Tangki NaOH (F-125)

Fungsi: Untuk menampung NaOH 48%

Bentuk : Silinder dg tutup atas & bawah berbentuk
standart dishead head
Bahan Kontruksi :Carbon Steel SA-283 Grade D
(Brownell & Young, hal 342)
Rate = 9280 kg/jam = 222720 kg/hari

F -125

Komposisi bahan NaOH:

Massa Densitas Volume
Komponen
(kg/jam) kg/m3 m3
NaOH 48% 4454.4 1499 2.971581 (Perry edisi 8,
H2O 52% 4825.6 995.346 4.848163 hal 2-110)
Total 9280 7.819744

ρ campuran = 1186.74 kg/m3

Volume NaoH yang ditampung

1
222720 kg x = 187.67 m3
1187 kg/m3

safety factor tangki : 10%

 V tangki= 206.44 m3 = 7290.40 ft3
sehingga didapatkan vo
Menentukan diameter dalam tangki (ID)
Volume torispherical head (Vh)
Vh = 0.000049 Di3 (Brownell & Young, 88)

KeteranganVh = Volume torispherical head

Di = inside diameter
L/D = 1.5 (Buku Desain Bejana hal 49)

π.D2.L
Vs = + 2.Vhead
4
Vs = 3.14 x D2x 1.5 D
+ 2 x 0.000049Di3
4
= 1.17760 Di
3

Di3= 7290.40
1.17760
Di= 18.36 ft

L = 1.5 x 18.36
= 27.54 ft ≈ 32 ft (dipilih 4 course @ 8 ft)

Menghitung tebal dan panjang shell course,

Tebal shell course dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan
(Brownell & Young)
Berdasarkan circumferential stress,
p x d t = Thickness of shell , in
t = + c
2 x f x E p = Internal pressure , psi
d = Inside diameter , in
d = 12 x D f = Allowable stress , psi
= 220 in E = Joint efficiency
c =Corrosion allowance, in
Pop = ρEb x H
144
pdes = 1.2 x Pop
= 1.2 x 74.09 x H
144
= 0.6174 H psi

Untuk pengelasan, digunakan double-welded butt joint,

dengan spesifikasi sebagai berikut,
E = 80% (Brownell & Young, page 25)
c = 0.125
f = 12650

Sehingga t dapat dihitung

pdes x d
t = + c
2 x f x E
0.6174 x H x 220.3
= + 0.125
2 x 12650 x 0.8
= 0.0067 x H + 0.125

Course 1
t1 = 0.0067 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0067 x ( 32 ) + 0.1250
= 0.34 in
Utk course 1, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan= 0.34 in
= 6 in = 3 in
16 8
Course 2
H2= H - 8
 = 32 - 8
= 24 ft

t2 = 0.0067 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0067 x ( 24 ) + 0.1250
= 0.29 in
Utk course 2, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan= 0.29 in
= 5 in
16
Course 3
H3= H - 8
= 24 - 8
= 16 ft
t3 = 0.0067 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0067 x ( 16 ) + 0.1250
= 0.23 in
Utk course 3, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan= 0.23 in
= 4 in = 1 in
16 4
Course 4
H4= H - 8
= 16 - 8
= 8 ft
t4 = 0.0067 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0067 x ( 8 ) + 0.1250
= 0.18 in
Utk course 4, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan= 0.18 in
= 3 in
16

Menentukan tebal head tangki atas

 (OD)s = (ID)s+ 2.ts
= 220.34 + 2 x 0.18
= 220.7 in

Digunakan OD standar 228 in, dengan tebal shell 3/8 in

dari tabel 5.7 Brownell & Young hal 9diperoleh harga:
rc = 180
icr= 14

Berdasarkan Persamaan 7.76 & 7.77, Brownell & Young hal 138

1   rc  
0, 5

W  3     W = faktor intensifikasi stress

4   icr  

W= 1.65

P = Pdes = 0.6174 H = 0.6174 x 8 = 4.94 psi

P.rc.W
th = + c
2.f.E-0.2.P
4.94 x 180 x 1.65
= + 0.125
2 x 12650 x 0.8 - 0.2 x 4.94
= 0.20 in
Digunakan tebal head standar : 4 in = 1 in
16 4
Menghitung tinggi head tangki atas
ID = 220.34 in
OD = 220.7 in

Berdasarkan Brownell & Young hal 87 diperoleh harga :

ID 220.34
a = = = 110.17 in
2 2
BC = rc - icr = 180 - 14 = 166.25 in

ID
AB = - icr = 110.17 - 14 = 96 in
2
AC = (BC2-AB2)0.5 = 135.43 in
b = rc - AC = 180 - 135.43 = 44.57 in

Dari tabel 5-6 Brownell & Young hal 88, untuk tebal head 1/4 in
diperoleh harga sf = 1 ½ - 2 ½ Maka:
Hh = th + b + sf
= 0.20 + 44.57 + 2
= 46.77 in = 1.19 m

Menentukan tebal head tangki bawah

(OD)s = (ID)s+ 2.ts
= 220.34 + 2 x 0.34
= 221 in
Digunakan OD standar 228 in, dengan tebal shell 3/8 in
dari tabel 5.7 Brownell & Young hal diperoleh harga:
 rc = 180
icr= 14

Berdasarkan Persamaan 7.76 & 7.77, Brownell & Young hal 138

1   rc  
0, 5

W  3     W = faktor intensifikasi stress

4   icr  

W= 1.65

P = Pdes = 0.6174 H = 0.6174 x 32 = 19.76 psi

P.rc.W
th = + c
2.f.E-0.2.P
19.76 x 180 x 1.65
= + 0.125
2 x 12650 x 0.8 - 0.2 x 19.756
= 0.42 in
Digunakan tebal head standa 7 in
16

Menghitung tinggi head tangki bawah

ID = 220.34 in
OD = 221 in

Berdasarkan Brownell & Young hal 87 diperoleh harga :

ID 220.34
a = = = 110.17 in
2 2
BC = rc - icr = 180 - 14 = 166.25 in
ID
AB = - icr = 110.17 - 14 = 96 in
2
AC = (BC2-AB2)0.5 = 135.43 in
b = rc - AC = 180 - 135.43 = 44.57 in
 Dari tabel 5-6 Brownell & Young hal 88, untuk tebal head 7/16 in
diperoleh harga sf = 1 ½ - 3 ½ Maka:
Hh = th + b + sf
= 0.42 + 44.57 + 2
= 46.98 in = 1.19 m

Spesifikasi Tangki NaOH

Spesifikasi Keterangan
Kode Alat : F-125
Fungsi : Untuk menampung NaOH 48%
Tipe Tangki : Silinder dg tutup atas & bawah berbentuk
standart dishead head
Jumlah Tangki : 1 (Satu)
Bahan Konstruksi : Carbon Steel SA-283 Grade D
Kapasitas Tangki : 206.44 m3
Tinggi Tangki : 32 ft
Diameter Tangki : 18.36 ft
Tebal shell per Course :
Course 1 : 0.34 in
Course 2 : 0.29 in
Course 3 : 0.23 in
Course 4 : 0.18 in
Tinggi Head Atas : 46.77 in
Tebal Head Atas : 0.20 in
Tinggi Head Bawah : 46.98 in
Tebal Head Bawah : 0.42 in
Menghitung diameter pipa inlet dan outlet tangki,
Inlet piping,
Diameter pipa pemasukan diestimasi dengan persamaan berikut ini :
Di.opt = 3.9 x qf0.45 x ρ0.13 (Peter & Timmerhaus, page 49
Waktu pengisian tangki diasumsi s : 10 jam
Sehingga qf dapat dihitung,
187.67 x 35.3147
qf =
10 x 3600
= 0.1841 cuft/s
ρ = 1187 kg/m3
= 74.09 lb/cuft

Didapatkan Di.opt sebe= 3.19 in

Dari Tabel 11, Appendix Process Heat Transfer by D. Q. Kern didapatkan

DNominal = 3 in
Sch.No = 40
OD = 3.5 in Surface/lin.ft
ID = 3.07 in od = 0.92 ft2/ft
a = 7.38 in2 id = 0.65 ft2/ft
Outlet piping,
Menghitung debit fluida
Kebutuhan = 222720 kg/hari
= 491012.966 lb/hari
ρ = 1186.74 kg/m3
= 74.08815 lb/cuft

491012.9664
debit fluida =
74.088 x 24 x 3600
 = 0.077 cuft/s
Safety factor = 10%
Debit fluida, qf= 0.077
Safety factor
= 0.767 cuft/s
Menghitung diameter optimal,
Asumsi aliran turbulen, menurut Peter & Timmerhaus,
Di.op= 3.9 x qf
0.45
x ρ0.13
= 6.06 in

Dari Tabel 11, Appendix Process Heat Transfer by D. Q. Kern didapatkan

DNominal = 6 in
Sch.No = 40
OD = 6.63 in Surface/lin.ft
ID = 6.07 in od = 1.73 ft2/ft
a = 28.9 in2 id = 1.59 ft2/ft
samaan berikut ini :
& Timmerhaus, page 496)

y D. Q. Kern didapatkan,
y D. Q. Kern didapatkan,
4 Reaktor
Fungsi: Untuk mereaksikan brine dengan Na2CO3, NaOH, dan BaCl2
Bentuk : Silinder dengan tutup atas dan bawah berbentuk standart dished head
Bahan KontruksiStainless Steel (SA-240) (Brownell & Young, hal 342)

Temperatur masuk = 30 o
C= 303.15 K
Temperatur keluar = 36.678 oC = 309.8 K
Tekanan Operasi = 1 atm = 101.325 kPa
Waktu Tinggal = 1 jam

Komposisi masuk reaktor:

Massa Densitas
KomponenFraksi Massa ρ.Fraksi Massa
(kg/jam) kg/m3
NaCl 0.17163739 28616.9 1119 192.06
CaSO4 0.00131051 218.5 2320 3.04
MgCl2 0.02054575 3425.57 2320 47.67
MgSO4 0.01411993 2354.2 2660 37.56
H2 O 0.63789081 106354.82 995.647 635.11
Na2CO3 0.00102142 170.3 1006 1.03
H2 O 0.00202268 337.24 995.35 2.01
BaCl2 0.02647886 4414.79 1017 26.93
H2 O 0.06931643 11557.05 995.03 68.97
NaOH 0.02671499 4454.16 1499 40.05
H2 O 0.02894124 4825.34 995.35 28.81
Total 1 166728.88 1083.24

Komposisi keluar reaktor:

Massa Densitas
KomponenFraksi massa ρ.Fraksi Massa
(kg/jam) kg/m3
NaCl 0.2118 35319.09 1151 243.82
BaSO4 0.0297 4945.42 4500 133.48
CaCO3 0.0010 160.66 2710 2.61
Mg(OH)2 0.0194 3229.26 2340 45.32
H2 O 0.7382 123074.44 993.342 733.26
Total 1 166728.87 1158.49

ρ campuran = Σ (ρ.Fraksi Massa) Masuk= 1083.24 kg/m3

Perhitungan desain reaktor

P 101.325 (Levenspiel hal 114)
Cao = =
RT 8.314 kPa.m3/kmol.K x 309.8281 K
= 0.0393355995 kmol/m3
a. Volume Reaktor
Volume reaktor dihitung dengan menggunkan persamaan berikut

V x CAO (Levenspiel edisi 3 , hal 95)

τ =
FAO
Dimana:
Vr = Volume Reaktor
τ = Waktu tinggal reaktan
Cao = Konsentrasi reaktan
Fao = Laju alir molar reaktan

- Pada reaktor terjadi reaksi sebagai berikut :

CaSO4(Aq) + Na2CO3(Aq) Na2SO4(Aq) + CaCO3(S)
MgCl2(Aq) + 2NaOH(Aq) 2NaCl(Aq) + Mg(OH)2(S)
MgSO4(Aq) + 2NaOH(Aq) Na2SO4(Aq) + Mg(OH)2(S)
Na2SO4(Aq) + BaCl2(Aq) 2NaCl(Aq) + BaSO4(S)

Data reaktan yang ditambahkan :

kg/jam kmol/jam
Na2CO3 170.3 1.61 V H2O = massa H2O = 337.24
H2 O 337.24 18.74 ρ H2 O 995.647
Total 20.34 = 0.34

kg/jam kmol/jam
NaOH 4454.16 111.35 V H2O = massa H2O = 4825.34
H2 O 4825.34 268.07 ρ H2 O 995.647
Total 379.43 = 4.85

kg/jam kmol/jam
BaCl2 4414.79 41.65 V H2O = massa H2O = 11557.05
H2 O 11557.05 642.06 ρ H2 O 995.647
Total 683.71 = 11.61

FAO = Laju alir molar reaktan (Na2CO3 + NaOH + BaCl2)

= 1.61 + 111.35 + 41.65
= 154.61 kmol/jam

Vr = τ . Fao= 1 jam x 154.61 kmol/jam

= 154.61 m3

VH O = Volume H2O dari reaktan (Na2CO3 + NaOH + BaCl2)

2

= 0.34 + 4.85 + 11.61

= 16.79 m3
 Vfeed brine = massa brine = massa brine = 140970.00 kg
densitas brine s.g bahan x ρ H2O 1.20 x 995.647 kg/m3
= 117.99 m3

Sehingga didapatkan Vr total = Vr + VH2O + Vfeed brine

= 289.39 m3/jam

Untuk faktor kemanan, volume reaktor ditambah ruang kosong sebesar 10%
Sehingga didapatkan volume reaktor yang akan direncanakan,
Vr total = 1.1 x 289.39 m3
= 318.329989 m3
= 11241.7176 ft3
Karena volume terlalu besar, maka volume dibagi me17 sehingga volume reaktor menj661.2775 ft3

Menentukan diameter dalam tangki (ID)

Volume torispherical head (Vh)
Vh = 0.000049 Di3 (Brownell & Young, 88)

Keterangan : Vh = Volume torispherical head

Di = inside diameter

L/D = 1.5 (Buku Desain Bejana hal 49)

π.D2.L
Vs = + 2.Vhead
4
= 3.14 x D2 x 1.5 D
+ 2 x 0.000049 Di3
4
= 1.17760 Di3
Di = 661.277503597
3

1.17760
Di = 8.25 ft

L = 1.5 x 8.25
= 12.38 ft ≈ 32 ft (dipilih 4 course @ 8 ft)

Menghitung tebal dan panjang shell course,

Tebal shell course dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan 3.16 (Brownell & Young)
Berdasarkan circumferential stress,
p x d t = Thickness of shell , in
t = + c
2 x f x E p = Internal pressure , psi
d = Inside diameter , in
d = 12 x D f = Allowable stress , psi
 = 99 in E = Joint efficiency , -
c = Corrosion allowance, in

Menghitung Tekanan Desain

Pop = ρEb x H
144
pdes = 1.2 x Pop
= 1.2 x 67.63 x H
144
= 0.5636 H psi
Untuk pengelasan, digunakan double-welded butt joint, dengan spesifikasi sebagai berikut,
E = 80% (Brownell & Young, page 25)
c = 0.125
f = 18750 psi

Sehingga t dapat dihitung

pdes x d
t = + c
2 x f x E
0.5636 x H x 99.00189
= + 0.125
2 x 18750 x 0.8
= 0.0019 x H + 0.125

Course 1
t1 = 0.0019 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0019 x ( 32 ) + 0.1250
= 0.18 in
Untuk course 1, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan
= 0.18 in = 3 in
16
Course 2
H2 = H - 8
= 32 - 8
= 24 ft
t2 = 0.0019 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0019 x ( 24 ) + 0.1250
= 0.17 in
Utk course 2, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan
= 0.17 in = 3 in = 1 in
16 4
Course 3
H3 = H - 8
= 24 - 8
= 16 ft
t3 = 0.0019 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0019 x ( 16 ) + 0.1250
= 0.15 in
Untuk course 3, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan
= 0.15 in = 3 in = 1 in
 16 4
Course 4
H4 = H - 8
= 16 - 8
= 8 ft
t4 = 0.0019 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0019 x ( 8 ) + 0.1250
= 0.14 in
Utk course 4, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan
= 0.14 in = 3 in
16

Menentukan tebal head tangki atas

tebal head atas yaitu sebes 0.14 in
(OD)s = (ID)s + 2.ts
= 99.00 + 2 x 0.14
= 99.28164 in
Digunakan OD standar 240 in, dengan tebal shell 3/16 in dari tabel 5.7 Brownell & Young,
diperoleh harga:
rc = 180
icr = 14.4375
Berdasarkan Persamaan 7.76 & 7.77, Brownell & Young hal 138

1   rc  
0,5

W  3     dalam hal ini : W = faktor intensifikasi stress

4   icr  

W= 1.63

P = pdes = 0.5636 H = 0.5636 x 8 = 4.508 psi

P.rc.W
th = + c
2.f.E-0.2.P
4.508 x 180 x 1.63
th = + 0.125
2 x 18750 x 0.8 - 0.2 x 4.508
= 0.17 in
Digunakan tebal head standar 3 in
16

Menghitung tinggi head atas

ID = 99.00 in
OD = 99.28164 in
Berdasarkan Brownell & Young hal 87 diperoleh harga :
ID 99.00189
a = = = 49.50094 in
2 2

BC = rc - icr = 180 - 14.44 = 165.5625 in

ID
AB = - icr = 49.50094 - 14.44 = 35.06 in
2
 AC = (BC2-AB2)0.5 = 161.807 in
b = rc - AC = 180 - 161.81 = 18.19 in

Dari tabel 5-6 Brownell & Young hal 88, untuk tebal head 3/16 in diperoleh harga sf = 1½ - 2
Maka:
Hh = th + b + sf
= 0.17 + 18.19 + 2
= 20.36 in = 1.70 ft

Menentukan tebal head tangki bawah

tebal head bawah yaitu sebesa 0.18 in
(OD)s = (ID)s + 2.ts
= 99.00189 + 2 x 0.18
= 99.37091 in
Digunakan OD standar 240 in, dengan tebal shell 5/16 in dari tabel 5.7 Brownell & Young,
diperoleh harga:
rc = 180
icr = 14.4375

Berdasarkan Persamaan 7.76 & 7.77, Brownell & Young hal 138

1   rc  
0,5

W  3     dalam hal ini : W = faktor intensifikasi stress

4   icr  

W= 1.63

P = pdes = 0.5636 H = 0.5636 x 32 = 18.034 psi

P.rc.W
th = + c
2.f.E-0.2.P
18.034 x 180 x 1.63
th = + 0.125
2 x 18750 x 0.8 - 0.2 x 18
= 0.30 in
Digunakan tebal head standar 5 in
16

Menghitung tinggi head bawah

ID = 99.00189 in
OD = 99.37091 in
Berdasarkan Brownell & Young hal 87 diperoleh harga :
ID 99.00189
a = = = 49.50094 in
2 2

BC = rc - icr = 180 - 14.44 = 165.5625 in

ID
AB = - icr = 49.50094 - 14.44 = 35.06 in
 AB = - icr = 49.50094 - 14.44 = 35.06 in
2
AC = (BC2-AB2)0.5 = 161.807 in
b = rc - AC = 180 - 161.81 = 18.19 in

Dari tabel 5-6 Brownell & Young hal 88, untuk tebal head 5/16 in diperoleh harga sf = 1½ - 3
Maka:
Hh = th + b + sf
= 0.30 + 18.19 + 2
= 20.49 in
= 1.71 ft

Perhitungan Pengaduk
Jenis Pengaduk :flat six blade turbine with disk
Jumlah baffle 4
Da/Dt = 0.300 Da = 29.811 in = 0.757206 m (Geankoplis edisi 4, 158)
W/Da = 0.200 W = 0.151 m
L/Da = 0.250 L = 0.189 m
C/Dt = 0.333 C = 0.841 m
Dt/J = 12 J = 0.210 m
N = 90 rpm = 1.5 rps
µ = 3.25 kg/m.s
dimana,
Da : diameter impeller (m)
Dt : diameter tangki
W : lebar blade
L : panjang daun blade
C : jarak impeller dari dasar tangki
J : lebar baffle
N : kecepatan putar (rps)

Da2 N ρ (Aliran transisi)

Nre = = 286.46
µ
Menghitung Power Consumption
Berdasarkan nilai Nre = 286.46 , maka diperoleh power number dari Figure 3.4-5
Np = 3.9 (Geankoplis, Figure 3.4-5. p:159)
P = NPρN3Da5
= 3549.22 W
= 3.55 kW

Spesifikasi Reaktor:
Nama alat : Reaktor (R-120)
Fungsi : Mereaksikan pengotor-pengotor yang ada di dalam feed
dengan penambahan NaOH, Na2CO3, dan BaSO4
Bentuk : Silinder dengan tutup atas dan bawah berbentuk standard
 dished head
Pengelasan : Double welded butt joint
Bahan : Stainless steel, type 316, grade M (SA-24)
Jumlah : 17 buah
Kapasitas Tangki : 661.28 ft3
Tinggi Tangki : 32 ft
Diameter Tangki : 8.25 ft
Tebal shell per Course :
Course 1 : 0.18 in
Course 2 : 0.17 in
Course 3 : 0.15 in
Course 4 : 0.14 in
Tinggi Head Atas : 1.70 ft
Tebal Head Atas : 0.17 in
Tinggi Head Bawah : 1.71 ft
Tebal Head Bawah : 0.30 in
Pengaduk
Type : Flat six blade turbine with disk
Jumlah : 1 buah
Diameter pengaduk D
: a = 0.757 m
Panjang pengaduk : La = 0.19 m
Lebar pengaduk : W = 0.15 m
Jarak dari dasar : C = 0.8 m
Kecepatan putaran : N = 90 rpm
Power Consumption : P = 3.55 kW
- untuk reaksi 1
CaSO4(Aq) + Na2CO3(Aq) Na2SO4(Aq) + CaCO3(S)

laju alir molar reaktan = 1.61 kmol/jam

kg/jam kmol/jam
Na2CO3 170.3 1.61 V H2O = massa H2O = 337.24
H2 O 337.24 18.74 ρ H2 O 995.647
Total 20.34 = 0.34

τ . Fao 1 jam x 1.61 kmol/jam

Vr1 = =
Cao 0.0393356 kmol/m3
= 40.8435054614 m3 + 0.34 m3
= 41.1822198853 m3

- untuk reaksi 2 dan 3

MgCl2(Aq) + 2NaOH(Aq) 2NaCl(Aq) + Mg(OH)2(S)
MgSO4(Aq) + 2NaOH(Aq) Na2SO4(Aq) + Mg(OH)2(S)

laju alir molar reaktan = 111.35 kmol/jam

kg/jam kmol/jam
NaOH 4454.16 111.35 V H2O = massa H2O = 4825.34
H2 O 4825.34 268.07 ρ H2 O 995.647
Total 379.43 = 4.85

τ . Fao 1 jam x 111.35 kmol/jam

Vr2 = =
Cao 0.0393356 kmol/m3
= 2830.8707983453 m3 + 4.85 m3
= 2835.7172348835 m3

- untuk reaksi 4
Na2SO4(Aq) + BaCl2(Aq) 2NaCl(Aq) + BaSO4(S)
laju alir molar reaktan = 41.65 kmol/jam
kg/jam kmol/jam
BaCl2 4414.79 41.65 V H2O = massa H2O = 11557.05
H2 O 11557.05 642.06 ρ H2 O 995.647
Total 683.71 = 11.61

τ . Fao 1 jam x 41.65 kmol/jam

Vr3 = =
Cao 0.0393356 kmol/m3
= 1058.8109188262 m3 + 11.61 m3
= 1070.4184966123 m3

5356.31795
Menghitung diameter pipa inlet dan outlet tangki,
Inlet piping,
Diameter pipa pemasukan diestimasi dengan persamaan berikut ini :
Di.opt = 3.9 x qf0.45 x ρ0.13 (Peter & Timmerhaus, page 496)
Waktu pengisian tangki diasumsi selama : 10 jam
Sehingga qf dapat dihitung,
0.00 x 35.3147
qf =
10 x 3600
= 0.0000 cuft/s

ρ = 1083.24 kg/m3
= 67.63 lb/cuft

Didapatkan Di.opt sebesar = 0.00 in

Dari Tabel 11, Appendix Process Heat Transfer by D. Q. Kern didapatkan,

 DNominal = 6 in
Sch.No = 40
OD = 6.625 in
ID = 6.065 in
a = 28.9 in2
Surface/lin.ft
od = 1.734 ft2/ft

Outlet piping,

Menghitung debit fluida

Kebutuhan = 166728.87 kg/jam
= 367573.80 lb/jam

ρ = 1158.49 kg/m3
= 72.32 lb/cuft

367573.8013794
debit fluida =
72.32446 x 1 x 3600

= 1.412 cuft/s

Safety factor = 10%

Debit fluida, qf = 1.412

Safety factor
= 14.117 cuft/s
Menghitung diameter optimal,
Asumsi aliran turbulen, menurut Peter & Timmerhaus,
Di.opt= 3.9 x qf0.45 x ρ0.13
= 22.40 in

Dari Tabel 11, Appendix Process Heat Transfer by D. Q. Kern didapatkan,

DNominal = 24 in
Sch.No = 20
OD = 24 in Surface/lin.ft
ID = 23.25 in od = 6.283 ft2/ft
a = 425 in2 id = 6.09 ft2/ft
 µ
Komponen x x. ln µ
(kg/m.jam)
NaCl 0.2118 5.66 0.3673
BaSO4 0.0297 10.09 0.0686
CaCO3 0.0010 7.67 0.0020
Mg(OH)2 0.0194 6.28 0.0356
H2 O 0.7382 2.60 0.7059
Total 1 1.1793
Tangki Purifikasi (M-120)
Fungsi: Untuk menghilangkan zat yang tidak diinginkan pada air laut
Bentuk :Silinder dengan tutup atas dan bawah
berbentuk standart dished head
Bahan Kontruksi : Stainless Steel (SA-240)

M-120

T masuk = 30 o
C = 303.15 K
T keluar = 36.678 oC = 309.8 K
P Operasi = 1 atm = 101.325kPa
Waktu Tinggal = 1 jam

Komposisi masuk reaktor:

Fraksi Massa Densitas Volume
Komponen
Massa (kg/jam) kg/m3 m3
NaCl 0.1716374 28616.9 1119 25.57
CaSO4 0.0013105 218.5 2320 0.09
MgCl2 0.0205458 3425.57 2320 1.48
MgSO4 0.0141199 2354.2 2660 0.89
H2O 0.6378908 106354.82 995.647 106.82
 Na2CO3 0.0010214 170.3 1006 0.17
H2O 0.0020227 337.24 995.35 0.34
BaCl2 0.0264789 4414.79 1017 4.34
H2O 0.0693164 11557.05 995.03 11.61
NaOH 0.026715 4454.16 1499 2.97
H2O 0.0289412 4825.34 995.35 4.85
Total 1 166728.88 159.13

ρ campuran = 1047.74 kg/m3

Volume bahan masuk yang ditampung

1
166728.88 kg x = 159.13 m3
1047.74 kg/m3

safety factor tangki : 10%

sehingga didapatkan, V tangki = 175.05 m3 = 6181.7 ft3

Menentukan diameter dalam tangki (ID)

Volume torispherical head (Vh)
Vh = 0.000049 Di3 (Brownell & Young, 88)

Keterangan : Vh = Volume torispherical head

Di = inside diameter

L/D = 1.5 (Buku Desain Bejana hal 49)

π.D2.L
Vs = + 2.Vhead
4
= 3.14 x D2 x 1.5 D
+ 2 x 0.000049 Di3
4
 = 1.17760 Di3
Di3 = 6181.7
1.17760
Di = 17.38 ft

L = 1.5 x 17.38
= 26.07 ft ≈ 32 ft (dipilih 4 course @ 8 ft)

Menghitung tebal dan panjang shell course,

Tebal shell course dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan
Berdasarkan circumferential stress,
p x d t = Thickness of shell , in
t = + c
2 x f x E p = Internal pressure , psi
d = Inside diameter , in
d = 12 x D f = Allowable stress , psi
= 209 in E = Joint efficiency
c = Corrosion allowance , in

Menghitung Tekanan Desain

Pop = ρEb x H
144
pdes = 1.2 x Pop
= 1.2 x 65.41 x H
144
= 0.5451 H psi
Untuk pengelasan, digunakan double-welded butt joint
E = 80% (Brownell & Young, page 25)
c = 0.125
f = 18750 psi

Sehingga t dapat dihitung

 pdes x d
t = + c
2 x f x E
0.5451 x H x 208.554
= + 0.125
2 x 18750 x 0.8
= 0.0038 x H + 0.125

Course 1
t1 = 0.0038 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0038 x ( 32 ) + 0.1250
= 0.25 in
Utk course 1, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan = 0.25 in = 4 in
16
Course 2
H2 = H - 8
= 32 - 8
= 24 ft
t2 = 0.0038 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0038 x ( 24 ) + 0.1250
= 0.22 in
Utk course 2, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan = 0.22 in = 4 in
16
Course 3
H3 = H - 8
= 24 - 8
= 16 ft
t3 = 0.0038 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0038 x ( 16 ) + 0.1250
= 0.19 in
Utk course 3, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan = 0.19 in = 3 in
16
Course 4
 H4 = H - 8
= 16 - 8
= 8 ft
t4 = 0.0038 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0038 x ( 8 ) + 0.1250
= 0.16 in
Utk course 4, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan = 0.16 in = 3 in
16

Menentukan tebal head tangki atas

tebal head atas yaitu 0.16 in
(OD)s = (ID)s + 2.ts
= 208.55 + 2 x 0.16
= 208.864 in

Digunakan OD standar 216 in, dengan tebal shell 1/4 in

dari tabel 5.7 Brownell & Young, diperoleh harga:
rc = 170
icr = 13
Berdasarkan Persamaan 7.76 & 7.77, Brownell & Young hal 138

1   rc  
0 ,5

W  3     W = faktor intensifikasi stress

4   icr  

W= 1.65

P = pdes = 0.5451 H = 0.5451 x 8 = 4.361 psi

P.rc.W
th = + c
2.f.E-0.2.P
4.361 x 170 x 1.65
th = + 0.125
2 x 18750 x 0.8 - 0.2 x 4.361
= 0.17 in
Digunakan tebal head standar 3 in
16

Menghitung tinggi head atas

ID = 208.55 in
OD = 208.864 in
Berdasarkan Brownell & Young hal 87 diperoleh harga :
ID 208.554
a = = = 104.277 in
2 2
BC = rc - icr = 170 - 13 = 157 in
ID
AB = - icr = 104.277 - 13 = 91.3 in
2
AC = (BC2-AB2)0.5 = 127.74 in
b = rc - AC = 170 - 127.74 = 42.26 in

Dari tabel 5-6 Brownell & Young hal 88, untuk tebal head 3/16 in
diperoleh harga sf = 1½ - 2 Maka:
Hh = th + b + sf
= 0.17 + 42.26 + 2
= 44.43 in = 3.70 ft
Menentukan tebal head tangki bawah
tebal head bawah yaitu 0.25 in
(OD)s = (ID)s + 2.ts
= 208.554 + 2 x 0.25
= 209.046 in
Digunakan OD standar 216 in, dengan tebal shell 1/4 in
dari tabel 5.7 Brownell & Young, diperoleh harga:
rc = 170
icr = 13

Berdasarkan Persamaan 7.76 & 7.77, Brownell & Young hal 138

1   rc  
0 ,5

W  3     W = faktor intensifikasi stress

4   icr  

W= 1.65

P = pdes = 0.5451 H = 0.5451 x 32 = 17.443 psi

P.rc.W
th = + c
2.f.E-0.2.P
17.443 x 170 x 1.65
th = + 0.125
2 x 18750 x 0.8 - 0.2 x 17.4427
= 0.29 in
Digunakan tebal head standar 5 in
16
Menghitung tinggi head bawah
ID = 208.554 in
OD = 209.046 in
Berdasarkan Brownell & Young hal 87 diperoleh harga :
ID 208.554
a = = = 104.277 in
2 2
BC = rc - icr = 170 - 13 = 157 in
ID
AB = - icr = 104.277 - 13 = 91.3 in
2
AC = (BC2-AB2)0.5 = 127.74 in
b = rc - AC = 170 - 127.74 = 42.26 in

Dari tabel 5-6 Brownell & Young hal 88, untuk tebal head 5/16 in
diperoleh harga sf = 1½ - 3 Maka:
Hh = th + b + sf
= 0.29 + 42.26 + 2
= 44.55 in
= 3.71 ft

Perhitungan Pengaduk
Jenis Pengaduk : flat six blade turbine with disk
Jumlah baffle : 4 (Geankoplis edisi 4, 158)
Da/Dt = 0.300 ; Da = 62.714 in = 1.59293 m
W/Da = 0.200 ; W = 0.319 m
L/Da = 0.250 ; L = 0.398 m
C/Dt = 0.333 ; C = 1.770 m
Dt/J = 12 ; J = 0.442 m
N = 90 rpm = 1.5 rps
µ = 3.25 kg/m.s
dimana,
Da: diameter impell(m)
Dt : diameter tangki
W : lebar blade
L : panjang daun blade
C : jarak impeller dari dasar tangki
J : lebar baffle
N : kecepatan putar(rps)

Da2 N ρ (Aliran transisi)

Nre = = 1226.18
µ
Menghitung Power Consumption
Berdasarkan nilai Nre = 1226.18 ,
maka diperoleh power number dari Figure 3.4-5

Np = 4 (Geankoplis, Figure 3.4-5. p:159)

P = NPρN Da
3 5

= 145067.91 W
= 145.07 kW

Spesifikasi Tangki Purifikasi:

Nama alat : Tangki Purifikasi (M-120)
Fungsi : Untuk menghilangkan zat yang tidak diinginkan pada air l
dengan penambahan NaOH, Na2CO3, dan BaSO
Bentuk : Silinder dengan tutup atas dan bawah berbentuk standard
dished head
Pengelasan : Double welded butt joint
Bahan : Stainless steel, type 316, grade M (SA-24)
Jumlah : 1 buah
Kapasitas Tangki : 175.05 ft3
Tinggi Tangki : 32 ft
 Diameter Tangki : 17.38 ft
Tebal shell per Course :
Course 1 : 0.25 in
Course 2 : 0.22 in
Course 3 : 0.19 in
Course 4 : 0.16 in
Tinggi Head Atas : 3.70 ft
Tebal Head Atas : 0.17 in
Tinggi Head Bawah : 3.71 ft
Tebal Head Bawah : 0.29 in
Pengaduk
Type : Flat six blade turbine with disk
Jumlah : 1 buah
Diameter pengaduk : Da = 1.593 m
Panjang pengaduk L
: a = 0.40 m
Lebar pengaduk : W = 0.32 m
Jarak dari dasar : C = 1.8 m
Kecepatan putaran : N = 90 rpm
Power Consumption : P = 145.07 kW
Komposisi keluar reaktor:
Massa Densitas
KomponenFraksi massa ρ
(kg/jam) kg/m3
NaCl 0.2118 35319.09 1151 243.82
BaSO4 0.0297 4945.42 4500 133.48
CaCO3 0.0010 160.66 2710 2.61
Mg(OH)2 0.0194 3229.26 2340 45.32
H2O 0.7382 123074.4 993.342 733.26
Total 1 166728.9 1158.49
-
 -
=
Menghitung diameter pipa inlet dan outlet tangki,
Inlet piping,
Diameter pipa pemasukan diestimasi dengan persamaan berik
Di.opt = 3.9 x qf0.45 x ρ0.13
Waktu pengisian tangki diasumsi selama: 10
Sehingga qf dapat dihitung,
#REF! x 35.3147
qf =
10 x 3600
= #REF! cuft/s

ρ = 1047.74 kg/m3
= 65.41 lb/cuft

Didapatkan Di.opt sebesar= #REF! in

 Dari Tabel 11, Appendix Process Heat Transfer by D. Q. Kern

DNominal = 6 in
Sch.No = 40
OD = 6.63 in
ID = 6.07 in
a = 28.9 in2
Surface/lin.ft
od = 1.73 ft2/ft

Outlet piping,

Menghitung debit fluida

Kebutuhan = 166728.87 kg/jam
= 367573.80 lb/jam

ρ = 1158.49 kg/m3
= 72.32 lb/cuft

367573.8013794
debit fluida =
72.3245 x 1 x 3600
diinginkan pada air laut
dan BaSO4
berbentuk standard = 1.412 cuft/s

Safety factor = 10%

Debit fluida, qf = 1.412

Safety factor
= 14.117 cuft/s
 Menghitung diameter optimal,
Asumsi aliran turbulen, menurut Peter & Timmerhaus,
Di.opt= 3.9 x qf
0.45
x ρ0.13
= 22.40 in

Dari Tabel 11, Appendix Process Heat Transfer by D. Q. Kern

DNominal = 24 in
Sch.No = 20
OD = 24 in Surface/lin.ft
ID = 23.3 in od
a = 425 in 2
id

µ
Komponen x x. ln µ
(kg/m.jam)
NaCl 0.2118 5.66 0.3673
BaSO4 0.0297 10.09 0.0686
CaCO3 0.0010 7.67 0.0020
Mg(OH)2 0.0194 6.28 0.0356
H2O 0.7382 2.60 0.7059
Total 1 1.1793
ngan persamaan berikut ini :
(Peter & Timmerhaus, page 496)
jam
ransfer by D. Q. Kern didapatkan,

13794
3600
& Timmerhaus,

ransfer by D. Q. Kern didapatkan,

Surface/lin.ft
od = 6.28 ft2/ft
id = 6.09 ft2/ft
Rotary Dryer (B-310)
Fungsi : Mengeringkan kristal NaCl hingga kandungan air
sebesar 0.5%

Dari neraca massa dan meraca panas :

Feed masuk = 35683.78 kg/jam = 78669.28 lb/h
Total Panas = 690385786 kal/jam= 2738070 BTU/jam
T bahan masuk = 30 oC = 86 oF
T bahan keluar = 50 o
C = 122 o
F
T udara masuk = 80 o
C = 176 o
F
T udara keluar = 30 o
C= 86 o
F

Hot Fluid Cold Fluid Differences

176 Higher Temp. 86 90 Δt2
122 Lower Temp. 86 36 Δt1
54 Differences 0 54 (Δt2 - Δt1)

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) :

(Δt2 - Δt1) 54
LMTD = = = 58.9 o
F = 288.11 K
Δt2 90
ln ln
Δt1 36
Menghitung Area Dryer
Asumsi solid velocity , Us = 1 m/s (ulrich, tabel 4-10)
area aliran solid, As = ms
ρs x us
keteran : As = Area drum yang dilewati solid m2
ms = rate solid kg/s
ρs = densitas solid kg/m3
us = solid velocity m/s
rate solid = 35683.78 kg/jam = 9.9122 kg/s
ρs = 2.16 kg/m3
Us = 1 m/s

As= ms 9.912 kg/s

=
ρs x us 2.16 x 1.00 (kg/m3)(m/s)
= 4.589 m2
As= π , maka diameter= 2.42 m
x D2 = 2.42
4

Perhitungan koefisien volumetrik heat transfer

240 x G0.67 (Ulrich, T 4-10)
Ua =
D

Keterangan : Ua = koefisien volumetrik he(J/m3.s.K)

G = gas mass velocity (kg/m2.s)
D = diameter dryer (m)
G = 0.5 kg/m2.s (Perry 7th ed., p:12-55)
D = 2.42 m = 7.93 ft
Ua = 240 x 0.629 = 62.38766 J/m3.s.K
2.42
 Perhitungan panjang rotary dru :
Q = Ua x V x ΔT (Perry edisi 6, pers 20-35)
V = π D2.L (volume silinder)
x
4
keterangan : Q : Panas Total, J/s
Ua : Koefisien volumetrik heat transfer, J/m3.s.K
V : volume drum m3
ΔT : LMTK
D : diameter drum m
L : panjang drum m
Q = Ua x V x ΔT
V = π D2.L
x = 0.79 x 5.85 L
4
Q = Uax ( π x D2.L ) x ΔT
4
Total panas pada :
Q = 2899620.301 kJ/jam = 805450.084 J/s
Ua = 62.388 J/m3.s.K
ΔT = 288.113
Q = Ua x ( π x D2.L ) x ΔT
4
805450.084 = 62.388 x 4.589 L x 288.11
805450.084 = 82485 L
L = 9.765 m = 32.04 ft

Perbandingan L (Perry edisi 7, hal 12-54)

= 4 - 10
D
L 9.765 (memenuhi range)
= = 4.039
D 2.418
Perhitungan time of passesθ :
θ = 0.23 L BLG
+ 0.6
SN^ D
0.9
F
B = 5(Dp)-0.5

Keterangan:
θ = time of passes (menit)
L = panjang drum (ft)
S = slope drum (ft/ft)
N= speed (rpm)
D= Diameter drum(ft)
B= konstanta material
G = rate massa udara (lb/(h.ft2)
F = feed rate to dryer (lb dry material/(h.ft2)
Dp = ukuran partikel (μm)
ketentuan :
S = Slope Drum = 0-8 cm/m
G = Rate massa udara
= maksimum 5 kg/m2.s(perry edisi 6, hal 20-33)
asumsi:Dp = Ukuran partikel= 20 mesh
= 0.050 in = 1270 μm
G = rate massa udara
= 0.50 kg/m2.s = 368.67 lb/(h.ft2)
S = slope drum = 1 cm/m = 0.01 ft/ft
N = speed = 3.01 rpm
Kecepatan peripheral = 60 - 75 ft/menit
dipilih 75 ft/menit (Perry 7ed., p.12-54)
Kecepatan putar (N) = 75 3.01 rpm
=
2π x D/2

θ = 0.23 L BLG
+ 0.6
SN^ D
0.9
F
tanda (+) untuk aliran counter current
B = 5( 1270 )-0.5
= 0.1403
Feed bahan kering = 78669.28 lb/h
Area dryer = 4.59 m2 = 49.395 ft2
Cross section area dryer = 15% x Area dryer
= 15% x 49.39519
= 7.41 ft2
Feed bahan kering 78669.28
F = =
Cross section area dryer 7.41

= 10617.67 lb/h.ft2

θ = 0.23 L BLG
+ 0.6
SN^0.9 D F
= 0.23 x 32.04 0.14 x 32.04 x 368.67
+ 0.6
0.01 x 2.6968 x 7.93 10617.670
= 34.54 menit

Perhitungan sudut rotary dru :

Slope : 1 cm/m
Panjang drum : 9.76 m
Slope actual : 1 (cm/m) x 9.76 (m)
= 9.76 cm = 0.098 m
tg α = 0.098
sudut rotary α ≈ 6 o
Perhitungan flight Rotary Drum
Perhitungan berdasarkan perry edisi 7 ;12-56
ketentuan: Tinggi flight = 1/12 - 1/8D
Panjang flight = 0.6m-2m
jumlah flight 1 circl = 0.6D-D
asumsi:Tinggi flight = 0.125 D
Panjang Flight = 2 m
Jumlah Flight 1 circle = 1 D
Diameter drum,D= 2.42 m
Panjang drum, L = 9.765 m
Tinggi flight= 0.125 D = 0.125 x 2.42 = 0.3022 m
Jumlah flight 1 circl= 1 D = 1 x 2.42 = 2.42 ≈ 3 buah

Total circle = panjang drum/panjang flight

Total circle = 9.765 / 2
= 4.882 digunakan 5 buah
Total jumlah= total circle x jumlah flight tiap 1 circle
Total jumlah= 5 x 3
= 15 buah

Perhitungan tebal shell

Rotary drum memakai shell dari carbon steel SA 283 grade C
dengan allowable stress = 12650 psi
Dipakai double welded butt joint 80% ; C = 0.125
D = 2.42 m = 7.932 ft
H = 9.765 m = 32.037 ft

Digunakan tekanan operasi 14.7 psi

Tekanan Desain tangki= 1.2 x Pop = 17.6 psi
PxD
ts = + C
2.f.e-P
 = 17.6 x 7.932 x 12
2 x 12650 x 0.8 - 17.6
= 1679.142
+ 0.125
20222.36
= 0.208 in ; dipilih plate dengan ketebal 1 in
4
ISOLASI :
rock isolasi dipakai setebal 4 in (perry edisi 7;12-42)
Diameter dalam rotary = 7.932 ft

diameter luar rotary = 7.932 + 2((ts)/12) = 7.974 ft

maka diameter rotary terisolas = 7.974 + 2x(4/12)
= 8.641 ft

Perhitungan power rotary

Perry edisi 6, persamaan 20-44 :
hp = Nx(4.75dw+0.1925DW+0.33W)
100000
dengan : N = putaran rotary = 3.01 rpm
d = diameter shell = 7.932 ft
w = berat bahan = 78669.28 lb
D = diameter + 2 = 9.932 ft
W= berat total ; lb

Perhitungan berat total

a. Berat Shell

Do = Diameter luar shell = 7.974 ft

Di = diameter dalam shell= 7.932 ft
L = panjang drum = 32.037 ft
ρ = density steel = 482 lb/cuft

We = 3.14/4 x ( 63.59 - 62.92 ) x 32.037 x 482

= 8033.962 lb

b. Berat Isolasi

Do = Diameter luar isolasi = 8.641 ft

Di = diameter dalam isolasi = 7.974 ft
L = panjang drum = 32.037 ft
ρ = density rock isolasi = 19 lb/cuft
We = 3.14/4 x ( 74.66 - 63.59 ) x 32.037 x 19
= 5292.704 lb

c. Berat Bahan Dalam Drum

Untuk solid hold up = 15% (Ulrich T.4-10)
Rate massa = 78669.28 lb berat bahan
= 1.15 x 78669.28 = 90469.67
Berat Total = 103796.340 lb
Berat lain diasumsikan 15 %1.15 x 78669.28 = 90469.67 lb

hp = Nx(4.75dw+0.1925DW+0.33W)
100000
= 3.01 ( 2964191.93 + 0.19120 + 34252.79
100000
= 90.2859487
dengan efisiensi motor 75%
P = 120.3813 hp
Spesifikasi Rotary Dryer (B-310)
Nama Alat = Rotary Dryer (B-310)
Fungsi = Mengeringkan kristal NaCl hingga kandungan
air sebesar 0.5%
Type = Rotary drum
Kapasitas = 35683.780 kg/jam
Isolasi = Rock isolation
Diameter = 2.418 m
Panjang = 9.765 m
Tebal isolasi = 4 in
Tebal Shell = 0.208034 in
Sudut Rotary = 6 o
Time of passes = 34.54 menit
Jumlah flight = 15 buah
Power = 120.38 hp
Jumlah = 1
 Heater (E-312)
Fungsi :Memanaskan udara hingga 80oC untuk supply udara
panas ke rotary dryer
Steam, t = 330 oC = 626 oF

t = 30 oC
= 86 oF t = 95 oC = 203 oF

Steam condensate
t = 330 oC = 626 oF

Exchanger
Shell side Tube side
ID = 12 in Number & Leng= 70 , 16'0"
Baffle space = 4 in OD, BWG, = 0.8 in, 16 BWG
Passes = 1 pitch 1.0 in2 triangular
Passes = 8

a. Heat Balance
w bahan = 41754.21 kg/jam = 92052.3 lb/jam
untuk memenuhi rate bahan diatas, maka kami gunakan 2 HE
W steam = 1387.925 kg/jam = 3059.85 lb/jam
Q = 2117773.32 kJ/jam = 2007262 BTU/jam

b. LMTD
Tbahan masuk = 30 o
C= 86 o
F
Tbahan keluar = 80 o
C = 176 o
F
Tsteam masuk = 330 o
C = 626 o
F
Tsteam condensate = 330 o
C = 626 o
F
 Hot Fluid Cold Fluid Differences
626 Higher Temp. 176 450 Δt2
626 Lower Temp. 86 540 Δt1
0 Differences 90 -90 (Δt2 - Δt1)

Asumsi UD = 20 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(oF) (Kern, Tabel 8)

Q 2007261.5548
A = = = 203.315 ft2
UD x Δt 20 x 493.6

A 203.315
Nt = = = 65
Lxa 16 x 0.196
≈ 70 (Kern, Tabel 9)
dipilih pipa dengan ukuran
8 ID shell
0.8 in OD ; 16 BWG ; 1.0 pitch ; ;
pass 12

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) :

(Δt2 - Δt1) -90

LMTD = = = 493.6 oF
Δt2 450
ln ln
Δt1 540
Karena R=0, maka Δt =LMTD = 493.6 oF

c. Tc dan tc dipakai temperatur rata-rata

Tc = Tav = 626 oF ; tc = tav = 131 oF

Hot fluid: tube side, steam Cold fluid: shell side, air
d. a't = 0.302 in2 d'.as = IDxC'B/144PT
at = Nt . a't / 144n = 12 x 0.01

= 70 x 0.302 = 0.0833 ft2

 =
144 x 8
= 0.0184 ft2
e. Gt = w / at e'. Gs = W / as
= 3059.9 = 46026.1
0.0184 0.0833
= 166743.055 lb/(hr)(ft2) = 5.52314E+05
V = Gt / ρ.3600 lb/(hr)(ft2)
= 0.7 ft/s

f. At Ta = 626 oF f'. At ta = 131 oF

µ = 0.021 x 2.42 µ = 0.015 x 2.42
= 0.0508 lb/(ft)(hr) = 0.0363 lb/(ft)(hr)

D= 1.12 / 12 De = 0.73 / 12
= 0.09 ft = 0.06 ft fig.28

Ret =D . Gt / µ Res = De . Gs / µ
= 0.09 x 166743 = 0.06 x 552314
0.05082 0.0363
= 306232 = 925595

g'.jH = 640 fig.28

h'.At Ta = 131 oF
c = 0.25 Btu/(lb)(oF)
(fig 3)
k = 0.016 Btu/(h)(ft2)(oF/ft)
(tabel 5)
(cµ/k) = 0.25 x 0.036
0.016
= 0.5672
 i'. ho = jH. k (cµ/k)1/3 øs
De
ho 640 x 0.016 x 0.2
=
øs 0.06083
= 31.8247

j. hio = 1500 j'. tw

Btu/(hr)(ft2)(oF) tw= tc + ho (Tc-tc)
hio + ho
= 131 + 31.82 x 495
1532
= 141.3 oF

k. At tw = 141.3 oF k'.At tw = 141.3 oF

µw = 2 µair µw = 2 µair
= 0.019 x 2.42 = 0.011 x 2.42
= 0.046 lb/(ft)(hr) = 0.0266 lb/(ft)(hr)
øt = (µ/µw)0.14 øt = (µ/µw)0.14
= 0.0508 0.14 = 0.0363 0.14
( ) ( )
0.046 0.0266
= 1.01411 ≈ 1 = 1.04438 ≈ 1

l. Corrected coefficient l'. Corrected coefficient

hio =hio x øt ho = ho x øs
øt øs
= 1500 x 1.000 = 31.82 x 1.000
= 1500 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(oF) = 31.82 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(oF)

m.Clean overall coefficient, Uc

hio . ho
Uc = = 31.1635 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(oF)
 Uc = = 31.1635 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(oF)
hio + ho

n. Design overall coefficient, UD

a'' = 0.1963 ft2
A = 70 x 16 x 0.1963 = 219.856 ft2
Q 2007261.554842
UD = = = 18.50 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(oF)
A x Δt 220 x 493.6

o. Dirt Factor, Rd
Uc - UD 31.16 - 18
Rd = = = 0.021979
Uc x UD 31.16 x 18

Summary

Uc 31.16
Ud 18.50
Rd calculated 0.022
Rd required 0.004

Pressure Drop
1 Utk Ret = 306232 1' Utk Res = 925595
f = 0.00011 f = 0.0009
(Fig. 26, Kern) (Fig. 29, Kern)
S= 1
(Fig. 6, Kern)
2 ∆Pt = f . Gt2 . L . n 2' No. Of crosses
5.22x1010 . Ds . Øt N+1=
= 0.0804
= 48
 Ds = 1.00
3 Gt = 166743 3' ∆Ps =
V2/2g = 0.004
(Fig. 27, kern) = 0.252456
ΔPs yang diizinkan = 2 psi
ΔPn =

= 0.128
ΔPt = ΔPt + ΔPn
= 0.208351
ΔPt yang diizinkan = 2 psi
2. R dan S
R = 0
S= = 0.17
 62.5 lb/ft3
1.349382
Evaporator (V-210)
Fungsi : Memekatkan NaCl hingga konsentrasi 26%
Type : Short Tube Evaporator

Diketahui :
q = 21044503379 kal/jam
= 83462500.4 Btu/jam
Tsteam = 330 oC = 626 oF
Tproduk = 108 o
C = 226.4 oF
ΔT = 399.6 oF
UD = 500 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(oF)
(Geankoplis tabel 8.3-1 hal 534)

q 83462500.4011
A = =
UD x ΔT 500 x 399.6

= 417.7 ft2

= 38.8 m2

A maksimum = 300 m2 (Ulrich; Table 4-7)

Kondisi tube berdasarkan Kern hal 402 (Tube up to 3 in OD),
sehingga digunakan
Panjang tube = 10 ft = 3.05 m (Hugot page509)
Pipe size = 2.5 in (Kern, Tabel 11)
Dipilih :
Pipa standar 2.5 in IPS schedule 40 (Kern, tabel 11)
OD = 2.88 in
ID = 2.067 in = 0.1722 ft
a't = 4.79 in2 = 0.0333 ft2

Jumlah tube, = A = 417.7 = 1255.9

a't x L 0.03 x 10
≈ 1256 buah
Dimensi evaporator :
A = Nt x a't = 1256 x 0.0333 = 41.8 ft
Diameter , A = π . D 2

4
D= A 1/2 41.8
( 4 x ) = ( 4 x )1/2
π 3.14
= 7.3 ft = 2.22 m

Tinggi evaporator,
utk menghitung tinggi evaporator menggunakan perbandingan:
Hcylindrical body (Hugot page 508)
= 2
Ltube

Hcylindrical body = 2 x 10.0 = 20.00 ft

Hevaporator = Hcylindrical body + Ltube
= 20 + 10.0
= 30.0 ft
 = 9.14 m

Center well
Diameter centre well = 0.25 x Devap (Hugot hal 509)
= 0.25 x 7.3
= 1.8 ft
= 0.56 m

centre cylindrical
well body

tubular
calandria

Menghitung Tebal shell

P x ri
t = + C
f x E - 0.6 x P
dimana, t = Tebal shell (in)
P = Tekanan design tangki (lb/in2)
Pop = 1 atm =14.7 psi
Pdes = 1.2 x Pop = 1.2 x 14.7
= 17.64 psi
ri = Jari-jari tangki (in)
ri = 0.5 x D = 0.5 x 88 = 43.77 in
E = Welded joint efficiency = 0.8
f = maximum allowable stress = 18750 psi
C = Faktor korosi = 0.125
 17.64 x 43.77
t = + 0.125
18750 x 0.8 - 0.6 x 17.64
= 0.1765 in
sehingga digunakan tebal shell yait 3 in
16

Menghitung tinggi dan tebal head

Tipe head yang digunconical head
- Tebal head
P x D
t = + C
2 cos α x ( f E - 0.6 P )

Dimana,α = 0.5 x sudut conis= 0.5 x 60o = 30 o

= 17.64 x 87.54
t
0.3085 x (( 18750 x 0.8 )-( 0.6 x 17.64 ))
= 0.33 + 0.125
= 0.46 in
sehingga digunakan tebal conis head yait 0.5 in

- Tinggi head
Menghitung θ (sudut elemen cone terhadap horizontal)
D (Brownell & Young, page 64)
sinθ =
430 x t
 H
7.3 
= o
90
430 x 0.5
= 0.0339

θ = ArcSin 0.0339 D
2
= 0.0339 90  

 D
2
90  

= 1.94 Degree 

Tinggi head (H) dapat dihitung dengan persamaan,

H
tgθ =
0.5 x D
H = 0.5 x D x tg θ
= 0.5 x 7.3 x 0.0339
= 0.12 ft

α = 90 - θ
= 90 - 1.94
= 88.06 Degree

0.5 x D
tgα =
H
0.5 x D
H =
tgα
3.65
=
29.52
= 0.13 ft

Spesifikasi Evaporator
Bagian Tube
Ukuran = Pipa standar 2.5 in IPS schedule 40
OD = 0.0732 m
ID = 0.0525 m
Panjang Tube = 3.05 m
Jumlah Tube = 1256 buah
Bahan Konstruksi = Stainless steel
Bagian Shell
Diameter evaporator = 2.22 m
Diameter center well = 0.56 m
Tinggi shell = 9.14 m
Tebal shell = 0.0048 m
Tipe head = conical head
Tinggi head = 0.0396 m
Tebal head = 0.0127 m
Jumlah evaporator = 1 buah
Kristaliser (V-220)
Fungsi : Melewatjenuhkan NaCl hingga konsentrasi 50%
Tipe : Calandria Pan

Diketahui :
q = 56992779908 kal/jam = 226033365 Btu/jam
Tsteam = 330 oC = 626 oF
Tproduk = 90 o
C = 194 o
F
ΔT = 432 o
F
UD = 500 Btu/(hr)(ft2)(oF) (Kern, Tabel 8)

q 226033365
A = = = 1046.5 ft2 = 171.3 m2
UD x ΔT 500 x 432
A maksimum = 300 m2 (Ulrich; Table 4-7)

Kondisi tube berdasarkan Hugot hal 643

Panjang tube = 50 in = 4.17 ft
Diameter tube 5 in OD
Karena diameter tube yang digunakan ± 5 in OD, maka digunakan :
Pipa standar ukuran 4 in IPS schedule 40(Kern, tabel 11)
OD = 4.5 in
ID = 4.026 in = 0.3355 ft
 a't = 12.7 in = 0.0882 ft2
Jumlah tube,= A = 1046.5 = 2847.9
a't x L 0.09 x 4.17
≈ 2848 buah
Dimensi kristaliser :
A = Nt x a't = 2848 x 0.0882 = 251.2 ft2
= 41.1 m2
Diameter ,A = π . D2
4
D= A' 251.2 1/2
( 4 x )1/2 = ( 4 x )
π 3.14
= 17.9 ft = 5.45 m

Tinggi kristaliser,
untuk menghitung tinggi kristaliser menggunakan perbandingan:
Tinggi cylindrical body 5 ft diatas tube plate (Hugot hal 646)

Tinggi kristaliser = Tinggi cylindrical + Panjang tube

= 5 + 4.17
= 9.17 ft
Center well
Diameter centre well = 0.25 x Devap
= 0.25 x 17.9
= 4.5 ft
= 1.36 m

Menghitung Tebal shell atau tebal tangki

P x ri
t = + C
f x E - 0.6 x P

dimana,t = Tebal shell (in)

 P = Tekanan design tangki (lb/in2)
Pop 1 atm = 14.7 psi
Pdes = 1.2 x Pop = 1.2 x 14.7 = 17.64 psi
ri = Jari-jari tangki (in)
ri = 0.5 x D = 0.5 x 215 = 107.32 in
E = Welded joint efficie 0.8
f = maximum allowable str18750 psi
C = Faktor koros 0.125

17.64 x 107.32
t = + 0.125
18750 x 0.8 - 0.6 x 17.64
= 0.2513 in
sehingga digunakan tebal shell yait 5 in
16

Menghitung tinggi dan tebal head

Tipe head yang digunakan : conical head
- Tebal head
P x D
t = + C
2 cos αx ( f E 0.6 P
Dimana,α = 0.5 x sudut coni= 0.5 x 60o = 30 o

= 17.64 x 214.65
t
2cos 30x (( 18750 x 0.8 )-( 0.6 x 17.64 ))
= 0.82 + 0.125
= 0.94 in
sehingga digunakan tebal conis head yai 1 in

- Tinggi head
sudut cone terhadap horizontal yait 25 o (Hugot hal 646)
Tinggi head (H) dapat dihitung dengan persamaan,
 α = 25 o
0.5 x D
tgα =
H
0.5 x D
H =
tgα
8.94
=
0.4663
= 19.18 ft
= 5.85 m

Spesifikasi Kristaliser
Bagian Tube
Ukuran = Pipa standar ukuran 4 in IPS schedule 40
OD = 0.1143 m
ID = 0.1023 m
Panjang Tube = 1.27 m
Jumlah Tube = 2848 buah
Bahan Konstruksi = Stainless steel
Bagian Shell
Diameter kristaliser = 5.45 m
Diameter center wel= 1.36 m
Tinggi shell = 2.79 m
Tebal shell = 0.0064 m
Tipe head = conical head
Tinggi head = 5.85 m
Tebal head = 0.0254 m
Jumlah kristaliser = 1 buah
Electrodialysis (H-110)
Fungsi: Mengubah air laut menjadi brine (larutan
dengan kadar garam tinggi) dan air desalinasi

Kondisi Operasi Menentukan Po

Current density : 300 A/m2 - Menghitung o
Kapasitas : 30000 ton/tahun

Power : 155 kWh

S

Membrane
Cation exchange membrane : CIMS Keterangan :
Electric resistance : 1.8 Ω.cm2 S
Ketebalan : 0.15 mm
Anion exchange membrane : ACS
Electric resistance : 3.8 Ω.cm2
Ketebalan : 0.13 mm
Effective cell pair area : 2 m2 Iop
Spacer η
Spacer yang digunakan : Tortuous path flow
Tebal : 2 mm
Panjang / Tinggi : 2 m
Dimensi Elektrodialisis

Jumlah cell pairs per stack : 3500

E
Lebar = ((Tebal cell+AM+CM) x Jumlah cell)
+ (2 x Tebal Elektrode)
= 3.68 m
Panjang = 2 m (sesuai panjang / tinggi spacer)
Menentukan Power Consumption
Menghitung overall efficiency

3600 s x 59 gram/mx 10-6

= x Iop x η
96500 coulomb

Keterangan :
S = Jumlah NaCl yang diproduksi
(Ton NaCl/h.m2.cell)
= 30000 Ton NaCl/year
= 90.91 Ton NaCl/day
= 3.79 Ton NaCl/hour
Iop = Operating current (A/m2)
 = 300 A/m2 (Strathman Tabel 6.8)
η = Overall efficiency
(Production of current efficiency, purity of table salt in brine, rectifi
efficiency, and efficiency of salt crystal extraction from brine)

Em + Iop x (Rd + Rc + Rm + Ro)

E = 458.6 x
η
315 + 300 x ( + + 5.6 + )
= 458.6 x
0.9
ble salt in brine, rectifier
ction from brine)
Centrifuge (H-230) Settling velocit
Fungsi :Memisahkan antara solid NaCl dengan pelarutnya
Kondisi Operasi : Tekanan 1 atm dan suhu 30oC

Dimana :
ω
r2

ρp
ρ
Dp
μ
Massa ρ Volume µ
Komponen x x. ln µ
kg kg/m3 m3 kg/m.h
NaCl 53553.68 0.5 2160 24.79 6.26 0.917
H2O 53553.68 0.5 995.35 53.80 2.88 0.529
Total 107107.4 1 78.60 1.446
untuk mencari
ρ campuran = 1362.7 kg/m 3

µ campuran = 4.25 kg/m.jam

Rate volumetrik feed = 78.60 m3/jam = 20763.25 gal/jam
= 346.05 gal/min dimana :
q
Dipakai centrifuge tipe disc nozzle discharge dengan b
metode pemisahan sedimentasi didapat:
Diamater bowl = 27 in (Perry edisi 8, tabel 18-12)
0.022
Kecepatan putar = 4200 rpm
Power motor = 125 hp
 Untuk centrifuge type disk dengan kecepatan putar
4200 rpm, didapat:
Diameter nozzle 0.125 in (Perry edisi 8, hal 18-122)
Jumlah nozzle = 24 buah
Residence time

Spesifikasi Centrifuge (H-230):

Nama alat: Centrifuge (H-31 ) 2.2863
Jenis : Disc Nozzle Centrifuge
Fungsi : Memisahkan antara solid NaCl dengan pelarutnya
Rate volumetrik feed: 78.60 m3/jam
Diameter bowl : 27 in
Diameter nozzle : 0.125 in
Jumlah nozzle : 24 buah
Kecepatan putar : 4200 rpm
Power motor : 125 hp
Jumlah : 1 buah
Settling velocity dapat dihitung dengan persamaan:
ω2 r2 (ρp - ρ) Dp2 (Mc Cabe, hal 1069)
ut =
18 µ

Dimana :
= angular velocity = 4200 rpm = 70 rps
= radius bowl = 0.5D= 0.5 x 27 in
= 13.5 in = 0.343 m
= densitas partikel = 2664 kg/m3
= densitas fluida = 1362.7 kg/m3
Dp = ukurasn partikel = 0.0001 m
= viskostas larutan = 4.25 kg/m.jam = 0.0012 kg/m.jam

70 2 x 0.343 x( 2664 - 1362.7 ) x ( 0.0001 )2

ut =
18 x 0.0012
= 2.28635 m/s

untuk mencari r1 digunakan persamaan:

π b ω² (ρp - ρ) Dp² r22-r12
q = x
18 µ ln (r2/r1)

dimana :
= volumetrik flowrate = 0.022 m3/s
= tinggi bowl, diasumsikan 1.5r2 0.5144 m

0.228625 ( 0.343 2
- r1 2 )
0.022 = x
0.02123 ln (0.343/r1)
r1 =
 s = r2-r1 = 0.17
2

Residence time (tT) dapat dihitung dengan persamaan,

ut = s (Mc Cabe, hal 1054)
tT
2.2863 = 0.17
tT
tT = 0.075 s
Ball Mill
Fungsi :Menghaluskan kristal NaCl hingga 100 mesh
Kondisi Operasi :Tekanan 1 atm
Suhu 30oC

Rate massa = 35885.17 kg/jam = 861.24 ton/hari

Berdasarkan Perry edisi 6 tabel 8-18 diperoleh spesifikasi :
Jenis ball mill =
No. sieve = mesh
Rate maksimum = ton/hari
Berat bola baja = ton

Untuk ### maka digunakan 3 ukuran bola baja , ,

in
Asumsi berat bola baja didistribusikan sama rata menjadi 3 bagian
Berat bola baja masing-masing ukuran 0 / 3
= 0 ton

Perhitungan jumlah bola baja 1 :

Diameter bola baja 1= 0 in = 0 m
Jari - jari , r = 0.5 D = 0.5 x 0 = 0 m
Volume bola baja = 4 π r3 = 4 x 3.14 x 0
3 3
= 0 m3 = 0 lt
ρ bola baja = kg/lt (Perry edisi 7: 20-33)
Berat 1 buah bola baja = 0 kg/lt x 0 lt
= 0 kg
= 0 ton
Berat total bola baja 1 = 0 ton (ukuran 0 in
Jumlah bola baja = 0 / 0
= #DIV/0! ≈ buah

Perhitungan jumlah bola baja 2 :

Diameter bola baja 1= 0 in = 0 m
Jari - jari , r = 0.5 D = 0.5 x 0 = 0 m
Volume bola baja = 4 π r =
3
4 x 3.14 x 0
3 3
= 0 m3 = 0 lt
ρ bola baja = kg/lt (Perry edisi 7: 20-33)
Berat 1 buah bola baja = 0 kg/lt x 0 lt
= 0 kg
= 0 ton
Berat total bola baja 1 = 0 ton (ukuran 0 in
Jumlah bola baja = 0 / 0
= #DIV/0! ≈ buah

Perhitungan jumlah bola baja 3 :

Diameter bola baja 1= 0 in = 0 m
Jari - jari , r = 0.5 D = 0.5 x 0 = 0 m
Volume bola baja = 4 π r =
3
4 x 3.14 x 0
3 3
 = 0 m3 = 0 lt
ρ bola baja = kg/lt (Perry edisi 7: 20-33)
Berat 1 buah bola baja = 0 kg/lt x 0 lt
= 0 kg
= 0 ton
Berat total bola baja 1 = 0 ton (ukuran 0 in
Jumlah bola baja = 0 / 0
= #DIV/0! ≈ buah
Screener (H-327)
Fungsi : Memisahkan kristal garam menjadi ukuran 100 mesh
Jenis : High speed vibrating screen
Operasi : Kontinyu (per jam)

Dasar perencanaan:
Kapasitas 35.885 ton/jam 79112 lbm/jam
Ukuran : Dp = 100 mesh
Dari Table 19-6, Perry's 7th edition, diperoleh:
Untuk ukuran 149 mikron:
Diameter wire (d) = 0.0085 in = 0.215 mm
Sieve opening (a) = 0.0117 in = 0.297 mm
Perkiraan kapasitas screen:
0.4 x Ct (Perry's, 7th ed. Eq. 19-7)
A =
Cu x Foa x Fs
Dimana: Ct : Rate bahan masuk, ton/jam
Cu : Kapasitas unit
= 0.4 ton/ft2.jam (Perry edisi 7, Fig. 19-21)
Foa : Luas bukaan (%)
Fs : Luas faktor slot = 1 (Perry's, 7th ed. Table. 19-7)
Dari persamaan 21-5, Perry edisi 7 diketahui rumus faktor bukaan:

Foa 100 a 2
=
a+d
Dimana: a = Diameter bukaan
d = Diameter wire
Sehingga,

Foa 100 0.215 2

=
0.215 + 0.297
= 17.633
A = 0.4 x 35.885
0.4 x 17.633 x 1
A = 2.035 ft2
Disiapkan screen dengan tambahan luas sebesar 50%:
Luas = A x 1.5
= 3.053 ft2

Spesifikasi Screener (H-327):

Nama alat : Screener (H-327)
Fungsi : Memisahkan kristal garam menjadi ukuran 100 mesh
Type : High speed vibrating screen
Kapasitas : 35.885 ton/jam
Ukuran : 50 mesh
Luas total : 3.053 ft2

Bahan masuk =
ukuran yang tersaring diharapkan 100 mesh

Perhitungan efisiensi screen :

E = 100 x 100 ( e - v )
e ( 100 - v )

(Perry edisi 6 21-17)

dengan : E = efisiensi screen
e = % undersize dalam feed
= 97 %
v = % undersize dalam screen oversize
= 5%

sehingga E = 100 x 9200

9700
= 94.8454 %

Dari Perry edisi 6 hal 21-15 untuk tipe vibrated screen

diperoleh spesifikasi :
Screw Conveyor (J-311)
Fungsi :Memindahkan kristal NaCl dari centrifuge ke rotary dryer
Jumlah : 1 unit

Rate massa = 34090.91 kg/jam = 75157.6 lb/jam

ρ bahan = 2160 kg/m3 = 134.8444 lb/cuft
rate massa
Volumetrik bahan = = 557.37 cuft/jam
ρ bahan
= 9.3 cuft/menit
Untuk densitas = 134.8 lb/cuft, bahan termasuk kelas D
dengan F = 1

conveyor speed= capacity (cuft/hour)

Power motor
cuft/hour at 1 rpm
= 557.37
19.40 dengan :
 = 28.73 ≈ 29.00 rpm
Dari screw conveyor catalog Table 7, diperoleh :
screw diameter = 14 in
speed = 31.2 rpm Asumsi panjan
pada screw diameter 14 in, diperolebearing factor (D) yaitu
135 . Asumsi panjang screw, L = 30 ft
Power motor

Menghitung horse power

- Step 1
H = L x (DS +QF) Efisiensi motor
1000000 Power motor
dimana : L = panjang screw
D = Bearing factor
S = speed in rpm
Q = Material pada conveyor
F = Horsepower factor

H = 30 ( 135 x 31.2 + 557.37 x 1 )

1000000
= 0.143081
- Step 2
H = 0.1431 (H kurang dari 1, maka P= 1 )
Motor horsepower =H x P
= 0.143 x 1
= 0.143
- Step 3
Horsepower Minimum recommended horse power
=
0.9

= 0.159
Dari diameter conveyor 14 in digunakan
shaft and coupling diameter = 3, sehingga diperoleh :
(screw conveyor catalog Table no.9 )

A B C D E F G H J K L M N P

5 12 3 11.5 15 10⅛ 9¼ 10⅞ 2 6.75 9⅝ 1⅝ 1⅜ ⅝

Spesifikasi Screw Conveyor (J-31

Spesifikasi
Nama Alat : Screw Conveyor (J-311)
Tipe : Plain spout discharge
Kapasitas : 557.37 cuft/jam
Panjang : 30 ft
Diameter : 14 in
Kecepatan Putaran : 31.2 rpm
Power : 0.16 hp
Jumlah : 1 buah
 C x L x Wx F (Badger, pers 16-5)
Power motor =
33000

dengan : C = Kapasitas ; cuft/menit

 L = Panjang ; ft
W= Densitas bahan; lb/cuft
F = Faktor bahan
Asumsi panjang screw, L= 30 ft

9.3 x 30 x 135 x 1
Power motor =
33000
= 1.14 hp

Efisiensi motor= 90% , maka :

Power motor = 1.14 / 0.9 = 1.3 hp
Cyclone (H-314)
Fungsi : Menagkap kristal NaCl yang terikut udara panas

Laju alir bahan = 1592.87 kg/jam = 38228.88 kg/hari Asumsi time pass
Rate udara
Massa Volume BM udara
Komponen x ρ (kg/m3)
(kg/hari) (m3/hari) ρcampuran pada 1 atm
NaCl 16614 0.4346 2160 7.691667
ρ =
H2O 21614.88 0.5654 995.35 21.71586
Total 38228.88 1 29.40753
Rate volumetrik

ρ campuran = 1299.969 kg/m3

T gas masuk= 30 oC = 86 oF Rate solid
µ udara (µg) = 0.018 cp = 1.80E-05 kg/m.s ρ solid
ρ udara (ρg) = 0.923 kg/m3 = 0.0576 lbm/ft3 Volumetrik soli

Penentuan dimensi cyclone Berat H2O

9 x µg x Bc (Perry's 8ed, p:17-30) ρ H2O
Dp,th = ( )0.5
π x Ns x vin x (ρp-ρg) Volumetrik gas
Dimana:
vin = Kecepatan gas masuk cyclone = 20 m./s
(Perry 8th, p: 17-32) Total volumetrik b
Berdasarkan Perry edisi 8 grafik 17-38, diperoleh
Ns = Jumlah putaran efektif dalam cyclone = 3.5
Berdasarkan Ulric
Dari Grafik 17-39 Perry edisi 8, untuk efisien 98 %, didapat dipilih H/D = 6
dpi/Dp,th = 9
Volume Shell
dpi = 0.425 mm = 0.000425 m
dpi 738.174818
Dp,th = = 4.72E-05 m
9

9 x 1.80E-05 x Bc D
2.23E-09 = ( )
3.14 x 3.50 x 20 x ( 1299 ) Dc
Bc = 0.00064 Bc
0.00016 De
= 3.93034 m Hc
Lc
Dimensi cyclone Sc
Dc = 4 Bc = 15.721 m Zc
De = 1/2 Dc = 7.8607 m Jc
Hc = 2 Bc = 7.8607 m
Lc = 2 Dc = 31.443 m
Dpmin
Sc = 1/8 Dc = 1.9652 m
Zc = 2 Dc = 31.443 m keterangan :
Jc = 1/4 Dc = 3.9303 m
Spesifikasi Cyclone (H-314)
Nama Alat : Cyclone (H-314)
Fungsi : Menagkap kristal NaCl yang terikut
udara panas
Kecepatan gas masuk : 20 m/s
Dimensi Cyclone :
Dc = 15.721 m
De = 7.8607 m
Hc = 7.8607 m
Lc = 31.443 m
Sc = 1.9652 m
Zc = 31.443 m
Jc = 3.9303 m
Asumsi time passes = 2 s
Rate udara = 41765.45 kg/jam = 92077.0717 lb/jam
BM udara = 28.84 (Himmelblau hal 249)
ρcampuran pada 1 atm, T = 30oC = 546 R ; udarastd 492 R
492 1 28.84
x x = 0.0724 lb/cuft
546 1 359
92077.07167535 lb/jam
Rate volumetrik= = 353.3261cuft/s
0.0724 x 3600 lb/cuft

Rate solid = 692.25 kg/jam = 1526.15027 lb/jam

ρ solid = 134.8 lb/cuft
Volumetrik soli= 1526.15027175 lb/jam
= 0.003145cuft/s
134.8 x 3600 lb/cuft
Berat H2O = 900.62 kg/jam = 1985.52757 lb/jam
ρ H2O = 0.035 lb/cuft
Volumetrik gas= 15.758 cuft/s
Total volumetrik bahan= 353.33 + 0.0031 + 15.758
= 369.087409 cuft/s x 2 s
= 738.174818 cuft
Berdasarkan Ulrich Tabel 4-23H/D = 4 - 6 ;
dipilih H/D = 6
π
Volume Shell= . D2 . H
4
738.174818 = 0.79 x D2 x 6 D
D = 52.24167 ft

= 626.9 in (Perry edisi 8, 17-29)

= 626.9 in
= 1/4 Dc = 156.73 in
= 1/2 Dc = 313.45 in
= 2 Bc = 313.45 in
= 2 Dc = 1254 in
= 1/8 Dc = 78.363 in
= 2 Dc = 1254 in
= 1/4 Dc = 156.73 in

9 x µ x Bc
Dpmin = ( )0.5
π x Ntc x Vc x ( ρs - ρ)
keterangan :
Pompa Tangki Penampung NaOH (L-
Fungsi :Mengalirkan larutan NaOH dari tangki penampung ke
Tangki Purifikasi (F-120)

Rate feed = 9280.00 kg/jam = 5.68 lbm/s

ρ campuran = 1186.74 kg/m3 = 74.08 lbm/ft3
µ campuran = 4.15 kg/m.jam = 0.0008 lbm/ft.s
Debit (Q) = 7.82 m3/jam= 0.077 ft3/s
= 1215.86 gpm

6m
Tangki NaOH 1m

18 m ∆z = 6.22 m

8.78 m

2m z1 10.78 m
2 m z2 17 m =
4m =

Ws

Untuk bagian perpipaan akan direncanakan :

Panjang pipa luru= 33 m = 108.27 ft
Beda ketinggian = 6.22 m = 20.413 ft
Elbow 90oC = 4 buah
Globe valve = 1 buah(wide open)
Gate valve = 1 buah(wide open)
P1 = 1 atm = 14.7 atm
P2 = 1 atm = 14.7 atm
Perhitungan diameter pipa :
Asumsi : aliran turbulen (NRe > 2100)
Di optimum = 3.9 x Q0.45 x ρ0.13 (Timmerhauss, p:496)
= 3.9 x 0.31 x 1.8
= 2.149363 in

Jadi digunakan D pipa 2.5 in IPS sch. 80 (Kern, Table 11)

OD = 2.88 in = 0.24 ft
ID = 2.323 in = 0.1936 ft = 0.059 m
A = 4.28 in2 = 0.0297 ft2
Kecepatan alir
Q 0.077
v = = = 2.581 ft/s
A 0.02972
Cek NRe :
ρ x Dx v 37.0160234 (Asumsi benar)
NRe = = = 47785.86
µ 0.0008

Perhitungan friction losses :

a. Sudden contraction dari outlet tangki
A2 (Geankoplis, hal 98)
KC = 0.55 x ( 1 - )
A1
Karena A2 >>>> A1 maka : A2
= 0
A1
Jadi, Kc =0.55 dan α = 1 (aliran turbulen)

HC = KC x v2
2 x α x gc
6.662
= 0.55 x
64.4
= 0.0569 ft.lbf/lbm
b. Friksi pada sambungan dan valve
Elbow 90o ; Kf = 0.75 (Geankoplis Tabel 2.10-1
Globe valve ; Kf = 6 hal 93)
Gate valve ; Kf = 0.17
- Friksi pada 4 buah elbow 90o
v2
hf1 = 4 Kf x
2 x α x gc
6.662
= 3 x
64.4
= 0.3103 ft.lbf/lbm
- Friksi pada 1 buah globe valve (wide open)
v2
hf2 = 1 Kf x
2 x α x gc
6.662
= 6 x
64.4
= 0.6207 ft.lbf/lbm
- Friksi pada 1 buah gate valve (wide open)
v2
hf3 = 1 Kf x
2 x α x gc
6.662
= 0.17 x
64.4
= 0.0176 ft.lbf/lbm
Total friksi pada sambungan dan valve :
Σhf = hf1 + hf2 + hf3 = 0.9486 ft.lbf/lbm

c. Friksi pada pipa lurus

L = 108.2677 ft
Material pipa : commercial steel ε = 0.000046 m
ε/D = 0.00078
 f = 0.0059 (Geankoplis Fig. 2.10-3)
ΔL x v2
(Geankoplis, Eq. 2.10-6, p:92)
Ff = 4 f x
D x 2gc
721.2437
= 0.0236 x
12.46677
= 1.3653 ft.lbf/lbm
d. Sudden expansion ke inlet tangki
A1 (Geankoplis, Eq. 2.10-15, p:93)
Kex = ( 1 - )
A2
Karena A1 <<<<< A2 maka A1
= 0
A2
Jadi, Kex = 1 dan α = 1 (aliran turbulen)
v2
hex = Kex x
2 x α x gc
6.662
= 1 x
64.4
= 0.10344 ft.lbf/lbm

Total friksi :
ΣF = HC + Σhf + Ff + hex = 2.47424 ft.lbf/lbm

Mechanical energy balance

ΔP = P2 - P1 = 0.00 psi
v1 = 0.00 ft/s
v2 = 2.58 ft/s
ΔP g ΔZ v 2 - v12 (Geankoplis,
- Ws = + + 2
ρ gc 2 x α x gc Eq. 2.10-20)
0.00 6.662
= + 20.413 +
74.08 64.4
= 20.51604 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa ηp = 45% (Timmerhauss, Fig. 14-37, p:520)
m x - Ws 116.59
BHP = =
η 45%
= 259.0934 ft.lbf/s = 0.471079 hp
Efisiensi motor ηm = 70% (Timmerhauss, Fig. 14-38, p.521)
BHP 0.4711
Konsumsi power = η = = 0.67297 hp
m 70%
Jadi, digunakan power pompa = 1 hp

Spesifikasi Pompa Tangki NaOH

Fungsi : Mengalirkan larutan NaOH dari tangki
penampung ke Tangki Purifikasi (F-120)
Tipe : Centrifugal pump
Bahan : Stainless steel
Kapasitas : 9280.00 kg/jam
Diameter pipa : 2.5 in IPS sch. 80
Panjang pipa : 108.2677 ft
Head pompa : 20.51604 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa : 45%
Efisiensi motor : 70%
Power pompa : 1 hp
Jumlah : 1 buah
Blower (G-313)
Fungsi :Menarik udara masuk ke heater

Perhitungan Rate Udara :

m udara =41765.45 kg/jam = 92077.07 lb/jam
BM udara = 28.8
ρcampuran pada P = 1 atm, T 30 oC = 546 R, udarastd =492 R

"492" /"546
ρ = " "x" = 0.0728 lb/cuft
"28,84" /"35
9"
Rate Volumetrik = 1264888 cuft/jam =21081.46 cuft/min

Asumsi aliran turbulen= dipilih pipa 12 in IPS sch.40

OD = 12.75 in (Kern, Tabel 11)
ID = 12.09 in
A = 115 in2

"0,0044 Q x P1 x ln"
hp = (Perry edisi 6, pers 6-31)
"P2" /"P1"

dengan :
Q = volumetrik gas ; cuft/mnt
P1 = Operating suction pressure, Psi
P2 = Operating discharge pressure, Psi

P2 = P1 + ΔP heater = 14.7 + 2
= 16.7 Psi
 "0,0044 (21081.46) x 14.7 x ln"
hp =
"16.7" /"14.7"
= 174 hp
dengan asumsi efisiensi mo 80 %
hp = 217.42 hp

Spesifikasi Blower
Nama Alat : Blower (G-313)
Fungsi : Menarik udara masuk ke heater
Tipe : Centrifugal Blower
Bahan : Commercial Steel
Rate Volumetrik : 21081.46 cuft/min
Power : 217.42 hp
Jumlah : 1 buah
Sand Filter (H-112)
Fungsi: Untuk menyaring kotoran dari air laut
Bentuk : Silinder horizontal dg bagian atas & bawah terbuka
Bahan Kontruksi :Stainless Steel SA-240

Rate = 1409700 kg/jam

H-112

Komposisi air laut:

Fraksi Massa Densitas Densitas
Komponen
Massa (kg/jam) kg/m3 campuran
NaCl 0.0268 37780.0 1119 29.99
CaSO4 0.0012 1691.6 2320 2.78
MgCl2 0.0032 4511.04 2320 7.42
MgSO4 0.0022 3101.3 2660 5.85
H2O 0.9666 1362616.02 995.647 962.39
Total 1 1409700.00 1008.44

ρ campuran = 1008.44 kg/m3

Volume NaoH yang ditampung

1
1409700 kg x = 1397.90 m3
1008 kg/m3
sehingga didapatkan, V tangki= 1397.90 m3 = 49366.36 ft3
= 8792.52 bbl

Berdasarkan Brownell & Young hal 3 , diperoleh ukuran filter

dengan kapasitas 8950 bbl :
a. Tinggi = 40 ft = 12.19 m
b. Panjang = 40 ft = 12.19 m
c. Ketebalan shell = 0.23 in = 0.006 m

Berdasarkan Deni Maryani (2014), media yang digunakan yaitu :

a. Media pasir dengan ukuran 0.2 - 0.4 mm
b. Media penyangga : Kerikil 1 dengan diameter 10-20 mm
Kerikil 2 dengan diameter 3-4 mm

Susunan media pada sand filter

a. Pasir : 82.76% x Panjang filter
b. Kerikil 1 : 6.90% x Panjang filter
c. Kerikil 2 : 3.45% x Panjang filter
d. Ruang Kosong : 6.89% x Panjang filter

Sehingga diperoleh :
a. Pasir : 82.76% x 12.192 = 10.0901 m
b. Kerikil 1 : 6.90% x 12.192 = 0.841248 m
c. Kerikil 2 : 3.45% x 12.192 = 0.420624 m
d. Ruang Kosong : 6.89% x 12.192 = 0.840029 m
Spesifikasi Sand Filter
Spesifikasi Keterangan
Kode Alat : Sand Filter (H-112)
Fungsi : Untuk menyaring kotoran dari air laut
Tipe : Silinder horizontal dg bagian atas & bawah terb
standart dishead head
Jumlah : 1 (Satu)
Bahan Konstruksi : Stainless Steel SA-240
Kapasitas Tangki : 1397.90 m3
Tinggi : 12.192 m
Panjang : 12.192 m
Tebal shell : 0.005842 m
Susunan Media :
Pasir : 10.09 m
Kerikil 1 : 0.84 m
Kerikil 2 : 0.42 m
Ruang Kosong : 0.84 m
Ukuran Media :
Pasir : 0.2 - 0.4 mm
Kerikil 1 : 10 - 20 mm
Kerikil 2 : 42433.00 mm
Volume torispherical head (Vh)
Vh = 0.000049 Di3 (Brownell & Young, 88)

KeteranganVh = Volume torispherical head

Di = inside diameter
L/D = 1.5 (Buku Desain Bejana hal 49)

π.D2.L
Vs =
4
Vs = 3.14 x D2x 1.5 D
+ 2 x 0.000049Di3
4
= 1.17760 Di
3

Di3= 49366.36
1.17760
Di= 34.74 ft

L = 1.5 x 34.74
= 52.11 ft ≈ 32 ft (dipilih 4 course @ 8 ft)

Menghitung tebal dan panjang shell course,

Tebal shell course dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan
(Brownell & Young)
Berdasarkan circumferential stress,
p x d t = Thickness of shell , in
t = + c
2 x f x E p = Internal pressure , psi
d = Inside diameter , in
d = 12 x D f = Allowable stress , psi
 = 417 in E = Joint efficiency
c =Corrosion allowance, in

Pop = ρEb x H
144
& bawah terb pdes = 1.2 x Pop
= 1.2 x 62.95 x H
144
= 0.5246 H psi

Untuk pengelasan, digunakan double-welded butt joint,

dengan spesifikasi sebagai berikut,
E = 80% (Brownell & Young, page 25)
c = 0.125
f = 12650

Sehingga t dapat dihitung

pdes x d
t = + c
2 x f x E
0.5246 x H x 416.9
= + 0.125
2 x 12650 x 0.8
= 0.0108 x H + 0.125

Course 1
t1 = 0.0108 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0108 x ( 32 ) + 0.1250
= 0.47 in
Utk course 1, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan= 0.47 in
= 8 in = 3 in
16 8
Course 2
H2= H - 8
= 32 - 8
= 24 ft

t2 = 0.0108 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0108 x ( 24 ) + 0.1250
= 0.38 in
Utk course 2, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan= 0.38 in
= 7 in
16
Course 3
H3= H - 8
= 24 - 8
= 16 ft
t3 = 0.0108 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0108 x ( 16 ) + 0.1250
= 0.30 in
Utk course 3, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan= 0.30 in
= 5 in = 1 in
16 4
Course 4
H4= H - 8
= 16 - 8
= 8 ft
t4 = 0.0108 x ( H ) + 0.1250
= 0.0108 x ( 8 ) + 0.1250
= 0.21 in
Utk course 4, dipilih plate dengan ketebalan= 0.21 in
= 4 in
16
Menentukan tebal
(OD)s

Digunakan OD stand
dari tabel 5.7 Brown
rc =
icr=

Berdasarkan Persam

1   rc  
0, 5

W  3    
4   icr  

W=

P =
th =

=
Digunakan tebal hea
Menghitung tinggi
ID
OD

Berdasarkan Browne

a =

BC =

AB =

AC =
b =

Dari tabel 5-6 Brow

diperoleh harga sf =
Hh

Menentukan tebal
(OD)s
 Digunakan OD stand
dari tabel 5.7 Brown
rc =
icr=
Menghitung diameter pipa inlet dan outlet tangki,
Inlet piping, Berdasarkan Persam
Diameter pipa pemasukan diestimasi dengan persamaan berikut ini : 0,5
1   rc  
Di.opt = 3.9 x qf0.45 x ρ0.13 W   3  page
(Peter & Timmerhaus,  49
Waktu pengisian tangki diasumsi s : 10 jam 4   icr  
Sehingga qf dapat dihitung, W=
1397.90 x 35.3147
qf =
10 x 3600 P =
= 1.3713 cuft/s
th =
ρ = 1008 kg/m3
= 62.96 lb/cuft
=

Didapatkan Di.opt sebe= 7.70 in =

Digunakan tebal h
Dari Tabel 11, Appendix Process Heat Transfer by D. Q. Kern didapatkan
DNominal = 3 in
Sch.No = 40 Menghitung tinggi
OD = 3.5 in Surface/lin.ft ID
ID = 3.07 in od = 0.92 ft2/ft OD
a = 7.38 in 2
id = 0.65 ft /ft 2

Outlet piping, Berdasarkan Browne

Menghitung debit fluida ID
a =
Kebutuhan = 0 kg/hari 2
= 0 lb/hari BC =
ρ = 1008.442 kg/m3
AB =
= 62.95701 lb/cuft
AC =
 0 b =
debit fluida =
62.957 x 24 x 3600
= 0.000 cuft/s Dari tabel 5-6 Brow
Safety factor = 10% diperoleh harga sf =
Debit fluida, qf= 0.000 Hh
Safety factor
= 0.000 cuft/s
Menghitung diameter optimal,
Asumsi aliran turbulen, menurut Peter & Timmerhaus,
Di.op= 3.9 x qf
0.45
x ρ0.13
= 0.00 in

Dari Tabel 11, Appendix Process Heat Transfer by D. Q. Kern didapatkan

DNominal = 6 in
Sch.No = 40
OD = 6.63 in Surface/lin.ft
ID = 6.07 in od = 1.73 ft2/ft
a = 28.9 in2 id = 1.59 ft2/ft
Menentukan tebal head tangki atas
(OD)s = (ID)s+ 2.ts
= 416.86 + 2 x 0.21
= 417.29 in

Digunakan OD standar 228 in, dengan tebal shell 3/8 in

dari tabel 5.7 Brownell & Young hal 9diperoleh harga:
180
14

Berdasarkan Persamaan 7.76 & 7.77, Brownell & Young hal 138

1   rc  
0, 5

W  3     W = faktor intensifikasi stress

4   icr  

1.65

Pdes = 0.5246 H = 0.5246 x 8 = 4.20 psi

P.rc.W
+ c
2.f.E-0.2.P
4.20 x 180 x 1.65
+ 0.125
2 x 12650 x 0.8 - 0.2 x 4.20
0.19 in
Digunakan tebal head standar : 3 in = 1 in
16 4
Menghitung tinggi head tangki atas
= 416.86 in
= 417.29 in

Berdasarkan Brownell & Young hal 87 diperoleh harga :

ID 416.86
= = 208.43 in
2 2
rc - icr = 180 - 14 = 166.25 in

ID
- icr = 208.43 - 14 = 195 in
2
(BC2-AB2)0.5 = ### in
rc - AC = 180 - ### = ### in

Dari tabel 5-6 Brownell & Young hal 88, untuk tebal head 1/4 in
diperoleh harga sf = 1 ½ - 2 ½ Maka:
Hh = th + b + sf
= 0.19 + ### + 2
= ### in = ### m

Menentukan tebal head tangki bawah

(OD)s = (ID)s+ 2.ts
= 416.86 + 2 x 0.47
= 417.8 in
 Digunakan OD standar 228 in, dengan tebal shell 3/8 in
dari tabel 5.7 Brownell & Young hal diperoleh harga:
180
14

Berdasarkan Persamaan 7.76 & 7.77, Brownell & Young hal 138
samaan berikut ini : 0,5
1  rc  
W   3  page
& Timmerhaus, 
 496) W = faktor intensifikasi stress
4   icr  
1.65

Pdes = 0.5246 H = 0.5246 x 32 = 16.79 psi

P.rc.W
+ c
2.f.E-0.2.P
16.79 x 180 x 1.65
+ 0.125
2 x 12650 x 0.8 - 0.2 x 16.788
0.37 in
Digunakan tebal head standa 6 in
y D. Q. Kern didapatkan, 16

Menghitung tinggi head tangki bawah

= 416.86 in
= 417.8 in

Berdasarkan Brownell & Young hal 87 diperoleh harga :

ID 416.86
= = 208.43 in
2 2
rc - icr = 180 - 14 = 166.25 in
ID
- icr = 208.43 - 14 = 195 in
2
(BC2-AB2)0.5 = ### in
 rc - AC = 180 - ### = ### in

Dari tabel 5-6 Brownell & Young hal 88, untuk tebal head 7/16 in
diperoleh harga sf = 1 ½ - 3 ½ Maka:
Hh = th + b + sf
= 0.37 + ### + 2
= ### in = ### m

y D. Q. Kern didapatkan,