dasaxul mizans? aris Tu ara es mizani Rirebuli?
• aris Tu ara avtori avtoritetuli, gulwrfeli da imsaxurebs Tu ara ndobas?
• aris Tu ara naSromi mTliani? Seesabameba Tu ara misi yvela nawili ZiriTad
ideas? aris Tu ara is Tanmimdevruli _ gasagebad mihyveba Tu ara misi nawilebi
erTmenTs?
• Tu naSromi Seicavs ferad grafikebs, sqemebs, multimediis elementebs (eleqtronuli
versiis SemTxvevaSi), es elementebi naSromis Sinaarss amdidreben da avseben, Tu
ubralod aqsesuaris funqcias asruleben?
• mTlianobaSi ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi? ra Rirebuleba aqvs mas ufro farTo
konteqstSi ganxilvisas?
• eTanxmebiT Tu ara naSromSi mocemul mosazrebebs? SegiZliaT daasabuToT an
uaryoT isini?
savarjiSo #6.3: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli debulebebi masobrivi informaciis
saSualebebis Sesaxeb da gaiazreT ara marto maTi Sinaarsi, aramed is mizezebic,
romelTa gamoc SeiZleba avtors ase efiqra da nimuSis mixedviT werilobiT
gaarCieT TiToeuli maTgani.
nimuSi:
debuleba yovel wels ufro da ufro meti wignis gamomcemlobis
gauCinareba xdeba, radgan didi kompaniebi STanTqaven patarebs.
analizi ratom gaakeTa avtorma es ganacxadi? garkveuli sityvebi
miuTiTebs avtoris mizanze: ufro da ufro meti gamomcemloba;
radgan, didi kompaniebi STanTqaven patarebs.
interpretacia `ufro da ufro meti~ niSnavs, rom sxva kompaniebs mouwiaT
gaqroba. `radgan~ akonkretebs mizezs. STanTqavs gulisxmobs
momxmareblis mtaceblur qcevas. avtoris daSveba: didi
kompaniebi iqcevian, rogorc mtacebeli cxovelebi. didi
kompaniebis amgvari qceva iwvevs patarebis gaqrobas, rac ufro
meti kompaniebia, miT ukeTesi.
sinTezi avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs didi kompaniebis mtaceblur
qcevaze, romelTac akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas patara
gamomcemlobebis gauCinrebasa da maTi ricxvis totalur
Semcirebaze.
Sefaseba debuleba mimarTulia didi gamomcemlobebis winaaRmdeg,
romlebsac ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba kompaniaTa ricxvis
saerTo Semcirebaze. magram aris ki mxolod didi
gamomcemlobebi pasuxismgebeli amaze? da bolos, ratomaa
kompaniaTa ricxvis Semcireba cudi?
1. Jurnal–gazeTebi informaciis miRebis ukeTesi saSualebaa, vidre
televizia, radgan isini kiTxvas saWroeben da ara ubralod yurebas.
2. virtualuri („onlain~) urTierToba safrTxes uqmnis pirispir
urTerTobis unars.
77
 kritikis struqtura
teqstis kritikulad wakiTxvis Semdeg iwereba misi kritika. kritika~ teqstis
formalizebuli, kritikuli Sefasebaa. is, aseve, pasuxicaa, Tumca kritikulad wera
metad skurpulozuri samuSaoa, vidre imis Tqma, rom teqsti `didebuli~, `saintereso~
an `aradamakmayofilebelia~. CamoTvlili Sefasebebi reaqciebia, Tumca isini sakiTxs
yvelasTvis gasagebs ver xdian, amitom Tqven unda axsnaT, Tu rogor mixvediT am
daskvnebamde.
Tu kritikulad kiTxvis zemoT aRweril process SevajamebT, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom kritikis daweramde Tqven unda gaarkvioT, ra Tqva avtorma, ramdenad kargad
SeZlo sakuTari mosazrebebis gadmocema, ra daSvebebi udevs safuZvlad mis
argumentebs, ra sakiTxebia ganxiluli, ra gamoyeneba SeiZleba moeZebnos am sakiTxebs.
kritikaSi, iqneba es dadebiTi, Tu uaryofiTi Sefaseba, samarTlianad da gasagebad
unda Sejamdes teqsti. aseve, mocemuli unda iyos Tqveni sakuTari mosazrebebi.
kritikuli Sefasebis werisas aucileblad mogiwevT Tqveni codnis, rwmenisa
da varaudis gadasinjva, Sesabamisad, kritika axal codnas SegZenT.
kritika SeiZleba oTx nawilad daiyos, esenia: Sesavali, Sejameba, Tqveni pasuxi
teqstze da daskvna (ix. cxrili #6.8).
cxrili #6.8. kritikuli eses struqtura
Sesavali
• naSromis saTauri da avtoris saxeli;
• naSromis wyaro, saidan iqna aRebuli, sad daibeWda;
• sakiTxis zogadi mimoxilva da avtoris ZiriTadi argumentebi.
• naSromis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodeba mkiTxvelisTvis, raTa man ukeT aRiqvas
gansaxilveli teqsti. es masala SeiZleba moicavdes:
− imis axsnas, Tu ratomaa es sakiTxi amJamad saintereso da ratom daiwera masze
es naSromi;
− biografiuli cnobebi avtoris Sesaxeb;
− pirobebi, viTareba, romelSic daiwera mocemuli naSromi;
− miTiTeba savaraudo mkiTxvelze.
• sakiTxis Sesaxeb SesaZlo arsebuli urTierTsapirispiro Sexedulebebi;
• miTiTeba imaze, Tu rogor dayofT naSroms sadiskusiod, ra elementebs ganixilavT;
• Tqveni pozicia naSromis mimarT.
Sejameba
• avtoris Tvalsazrisis Sejameba; naSromis mokle mimoxilva _ ZiriTadi mosazrebebi;
• avtoris mizani.
pasuxi teqstze
• avtoris romel Sexedulebebs eTanxmebiT;
• romels ar eTanxmebiT;
• ratom? erTad SeajameT es mizezebi da moitaneT Tqveni argumentebi; am nawilSi, aseve,
SeiZleba pasuxis gaeces Semdeg kiTxvebs:
− ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi?
− ras iZleva es naSromi axals?
− ramdenad sainteresoa naSromi?
− ra wvlili SeiZleba Seitanos am naSromma mkiTxvelis profesiul zrdaSi?
daskvna
• daskvna mTeli teqstis validurobis Sesaxeb;
• mxolod Tqveneuli Sefasebebis Sejameba;
• ramdenad warmatebulad miaRwia avtorma dasaxul mizans;
• ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi, misi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
wyaro: http://homepage.uhwo.hawaii.edu/∼writing/critique.htm. bolo naxva: 25.05.2007
savarjiSo #6.4: dawereT im statiis kritika, romelic mocemulia savarjiSoSi #6.1.
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magaliTebis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. magaliTad, qvemoT mocemul abzacSi axsnilia,
Tu ratom aris iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili.
iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia. ganvixiloT Cveni planeta
dedamiwis yoveldRiuri gamocdileba. Tqven xedavT mzis `amosvlas~ da `Casvlas~,
Tumca, iciT, rom mze dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia moTavsebuli . . . aseve,
roca savse mTvarea caze, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda waxvideT, is Tan mogyvebaT,
Tumca, iciT, rom es ase ar aris. esec iluziaa, romelsac Tqvens Tvalebsa da
mTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi manZili iwvevs. saqme isaa, rom mTvaridan
areklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis mimarTulebis mimarT, ZiriTadad,
paraleluri da perpendikularuli rCeba da mniSvneloba ar aqvs am dros, Tu
saiT midixarT (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra ti pis abzacs werT, Tqven mTavar winadadebaSi
mocemuli wamyvani azris dasasabuTeblad specifikuri detalebi da konkretuli
magaliTebi gWirdebaT. wamyvani azri aris mTavari/Tematuri winadadebis sityva an
fraza, romelic Temis azrs/ideas an misdami damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. am azrs
an damokidebulebas xSirad generalizacias uwodeben. generalizacia aris debuleba,
romelic SemTxvevaTa umravlesobaSi miesadageba sagnebis, azrebisa Tu adamianebis
jgufs. generalizacia SeiZleba SefasebiTi msjeloba an mosazreba (magaliTad,
`ana sasiamovno adamiania~) anda faqtis konstatireba (magaliTad, `inglisur enaSi
bevri sityva frangulidan aris Semosuli~) iyos.
savarjiSo #3.21: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli winadadebebi. TiToeul
punqtSi mocemuli oTxi variantidan amowereT is mTavari winadadeba, romelic
saTanado/Sesatyvis generalizacias Seicavs.
1. Tematuri winadadeba: _______________________________________________________
dasabuTeba:
a) sasursaTo maRaziis Taroebze gamofenil mraval produqts
aweria `uqolesterno~.
b) roberte kovalskis `qolesterolisagan gankurnebis 8 kvira~ da
doqtor kenet h. kuperis `qolesterolis kontroli~ am wlis
bestselerebia.
g) herkulesi, romeliczomierad amcirebs qolesterolis dones,
imdenad swrafad iyideba, rom masze moTxovnilebis
dasakmayofileblad sawarmoebi uwyvetad (24 sT) muSaoben.
d) ukanaskneli saprezidento saarCevno kampaniis dros eqimebma
gamoaqveynes samedicino angariSebi wamyvani kandidatebis
sisxlSi qolesterolis Semcvelobis Sesaxeb.
axsniT abzacSi avtori, advokatis msgavsad, raRac mosazrebis damtkicebas
cdilobs. rogorc advokati ver SeZlebs raimes damtkicebas konkretuli faqtebis
dasaxelebis gareSe, ise avtorisTvis SeuZlebelia azris dasabuTeba faqtebis
gareSe. wamyvani azris anu generalizaciis yvelaze kargi dasabuTeba aris faqtobrivi
masala (informacia wyaroebidan, faqtebi, monacemebi da a.S.).
savarjiSo #3.22: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli mTavari winadadeba da
misi detalebi. Tematuri/mTavari winadadebisTvis aRniSneT is detali, romelic
ver axdens generalizacias (wamyvani azris) saTanado dasabuTebas.
sigaretis moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisTvis.
a) kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom sigaretis moweva zrdis kibos risks.
b) mwevlebi ufro xSirad avaddebian iseTi respiratoruli daavadebebiT,
rogoricaa bronqiti an enfizema.
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