ρ x (Hliquida - 1) P
= + operasi (Brownell, 1959)
144
= 8.12 psi + 14.7 psi = 22.82 psi
Pdesign = 1.1 x Ptotal
= 1.1 x 22.82 psi
= 25.10 psi = 1.7 atm
2) Menghitung tebal tutup atas dan bawah berbentuk standard dished head
OD = 144 in
Dari Tabel 5.7 Brownell didapatkar = 108
icr= 6.875
0.885 Pd x r
Tebal tutup dished head, t=b + C
(f x E - 0.1 x Pd)
= 25.10 psi x 144 in
+ 0.125
10117 psi
= 0.482 in
Dipilih tebal tutup bawah standar 1/2 in= 0.5 in
sf = 2 in (range 1,5 - 3,5 in) (Kusnardjo, 2010)
1
Volume concentration, Cv =
1 + (100-Xlarutan) / Xlarutanx ρlarutan / ρH2O
1
=
1 + 2.238
= 0.30888
μm /μL = 1 + K1 x Cv + K2 x Cv2 + A x exp(B x Cv)
= 3.19124
Viskositas larutan, μm = 2.02 cp = 0.00136 lbm/ft.s = 0.002 Ns/m2
Dari Fig 10.57 Coulson, didapatkan jenis pengaduk yang digunakan adalah
Three bladed propelledengan kecepatan puta= 420 rpm = 7.0 rev/s
2) Menghitung tebal tutup atas dan bawah berbentuk standard dished head
OD = 288 in
Dari Tabel 5.7 Brownell didapatkar = 180
icr= 13.75
0.885 Pd x r
Tebal tutup dished head, t=b + C
(f x E - 0.1 x Pd)
= 30.30 psi x 288 in
+ 0.125
14997 psi
= 0.707 in
Dipilih tebal tutup bawah standar 3/4= 0.75 in
sf = 2 in (range 1,5 - 2,5 in) (Kusnardjo, 2010)
Parameter :
K1 = 2.5 A = 0.00273
K2 = 10.05 B = 16.6
1
Volume concentration, Cv =
1 + (100-Xlarutan) / Xlarutanx ρlarutan / ρH2O
1
=
1 + 15.927
= 0.05908
μm /μL = 1 + K1 x Cv + K2 x Cv2 + A x exp(B x Cv)
= 1.190
Viskositas larutan, μ=m 0.75 cp = 0.00051 lbm/ft.s = 0.0008 Ns/m2
1
Volume concentration, Cv=
1 + (100-Xlarutan) / Xlarutanx ρlarutan / ρH2O
1
=
1 + 22.481
= 0.04259
μm /μL = 1 + K1 x Cv + K2 x Cv2 + A x exp(B x Cv)
= 1.13023
Viskositas larutan, μm = 0.71 cp = 0.00048 lbm/ft.s = 0.0007 Ns/m2
Da2 x N x ρ
Nre pengadukan =
μ
4.79 x 7.0 x 63.123
= = 2,960,621
0.0007
Tinggi liquida x sg ρcampuran
Jumlah pengaduk= dimana, sg =
Diameter tangki ρair
30.31 ft x 63.123
= 62.241
23.93 ft
= 1.28 ~ 2 buah
Waktu Pencampuran (tT)
Dari Fig 3.4-6 Geankoplis, didapatk ft = 9.8
3. Fermentor (R-220)
Fungsi = Mengkonversi fermentable sugar menjadi asam laktat
Tipe = Silinder tegak dengan tutup atas dan bawah berbentuk standard dished
head dilengkapi dengan pengaduk dan jaket pendingin
2) Menghitung tebal tutup atas dan bawah berbentuk standard dished head
OD = 288 in
Dari Tabel 5.7 Brownell didapatkar = 180
icr= 13.75
0.885 Pd x r
Tebal tutup dished head, t=b + C
(f x E - 0.1 x Pd)
= 29.43 psi x 288 in
+ 0.125
14997 psi
= 0.690 in
Dipilih tebal tutup bawah standar 3/4 in= 0.75 in
sf = 2 in (range 1,5 - 2,5 in)
(Kusnardjo, 2010)
Parameter :
K1 = 2.5 A = 0.00273
K2 = 10.05 B = 16.6
1
Volume concentration, Cv =
1 + (100-Xlarutan) / Xlarutanx ρlarutan / ρH2O
1
=
1 + 14.298
= 0.06537
μm /μL = 1 + K1 x Cv + K2 x Cv2 + A x exp(B x Cv)
= 1.214
Viskositas larutan, μm = 0.77 cp = 0.00052 lbm/ft.s = 0.0008 Ns/m2
1
Volume concentration, Cv =
1 + (100-Xlarutan) / Xlarutan x ρlarutan / ρH2O
1
=
1 + 15.927
= 0.05908
μm /μL = 1 + K1 x Cv + K2 x Cv2 + A x exp(B x Cv)
= 1.19004
Viskositas larutan, μm = 0.75 cp = 0.00051 lbm/ft.s = 0.0008 Ns/m2
0.15 ft3/s
= = 3.359 ft/s
0.046 ft2
ρD v
Nre =
μ
63.53 x 0.2417 x 3.359
= = 102,015
0.0005
Asumsi turbulen benar.
Dari Fig 10.57 Coulson, didapatkan jenis pengaduk yang digunakan adalah
Three bladed turbine
Kecepatan putar pengaduk dihitung dengan scale-up hasil peneilitan Monteagundo
Scale-up ratio= (V2/V1)
1/3
= ( 16638.5 / 5 )1/3
= 14.93
Kecepatan putar skala lab= 100 rev/min
Kecepatan putar culture tank= N1(1/R)
n
Da2 x N x ρ
Nre pengadukan =
μ
19.15 x 0.2 x 1017.7
= = 5,684,361
0.0008
Tinggi liquida x sg ρcampuran
Jumlah pengaduk= dimana, sg =
Jumlah pengaduk= dimana, sg =
Diameter tangki ρair
28.32 ft x 15.922
= 62.241
23.93 ft
= 0.30 ~ 1 buah
Waktu Pencampuran (tT)
Dari Fig 3.4-6 Geankoplis, didapatk ft = 5
Kondisi operasi :
1) P = 1 atm = 14.7 psi
2) T = 185 oC = 458.15 K
k1 0.5436
Keq = = = 1.4112
k2 0.3852
Maka,
H = 18 ft = 216 in
D = 11.666 ft = 140.0 in
4 4
Menghitung tekanan bejana :
Pop = 14.7 psi
Ph = ρmix H/144
= 9.418 psi
Ptotal = Pop + Ph
= 14.7 + 9.418 = 24.118 psi
Pdes = 1.2 x 24.118 psi
= 28.941 psi
th = P rc W
= 0.1853 in
2 f E - 0.2 P
Dipilih tebal standa = 0.1875 in
Menghitung tinggi tutup atas dan bawah :
ID - rc
AB =
2
140 - 8
=
2
= 65.997 in
BC = rL - rc
= 130 - 8
= 122 in
b = rL - (BC2 - AB2)0.5
= 130 - ( 14884 - 4355.6 )0.5
= 27.392
Kondisi Operasi
P = 1 atm
T = 30 oC
(28) (30)
Centrifuge
(29)
Rate
ρc massa masuk = 5,696,831.99 kg/hari
centrifuge (slurry) = 237,368.00 kg/jam
am
= 523,306.24 lb/jam
pur
= ∑massa
an
∑Volume
(slu
= 5,696,831.99
rry)
5,627,486.8
fee
= 1012.3226 kg/m3 = 63.1973 lb/ft3 = 1.0123226 g/cm3
d
Rate volumetrik feed = 523306.24 lb/jam
menuju centrifuge
Rate volumetrik feed
menuju centrifuge 63.1973 lb/ft3
= 8280.5192 ft3/jam
= 1032.3765 gal/min
Dengan rate volumetrik = 1032.3765 gal/min
slurry
Rate massa masuk = 176,825.7 kg/hari
centrifuge (padatan) = 7367.73730536 kg/jam
= 16243.0610182 lb/jam
ρcampuran (padatan) feed = ∑massa
∑Volume
= 176825.695
100,001.9
= 1,768.22 kg/m3 = 110.3867 lb/ft3 = 1.7682 g/cm3
Rate volumetrik padatan = 16243.061 lb/jam
masuk centrifuge 110.3867 lb/ft3
= 147.14692 ft3/jam
= 18.345592 gal/min
Perhitungan viskositas campuran feed dengan menggunakan metode Thomas (1965)
Xlarutan (%) = 4.66%
ρlarutan = 1012.3226 kg/m3
ρH2O = 997 kg/m3
K1 = 2.5
K2 = 10.05
A = 0.00273
B = 16.6
Volume concentration = 1
(Cv) 1 + (100-Xlarutan) / Xlarutanx ρlarutan / ρH2O
= 1
1 + 20.763269
= 0.04595
μm /μL = 1 + K1 * Cv + K2 * Cv2 + A * Exp ( B * Cv )
= 1.1419447
μm (viskositas = 0.71 cp
campuran feed) = 0.00048 lbm/ft s
Tabel C.39 Komposisi pada Aliran 30
Keluar
Komponen (30)
Xm Massa (kg) ρ (kg/m3) V (L)
Air 0.9875 5,448,959.8 997 5,465,355.9
C3H6O3 0.0077 42,243.6 1206 35,027.8
CH3COOH 0.0047 25,922.3 1050 24,687.9
NaOH 0.0002 885.9 2130 415.9
Jumlah 1.0000 5,518,011.5 5,525,487.5
ρcampuran = ∑massa
∑Volume
(liquid)
= 5,518,011.5
overflow
5,525,487.5
= 998.647 kg/m3 = 62.3435 lb/ft3 = 0.9986 g/cm3
Rate massa padatan yang dipisah = 199,480.4 kg/hari
sesuai dengan persamaan 8-7 pada literatur Backhurst, Process Plant Design
∑ = Q dan Vg = ∑ρd2g
2Vg 18 μ
Dimana
Vg = settling velocity (cm/s)
∑ = sigma value (cm2)
Q = overflow rate (cm2/s)
∆ρ = density deifference [antara slurry dengan overflow] )g/cm3)
d = particle diameter (cm) (asumsi = 0.05 cm)
g = gravitasi (cm2/s) = 980.65 cm/s2
μ = liquid viscosity di feed (cp)
Gambar
Kondisi operasi
T = 30 0C
P = 1 atm
Bahan konstruksi yang digunakan = Carbon steel SA 240 grade M type 316
Massa bahan masuk = 35.61 kg/hari
= 1.48375 kg/jam
ρ Sn(Oct)2 = 1.3 kg/L = 78.097 lb/ft3
Jumlah unit = 1 unit
Storage time = 8 unit
V shell = ∏ x Ls x D2
4
= ∏ x 1.5 x D3
4
V shell = 1.18 D3
Volume tutup bawah = ∏ x D3
24 x tgn (1/2 α)
Kondisi operasi
P = 1 atm = 14.7 psi
T = 30 0C = 303.15 K
Jumlah Unit = 5
Rate bahan baku = 43,273.5 kg/hari
Densitas bahan baku = 1830 kg/m3 = 114.24647 lb/ft3
Viskositas bahan baku= 1.7 cp
Waktu storage = 2 hari
Volume bahan baku = 9458.69 L/unit
a. Menentukan dimensi tangki
Volume liquid= 9,458.7 L = 59.50 bbl
Asumsi volume ruang kosong tangki20%
100%
Maka, Vtangki = Vbahan x
80%
= 11,823.4 L = 417.5 ft3
Volume shell, Vshell πHD2
=
4
Volume tutup atas dan bawah, Va = Vb = 0.0847 D3
ρ x (Hliquida - 1)
= + Poperasi (Brownell, 1959)
= + Poperasi (Brownell, 1959)
144
= 5.84 psi + 15 psi = 20.54 psi
Pdesign = 1.1 x Ptotal
= 1.1 x 20.54 psi
= 22.59 psi = 1.5 atm
2) Menghitung tebal tutup atas dan bawah berbentuk standard dished head
OD = 84 in
Dari Tabel 5.7 Brownell didapatkar = 108
icr= 6.875
0.885 Pd x r
Tebal tutup dished head, t=b + C
(f x E - 0.1 x Pd)
= 22.59 psi x 84 in
+ 0.125
10118 psi
= 0.313 in
Dipilih tebal tutup bawah standar 3/8 in= 0.375 in
sf = 2 in (range 1,5 - 3,5 in) (Kusnardjo, 2010)
Kondisi operasi
P = 1 atm = 14.7 psi
T = 30 0C = 303.15 K
Jumlah Unit = 1
Komponen Massa(kg) Rho(kg/m3) V(L)
Asam Fosfat 31.029452 1880 16.505028
alfa-topolone 93.088356 1270 73.297918
Total 124.11781 89.802946
Densitas bahan baku = 1382.1 kg/m3 = 86.284984 lb/ft3
Viskositas bahan baku= 2.5 cp
Waktu storage = 30 hari
Volume bahan baku = 2694.09 L/unit
a. Menentukan dimensi tangki
Volume liquid= 2,694.1 L = 16.95 bbl
Asumsi volume ruang kosong tangki20%
100%
Maka, Vtangki = Vbahan x
80%
= 3,367.6 L = 118.9 ft3
Volume shell, Vshell πHD2
=
Volume shell, Vshell =
4
Volume tutup atas dan bawah, Va = Vb = 0.0847 D3
ρ x (Hliquida - 1) P
= + operasi (Brownell, 1959)
144
= 2.86 psi + 15 psi = 17.56 psi
Pdesign = 1.1 x Ptotal
= 1.1 x 17.56 psi
= 19.32 psi = 1.3 atm
2) Menghitung tebal tutup atas dan bawah berbentuk standard dished head
OD = 54 in
Dari Tabel 5.7 Brownell didapatkar = 108
icr= 6.875
0.885 Pd x r
Tebal tutup dished head, t=b + C
(f x E - 0.1 x Pd)
= 19.32 psi x 54 in
+ 0.125
1494.1 psi
= 0.823 in
Dipilih tebal tutup bawah standar 7/8 in= 0.875 in
sf = 3 in (range 2 - 4 in) (Kusnardjo, 2010)
Kondisi operasi :
1) P = 1 atm = 14.7 psi
2) T = 110 oC = 383.15 K
Maka,
H = 17.881 ft = 214.57 in
D = 11.921 ft = 143.0 in
th = P rc W
= 0.2036 in
2 f E - 0.2 P
Dipilih tebal standa = 0.25 in
Menghitung tinggi tutup atas dan bawah :
ID - rc
AB =
2
143 - 8
=
2
= 67.523 in
BC = rL - rc
= 130 - 8
= 122 in
b = rL - (BC2 - AB2)0.5
= 130 - ( 14884 - 4559.4 )0.5
= 28.39
Dimensi Tangki :
- Diameter Tangki (OD) 144 in
- Diameter dalam (ID) 143.63 in
- Tinggi shell 214.5697 in
- Tebal Shell 0.1875 in
- Tebal tutup atas 0.2500 in
- Tebal tutup bawah 0.2500 in
Dimensi Pengaduk :
Jenis Pengaduk Helical ribbon
Diameter Impeller 3.4747 m
Panjang blade (L) 0.8687 m
Lebar Blade (W) 12.996 in
Lebar Baffle (J) 0.3048 m
Jumlah Pengaduk 2 buah
Power pengaduk 492 kW
Spesifikasi jaket pemanas
Tebal jaket 1.5000 in
Kondisi Operasi
P = 1 atm
T = 30 oC
(10) (12)
Centrifuge
(11)