INTERNASIONAL
Nandang Sutrisno
Fakultas Hukum
Universitas Iaslam Indonesia
2015
Pendahuluan
• Definisi Bisnis Internasional
– The exchange of goods and services among individuals and
businesses in multiple countries.
(Pertukaran barang-barang dan jasa-jasa antara individu-
individu dan bisnis-bisnis di berbagai negara).
• Businesses (Bisnis)
– An organization or economic system where goods and services
are exchanged for one another or for money.
(suatu organisasi atau sistem ekonomi di mana barang-barang dan jasa-
jasa saling dipertukarkan atau untuk ditukar dengan uang).
– Every business requires some form of investment and enough customers
to whom its output can be sold on a consistent basis in order to make a
profit.
(Setiap bisnis memerlukan beberapa bentuk investasi dan konsumen yang
cukup terhadap mana hasil investasi tersebut dapat dijual dengan dasar
yang konsisten untuk mendapatkan keuntungan).
– Businesses can be privately owned, not-for-profit or state-owned. An
example of a corporate business is PepsiCo, while a mom-and-pop catering
business is a private enterprise.
(Bisnis dapat dimiliki secara pribadi, tidak berorientasi keuntungan atau
dimiliki negara. Satu contoh suatu badan hukum bisnis adalah PepsiCo,
sementara suatu bisnis katering papa-mama adalah suatu badan swasta.
• Sumber:
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/business.html#ixzz3VwiWCrqf
• Business Activities (Aktivitas Bisnis)
– The aggregate economic activities (buying, selling, renting,
investing) of an organization or of the commercial and
manufacturing sectors of an economy.
(Kumpulan aktivitas-aktivitas ekonomi (beli, jual, menyewakan,
berinvestasi) dari sebuah organisasi atau sektor komersial
dan manufaktur dari suatu economi)
• Sumber: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/business-
activity.html#ixzz3VwkYR0fI
Definisi-definisi lain
http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2011/03/what-is-business-
meaning-definitions.html
• International Business conducts transactions all over the
world. These transactions include the transfer of goods,
services, technology, managerial knowledge, and capital to
other countries. International business involves exports and
imports.
(Bisnis Internasional melakukan transaksi-transaksi di seluruh
dunia. Transaksi-transaksi ini meliputi pengalihan barang-
barang, jasa-jasa, teknologi, pengetahuan manajerial, dan
modal ke negara-negara lain. Bisnis internasional juga
mencakup ekspor dan impor.
External Environment
Objectives
•Legal
• Sales Expansion
•Historical
• Resource Acquisition
•Geographical
• Diversification
•Cultural
•Economical
•Political
Means
Operational Import Production Competitive Environment
MExport Transport Licensing Franchising •Speed ofAccounting
product changes
Management Contract Turnkey
Functional Production Marketing Finance Pers
•Optimum production size
Direct Investment •Number of customers
Portfolio Investment •Amount bought by
eans
each customers
•Homogeneity of customers
•Local versus international
competitors
•Cost of moving products
•Unique capabilities
of competitors
International Business Operations and
Influences
Sales Expansion
•Number of people
•Purchasing power
•Higher sales, higher profits
•40%foreign sales (UN Study)
Resource Acquisition
Objectives Seek foreign products,
services, components,
finished goods
To reduce costs
Increased profit margin
Diversification
To avoid wild swings
different seasons
different countries
recession in one country
recovery in another
International Business Operations and Influences
Means
(Types of International
Business) Operational
Investments
• Direct investments
•Control follows the investment
•High commitment of capital, personal, technology
•Gain of foreign resources
•Higher foreign sales than exporting (often)
•Partial ownership (sometimes)
•Portfolio investments
• Debt or equity
•Non-control of foreign operation
•Financial purposes, e.g. loans
•Move funds to get a higher yield on short-term
•Borrow funds in different countries
International Business Operations and Influences
Means
(Types of International Business) Functional
Multinational Enterprise
• Worldwide approach to markets and production
• Also known as MNC or TNC
• Usually involved in nearly every type of international
business practice
• integrated global philosophy: domestic and
overseas operations
• definition: production facilities, size
The Competitive
Environment
Trends Affecting the Nature of International Competition
– In these Principles:
– “court” includes an arbitral tribunal;
– where a party has more than one place of business the
relevant “place of business” is that
• which has the closest relationship to the contract
• and its performance, having regard to the
• circumstances known to or contemplated by the
• parties at any time before or at the conclusion of
• the contract;
Jika hanya satu pihak yang berasal dari negara anggota, CISG
tidak berlaku , kecuali kalau kedua pihak yang berkontrak sepakat
untuk menerapkan konvensi tersebut.
Contracting States
• Ya, jika:
• Para pihak setuju memposisikan konvemsi ini
sebagai hukum yang mengikat.
• Para pihak memilih untuk memberlakukan
konvensi ini melalui bahasa atau klausula
kontrak..
They shall be applied when the parties have agreed that their
contract be governed by them.
They may be applied when the parties have agreed that their
contract be governed by “general principles of law”, the “lex
mercatoria” or the like.
Index 217
Annex: Text of the Articles of the Principles of International Commercial
Contracts 233