Ekonomi Produksi Pertanian

MAKSIMISASI KEUNTUNGAN

DOSEN PENGASUH:

Prof. Dr. Ir. ZULKIFLI ALAMSYAH, M.Sc.

Program Studi Agribisnis

Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Jambi
Marginal Revenue (MR), Marginal Cost (MC),
dan Profit Maximization

 Penentuan Output pada kondisi Keuntungan

Maksimum:
 π = TR - TC
dimana π = Profit; TR = Total Revenue; TC = Total Cost
 TR = PQ ⇒ TR = f(Q)
 TC = FC + VC ⇒ VC = f(Q) ⇒ TC = f(Q)

 Oleh karena itu:

π = TR(Q) - TC(Q)

zulkifli_alamsyah 2
Maksimisasi Keuntungan Jangka Pendek

Cost, Total Revenue

Revenue, TR(Q)
Profit
($ per year)

Slope of TR(q) = MR

0 Output (units per year)

zulkifli_alamsyah 3
Maksimisasi Keuntungan Jangka Pendek

Total Cost TC(Q)

Cost,
Revenue,
Profit VC(Q)
$ (per year)

Slope of TC(Q) = MC

0 Output (units per year)

zulkifli_alamsyah 4
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,
dan Profit Maximization
Pada Tingkat Output: 0–q0 Cost,
Revenue,
Profit
 TR < TC ($ per year) TC(q)
 Negative profit TR(q)
A
 MR > MC
 Menunjukkan profit yang lebih B
tinggi pada output yang lebih besar

Pada Tingkat Output: q0–q* π

 TR > TC 0 q0 q*
 Positive profit π (q)
Output (units per year)
 MR > MC
 Menunjukkan profit yang meningkat Mengapa profit negatif?
dengan output yang lebih besar
zulkifli_alamsyah 5
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,
dan Profit Maximization
 Tingkat Output: q* Cost,
Revenue,
 TR > TC Profit
TC(q)
($ per year)
 Positive profit TR(q)
A
 MR = MC
 Menunjukkan profit B
maksimum

 Tingkat Output: >q* π

 TR > TC
0 q0 q*
 Positive profit π (q)
 MR < MC Output (units per year)
 Menunjukkan profit yang menurun
dengan output yang lebih besar Mengapa profit lebih kecil pada saat
produksi lebih kecil atau lebih besar
zulkifli_alamsyah
dari
6
q*?
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,
and Profit Maximization

Keuntungan maksimum jika :

∆π ∆R ∆C
= − = 0 atau
∆q ∆q ∆q

MR − MC = 0 sehingga
MR(q) = MC(q)

zulkifli_alamsyah 7
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,
and Profit Maximization

•The Competitive Firm

•Price taker

•Market output (Q) and firm output (q)

•Market demand (D) and firm demand (d)

•R(q) is a straight line

zulkifli_alamsyah 8
 Demand and Marginal Revenue Faced
by a Competitive Firm

Price Price
$ per $ per Industry
Firm
bushel bushel 1
MR = P(1 - )
ε

$4 D = MR $4

Output Output
100 200 (bushels)
100 (millions
MR
of bushels)
zulkifli_alamsyah 9
Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost,
and Profit Maximization

• The Competitive Firm

• The competitive firm’s demand
• Individual producer sells all units for $4 regardless
of the producer’s level of output.
• If the producer tries to raise price, sales are zero.
• Ifthe producers tries to lower price he cannot
increase sales
•P = D = MR = AR

• Profit Maximization
• MC(q) = MR = P
zulkifli_alamsyah 10
 Choosing Output in the Short Run

zulkifli_alamsyah 11
A Competitive Firm
Making a Positive Profit
Price MC
60
($ per
unit)
50 Lost profit for Lost profit for
qq < q* q2 > q*
D A
40 AR=MR=P
ATC
C B
30 AVC

q1 : MR > MC and At q*: MR = MC

q2: MC > MR20 and and P > ATC
q0: MC = MR but π = (P - AC) x q*
MC falling
10 or ABCD

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
q0 q1 q* q2 Output
zulkifli_alamsyah 12
 A Competitive Firm
Incurring Losses
Price MC ATC
($ per
unit) B
C

D P = MR
At q*: MR = MC A
and P < ATC
Losses = P- AC) x q* AVC
or ABCD
F Would this producer
E continue to produce
with a loss?

q* Output
zulkifli_alamsyah 13
 A Competitive Firm
Incurring Losses
Price MC ATC
($ per
unit) B
C

D P = MR
At q*: MR = MC A
and P < ATC
Losses = P- AC) x q* AVC
or ABCD
F Would this producer
E continue to produce
with a loss?

q* Output
zulkifli_alamsyah 14
A Competitive Firm’s
Short-Run Supply Curve

Price S = MC above AVC

($ per
unit)
MC
P2 ATC

P1 AVC

P = AVC

Shut-down
Output
q1 q2
zulkifli_alamsyah 15
The Response of a Firm to
a Change in Input Price

Price
Input cost increases
($ per
and MC shifts to MC2
unit) MC2 and q falls to q2.
Savings to the firm
from reducing output
MC1

$5

q2 q1 Output
zulkifli_alamsyah 16