INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BUDI UTOMO

Fakultas Teknologi Industri : Teknik Mesin , Teknik Elektro , Teknik Informatika, Sistem Informasi
Fakultas Teknik Sipil & Perencanaan : Teknik Sipil, Arsitektur
SK BAN-PT: 2719/SK/BAN-PT/Akred/PT/VIII/2017

SOAL UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER (UTS) ONLINE SEMESTER GENAP T.A. 2020 / 2021

Mata Kuliah/SKS : Jaringan Komputer / 2 SKS Tanggal : 30 April 2021 / 1

Fakultas : Teknik Industri Waktu : 19.00 - 20.15 WIB
Program Studi : Teknik Informatika Dosen : Budi Wibowo, S.T., M.T.
MK-Semester : Genap Sifat : Open Book
Tahun : TA. 2020 / 2021 Jumlah Soal : 5

1. Apa yang anda ketahui tentang jaringan komputer dan kenapa jaringan komputer saat
ini diperlukan ? sebutkan manfaat dan kerugian jaringan komputer?

2. Arif adalah mahasiswa baru Program Teknologi Industri Institut Teknologi Budi Utomo
Jakarta, Arif menjumpai beberapa peralatan jaringan seperti Router, Switch, Access
Point, Server, Kabel UTP, Kabel optik dsb. Arif pun memanfaatkan koneksi Internet
tersebut untuk mengirim surat elektronik maupun mencoba menjelajah situs-situs
menggunakan browser kesukannya. Terkadang Arif juga tidak lupa login untuk
sekedar masuk kedalam situs jejaring sosial. Karena Arif juga suka mempelajari linux,
Arif cukup sering mengunjungi situs virtual.itbu.ac.id menggunakan program klien FTP
filezilla dan mengambil beberapa file image sistem operasi linux dengan distro
kesukaannya. Jika dirumah Arif menggunakan Internet dengan Internet Service
Provider Telkom Indihome.Ketika Arif mengirimkan sebuah surat elektronik
menggunakan mail user agent mozilla thunderbird, protokol apa saja yang
digunakan untuk user agent tersebut !

3. Jelaskan peran web caching (Proxy) dalam melakukan penghematan bandwidth

jaringan akses Internet yang ada pada sebuah organisasi !

4. Jelaskan mengenai proses handshaking dalam proses pertukaran data informasi !

5. Ada dua Proses yang Terjadi Pada Saat Pengiriman Data Berdasarkan 7 OSI Layer ,
yaitu proses Encapsulation dan Decapsulation. Jelaskan yang anda ketahui proses
tersebut !
 INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BUDI UTOMO
Hasil pekerjaan ini saya buat atas
LEMBAR JAWABAN UJIAN usaha sendiri, bukan hasil pekerjaan
atau bantuan orang lain. Saya juga
Nama Mahasiswa : INDRIA AHMAD SHOFITRI HANDAYANA sudah membaca dan memahami
NPM : 18171065045 tatatertib ujian dan sanggup
Nomor Referensi Kartu Ujian : 719762193 menaatinya. Bila terbukti bahwa
Program Studi : TEKNIK INFORMATIKA pernyataan ini tidak benar, saya
Fakultas : TEKNI INDUSTRI bersedia dikenakansanksi yang
berlaku.
Mata Kuliah : JARINGAN KOMPUTER
Dosen : Budi Wibowo, S.T., M.T.
Tanggal Ujian : 30-04-2021
Nilai : Tanda Tangan Mahasiswa :

…............................................................................................................................ ..........................................................

1.) Jaringan komputer adalah suatu kumpulan komputer yang saling terhubung oleh bantuan
beberapa perangkat keras dan perangkat lunak dengan tujuan untuk melakukan tukar menukar
informasi.
Manfaat jaringan komputer sendiri akan mempermudah dalam transaksi infomasi, meningkatkan
keefektifan dan agar terjadi integrasi data yang baik dalam sistem.
Di samping manfaat, kerugian jaringan komputer adalah adanya celah keamanan yang bisa
membahayakan komponen di dalamnya jika tidak dapat ditangani dengan baik, diperlukan
komputer yang memiliki spesifikasi tinggi yang berperan sebagai komputer pusat dan semakin
besar jaringan, biaya akan relatif lebih tinggi.
Pembahasan
Jaringan komputer memiliki dua jenis menurut metode penghubungnya yaitu jaringan kabel dan
nirkabel. Pada jaringan kabel sendiri memerlukan komponen seperti komputer, kabel, hub hingga
switch dan agar lebih terstruktur jaringan kabel memiliki beberapa macam topologi seperi

 Topologi Ring

 Topologi Bus

 Topologi Tree

 Topologi Mesh

 Topologi Star
Sedangkan jaringan nirkabel tidak membutuhkan kabel, dan lebih berbasis server, sehingga
walau lebih efektif dari biaya, operasional bergantung pada kelancaran server dan aksesnya.

2.) Terdapat 2 protokol dalam pembacaan email yaitu IMAP dan POP3. IMAP
adalah protokol standar untuk mengakses atau mengambil email dari server. Sedangkan POP3
adalah protokol email yang digunakan untuk mengambil email dari server.
IMAP
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protokol) merupakan sebuah protokol yang dirancang agar user
dapat mengakses e-mail pada mailbox serta dapat berinteraksi dengan mail server. Port yang
digunakan oleh protokol ini dalam TCP/IP adalah port nomor 143. IMAP menggunakan koneksi
yang terus-menerus ke server. Begitu ada email masuk, kamu akan segera melihatnya di email
client. Berbeda dengan POP3 yang memeriksa email dalam interval waktu yang ditentukan.
Email yang masuk sangat cepat masuk ke client kamu, seringkali lebih cepat daripada di web
interface sendiri. Hampir seperti Blackberry! Namun kamu harus punya koneksi internet yang
 cukup baik untuk menggunakan IMAP.
Apa yang kamu lihat di inbox email kamu, itu pula yang kamu lihat di email client. Bahkan jika
kamu menggunakan 10 email client, di web interface, desktop, notebook, ponsel, dsb, semua
akan memperlihatkan email yang sama. Jika kamu menggunakan banyak device untuk mengakses
email, IMAP merupakan pilihan yang lebih baik dari POP3.
Kelebihan :
* Dengan IMAP, user dapat membuat, mengubah dan menghapus folder yang ada di server.
* E-mail baru akan didownload dari server jika user ingin membacanya, sehingga e-mail juga
dapat diakses dari tempat lain.
Kekurangan :
* Server layanan e-mail memerlukan kapasitas resource yang agak tinggi.
POP3
POP (Post Office Protocol) merupakan protokol yang digunakan untuk mengambil pesan dari
mailbox pada komputer server dan menyimpannya pada komputer lokal pengguna POP3. Server
menggunakan port 110 pada TCP/IP. POP saat ini sudah memasuki versi 3, sehingga lebih
dikenal dengan nama POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3). Dengan menggunakan POP3, maka
email dapat diambil dari server dan disimpan di email client (seperti Outlook Expres, Eudora,
dan The Bat), Jika ada client yang akan menggunakan layanan server, maka koneksi antara
keduanya dilangsungkan. Setelah terkoneksikan, server POP3 akan memberikan sebuah pesan
sambutan yang kemudian dilanjutkan pada tahap berikutnya yaitu tahapan otorisasi, dimana client
harus mengidentifikasikan dirinya ke server POP3 dengan mengirimkan user id dan password.
POP3 mengambil e-mail dari server dengan satu kali koneksi. Artinya pada saat kita ingin
membaca e-mail maka kita harus melakukan proses sinkronisasi di aplikasi e-mail client sehingga
semua e-mail akan ditarik ke komputer lokal pada saat terjadi koneksi internet ke server.
Kelebihan :
* Kelebihan utama POP mail adalah kemampuannya untuk dibaca secara offline (tidak harus
terkoneksi ke internet).
* Melalui e-mail berbasis POP3 akses internet pada saat mengirim dan menerima dapat
dikurangi.
* Lebih mudah dalam pengarsipan, karena e-mail disimpan di komputer pengguna
* Hanya dapat dibuka dari komputer pemakai saja.
Kekurangan :
* Harus menggunakan e-mail client seperti Outlook Express, Eudora Mail, Mutt, dan lain-lain.
* Hanya dapat mengakses e-mail dari komputer yang terinstal e-mail client, tidak bisa mengecek
e-mail Kamu dari sembarang tempat.

STEP 1. Masuk pada Mozila Thunderbird.

STEP 2. Klik menu View settings for my account

STEP 3. Setelah itu klik “Account Actions”.

STEP 5. Pilih Add Mail Account untuk menambahkan akun pada thunderbird.

STEP 6. Lalu isi konfigurasi yang telah di sediakan.

STEP 8. Lalu akan di tampilkan konfigurasi ini.

Your name (isi nama)

Email address (user@ariefsatriomadukoro.com)
Password (isi dengan password email Kamu)
(isi dengan nama domain atau IP
Incoming (IMAP)
Address)
Port (143)
SSL (STARTTLS)
Authentication (Normal password)
Outgoing (SMTP) (isi dengan nama domain atau IP Address)
Port (587)
SSL (STARTTLS)
Authentication (Normal Password)
Username (isi sama dengan nama Kamu)
STEP 9. Setelah itu klik done

3.) Pengertian proxy

Pengertian proxy merupakan server yang menyediakan suatu layanan untuk dapat meneruskan
tiap-tiap permintaan user kepada server lain yang terdapat di internet. Atau juga dapat di definisi
proxy server merupakan suatu server atau juga program komputer yang memiliki peran yakni
sebagai penghubung antara suatu komputer dengan internet.
Pada dasarnya proxy server ini digunakan untuk dapat mengamankan jaringan komputer pribadi
yang terhubung dengan jaringan publik. Jadi apabila, dari proxy server tersebut maka biasanya
server itu diletakkan di antara aplikasi server dengan aplikasi client, yang mana aplikasi client itu
berupa web browser, client FTP dan lainnya sedangkan untuk aplikasi server berupa server FTP
serta juga web server.

Cara kerja Proxy server

Sebenarnya prinsip kerja proxy server ini sangatlah sederhana, yakni pada user menggunakan
layanan suatu proxy kemudian meminta file atau juga data yang terdapat di public server
(internet) maka proxy ini akan meneruskannya ke internet jadi seolah-olah proxy ini yang
memintanya. Dan pada saat proxy server sudah mendapatkan apa yang diminta oleh user, proxy
ini akan memberikan respon kepada user jadi seolah-olah dialah yang merupakan public
servernya.

Kegunaan Proxy
Web proxy merupakan komputer server yang bertindak yakni sebagai komputer lainnya berfungsi
untuk dapat melakukan request terhadap kontent dari suatu jaringan internet maupun juga
jaringan intranet. Adapun hal-hal yang dapat dilakukan oleh web proxy diantaranya yakni sebagai
berikut ini:

1. Dapat menyembunyikan alamat IP address.

2. Dapat juga dipakai untuk dapat mengakses suatu website yang sudah di blok oleh ISP
(Internet service provider) atau juga oleh suatu organisasi.

3. Dapat juga di gunakan untuk men-blok beberapa atau juga sebuah website yang nantinya
akan tidak dapat diakses.

4. Dapat men-filter cookies yang tidak di inginkan serta juga seluruh cookies yang tersimpan
di encrypt.

5. Dan juga dapat meningkatkan keamanan privacy pengguna.

Fungsi proxy
Dibawah ini merupakan beberapa fungsi dari proxy, diantaranya sebagai berikut :
1. Fungsi conecting sharing
Salah satu fungsi proxy ialah sebagai connecting sharing yakni sebagai penghubung atau juga
sebagai perantara pengambilan data dari suatu alamat IP serta diantarkan ke alamat IP lainnya
ataupun kepada IP komputer user.
2. Fungsi filtering
Terdapat beberapa proxy yang dilengkapi dengan firewall yang bisa memblokir beberapa atau
juga sebuah alamat IP yang tidak diinginkan, sehingga beberapa dari website tidak dapat diakses
 dengan memakai proxy tersebut. Itulah salah satu fungsi dari proxy yakni sebagai filtering.
3. Fungsi caching
Kemudian fungsi dari proxy yang lainnya ialah sebagai fungsi caching, maksudnya ialah proxy ini
juga dilengkapi dengan media penyimpanan data dari suatu web, dari query ataupun juga
permintaan akses user. Contohnya permintaan untuk mengakses suatu web dapat lebih cepat
apabila sudah ada permintaan akses ke suatu web pada pemakai proxy sebelumnya. Itulah fungsi
dari proxy yakni sebagai chacing.

Manfaat Proxy Server

Selain dari ketiga fungsi utama yang dipaparkan diatas, penggunaan server proxy ini juga
memiliki manfaat untuk user seperti dibawah ini :
Menghemat Bandwidth
Proxy server juga bisa dimanfaatkan untuk dapat menghemat penggunaan bandwith dari koneksi
internet user disebabkan karena adanya suatu proses caching yang menyimpan cookies dari situs-
situs yang pernah dikunjungi.
Meningkatkan Kinerja Internet
Proxy server juga dapat membantu meningkatkan kinerja jaringan internet user disebabkan
karena adanya penghematan bandwith.
Memblokir Situs Tertentu
Proxy server ini juga dapat dengan secara otomatis memblokir situs-situs yang mengandung sara
atau juga situs yang tidak diinginkan dengan adanya fitur filtering. Sehingga dengan manfaat ini
dapat menghindari karyawan untuk membuka situs-situs terlarang dengan melalui jaringan
internet lokal perusahaan.
Keamanan Jaringan Komputer
Proxy server ini dapat meningkatkan keamanan komputer dari serangan virus serta jugagangguan
malware.Walaupun proxy bermanfaat besar bagi keamanan jaringan komputer tetapi masih
terdapat kekurangan penggunaan proxy. Salah satunya ialah sering terjadi kesalahpahaman
terhadap sebuah situs yang dianggap harus diblokir oleh server sehingga perlu untuk dilakukan
pembukaan blokir itu dengan secara manual.
Akses Internet Lebih Cepat
Proxy server ini juga dapat meningkatkan kinerja internet. Oleh karena itu maka akses internet
juga akan menjadi lebih cepat.

4.) Handshaking
Handshaking adalah suatu proses otomatis yang terjadi ketika computer adalah untuk
berkomunikasi dengan perangkat asing untuk menetapkan peraturan untuk komunikasi. ketika
computer berkomunikasi dengan perangkat lain seperti printer, modem, atau server jaringan,
perlu jabat tangan dengan itu untuk membuat sambungan. Salah satu contoh klasik adalah
handshaking modem, yang biasanya bernegosiasi parameter komunikasi untuk periode singkat
bila sambungan pertama kali didirikan, dan setelah itu gunakan parameter untuk memberikan
mentransfer informasi yang optimal melalui saluran sebagai fungsi dari kualitas dan kapasitas.

Handshaking memungkinkan untuk menghubungkan system yang relative heterogen atau

peralatan melalui saluran komunikasi tanpa membutuhkan intervensi manusia untuk mengatur
parameter.

Handshaking DMA
Didalam proses Handshaking antara DMA controller dan device controller dilakukan melalui
Sepasang kabel yang disebut DMS-request dan DMA-acknowledge. Device controller
mengirimkan sinyal yang melalui DMA-request ketika akan mentransfer data sebanyak satu
word. Dan hal ini kemudian akan mengakibatkan DMA controller memasukan alamat-alamat
yang diinginkan ke kabel alamat memori, dan juga mengirimkan sinyal melalui kabel DMA-
acknowledge. Setelah sinyal melalui kabel DMA-acknowledge diterima,device controller
mengirimkan data yang dimaksud dan mamatikan sinyal pada DMA-request itu sendiri.
Tiga langkah dalam transfer DMA:
 Processor untuk menyiapkan DMA transfer dengan menyediakan data-data dari semua
perangkat, operasi yang akan ditampilkan, alamat memori yang menjadi sumber dan tujuan data,
dan banyaknya byteyang ditransfer.
 Pengendali DMA ini memulai operasi (menyiapkan bus, menyediakan alamat,menulis dan
membaca data) samapai seluruh blok sudah ditransfer.
 Pengendali DMA menginterupsi processor, dimana selanjutnya akan ditentukan tindakan
selanjutnya.
Metode Handshaking
 HandshakingPolling
Adanya software prioritas yang di-poll pertama mendapatkan prioritas tertinggi. Bila processor
itu ingin mengakses perangkat, dalam salah satu pendekatannya adalah dengan membiarkan
processor melakukan semua pekerjaan. Processor berinteraksi dengan controller melalui protokol
yang rumit tetapi dasar Handshaking-nya cukup sederhana.
 HandshakingInterupsi
Pada interupsi terjadilah bila suatu perangkat M/K ingin memberitahu processor bahwa
ia telah siap menerima perintah, output sudah dihasilkan, atau terjadi error.
 Interrupt Request Line Padahal itu kebanyakan CPU, dan ada dua interrupt request line.
 Vektor Interupsi dan Vector Chaining bagaimanaada sebuah sinyal interupsi pada interrupt
request line, bagaimana sebuah interrupt handler mengetahui sumber dari interupsi itu? Apakah
harus menelusuri semua sumber interupsi satu-persatu? Tidak perlu, karenadisetiap interrupt
handler mempunyai alamat memori masing-masing. Alamat ini adalah offset pada sebuah tabel
yang disebut dengan vektor interupsi.
Jenis Socket
1. Socket Lokal
Socket Lokal adalah socket yang melakukan komunikasi dengan adanya perantaraan sebuah file
yang biasanya diletakkan pada direktori /tmp atau /usr/tmp ataupun /var/tmp. Didalam socket ini
digunakan umumnya terbatas untuk komunikasi antar aplikasi dalam satu mesin.

2. Socket Networking
Socket Networking untuk komunikasi antar aplikasi antar mesin dalam lingkungan jaringan
TCP/IP. Dilakukan dengan sebuah service identifier yaitu berupa nomor port TCP/IP yang dapat
di sambungkan oleh client.
3. Socket Stream
Socket Stream adalah socket komunikasi full-duplex berbasis aliran (stream) data. Ini dapat
dianalogikan seperti komunikasi telepon. Jika sambungan telepon di salah satu titik putus,
maka komunikasi inilah tidak dapat terjadi. Koneksi model seperti ini akan menjamin data dapat
dipertukarkan dengan baik, dengan memiliki kelemahan dalam hal penggunaan jalur data yang
relatif besar dan tidak boleh terputus.
4. Socket Datagram
Socket Datagram berkomunikasi dengan cara yang berbeda. Socket ini tidak membutuhkan
koneksi yang tersambung dengan benar untuk mengirimkan dan menerima data. Model koneksi
semacam ini tidak dapat menjamin data dapat dipertukarkan dengan baik, namun memiliki
keunggulan dalam hal penggunaan jalur data yang minimal.

5. TCP Header
Ukuran dari header TCP ini adalah bervariasi, ukuran TCP header paling kecil (ketika tidak ada
tambahan opsi TCP) adalah 20 byte.

Penyebab Interupsi
 Adanya mekanisme yang terkait dengan interupsi tidak hanya digunakan untuk menangani
operasi yang berhubungan dengan perangkat M/K. Sistem operasi juga bisa menggunakan
mekanisme interupsi untuk beberapa hal, yang diantaranya:

1. Menangani exception
Exception adalah suatu kondisi yang dimana terjadi sesuatu, atau dari sebuah
operasi yang didapatkan oleh hasil tertentu yang dianggap dengan khusus sehingga harus
mendapatkan perhatian lebih, contohnya: pembagian dengan nol, pengaksesan alamat memori
yang restricted atau tidak valid, dll.
2. Mengatur virtual memory paging.
3. Menangani perangkat lunak interupsi.
4. Menangani alur kontrol kernel.
Jika interupsi ini yang terjadi merupakan permintaan untuk transfer data yang besar, maka
penggunaan yang ada interupsinya menjadi tidak efisien, untuk mengatasinya digunakanlah
sebuah DMA.

5.) A. Proses Encapsulation

1. Proses Encapsulation ini hanya terjadi pada perangkat atau komputer pengirim.

2. Tiap-tiap layer atau lapisan dari OSI Layer akan berkomunikasi dengan layer yang
sama pada komputer penerima

3. Proses dimulai dari layer aplikasi

Informasi yang inputkan oleh user dikonversi menjadi data yang akan ditransmisikan melalui
network atau jaringan. Secara teknis pengguna komputer berkomunikasi melalui Application
Processes Interfaces atau API, API bertugas menghubungkan aplikasi yang digunakan dengan
sistem operasi yang berjalan pada komputer.

Application layer bertugas untuk menentukan ketersediaan dari komponen yang diperlukan untuk
melakukan komunikasi, mulai dari kesiapan koneksi sampai aturan-aturan terkait.

Sebagai catatan, bahwa aplikasi browser seperti IE bukanlah bagian dari layer aplikasi tetapi
aplikasi browser menggunakan application layer sebagai interface untuk terkoneksi dengan
server tujuannya. Dengan kata lain ketika User melakukan browsing dengan menggunakan
aplikasi IE maka interface yang dipakai oleh IE untuk bisa terkoneksi dan berkomunikasi dengan
server tujuan adalah layer atau lapidan aplikasi.

4. Data diformat pada layer presentasi

Pada layer aplikasi, informasi dari user sudah dikonversi menjadi data. Kemudian pada
Presentation Layer, data tersebut akan diformat menjadi bentuk yang umum agar bisa dipakai.
Presentation layer menjadikan data yang dikirim nanti bisa dibaca dan diproses pada aplication
layer yang ada pada komputer tujuan atau penerima.

Dengan kata lain layer presentasi ini bertindak sebagai penerjemah antara layer aplikasi pada
komputer pengirim dengan layer aplikasi pada komputer penerima.

5. Pengelompokan pada Session Layer

Setelah data diformat sedemikian rupa, maka tahap berikutnya adalah dimulainya proses transfer
data. Sebelum proses transfer dilakukan, session layer menandai masing-masing sesi atau proses
transfer agar tidak membingungkan satu sama lain.

Session layer bertanggung jawab untuk mengkoordinasikan komunikasi antara sumber dan tujuan
dengan mengatur dialog antara keduanya. Session layer mengatur bagaimana caranya agar antara
proses data yang satu dengan yang lainnya tidak tercampur. Ada tiga cara yang dipakai oleh
session layer untuk menjaga tiap-tiap sesi, yaitu simplex, half duplex dan full duplex. Intinya,
pada session layer data dari satu aplikasi seperti dikelompokan agar tidak tercampur dengan data
dari aplikasi lainnya.

6. Pemecahan data pada Transport Layer

Setelah data diformat dan dikelompokan sehingga tidak akan tercampur dengan data aplikasi
lainnya, Transport layer akan memecah data tersebut menjadi bagian-bagian yang disebut
segment. Tiap segment tersebut nantinya akan diberi semacam nomor urut, sehingga nanti bisa

Pada tahap ini, data diatur sedemikian rupa agar tidak sampai hilang tengah dijalan , dengan
menggunakan semacan aturan atau protocol, sehingga data yang hilang bisa dikirimkan kembali.
Pada layer ini ada dua protocol yang bekerja dalam mengatur bagaimana segment-segment
tersebut diproses, kedua protocol tersebut adalah Transmission Control Protocol atau TCP
dan User Datagram Protocol atau UDP.

7. Pada Layer Network, Segment diubah menjadi Packet

Tiap-tiap Segmen yang dibentuk pada transport layer tadi diubah lagi menjadi packet. Packet ini
berisikan segment serta alamat penerima dan pengirim. Alamat yang digunakan tersebut sifatnya
logis yang dikenal dengan Internet Protocol address atau IP address. Biasanya alamat IP address
ini digunakan jika kita ingin mengirimkan data ke komputer yang berbeda jaringan atau tidak
berada dalam jaringan LAN yang sama.

Metode yang dilakukan adalah routing, yang mana proses routing ini terjadi pada perangkat yang
namanya router dengan menggunakan berbagai macam aturan yang dikenal dengan routing
protocol.

8. Packet diubah menjadi Frame pada Data Link Layer

Setelah packet jadi, kemudian packet diubah lagi menjadi frame yang berisikan packet dan
alamat fisik atau mac address pengirim dan penerima. Data Link Layer adalah yang bertanggung
jawab atas tugas ini. Mac address yang terdapat pada frame ini hanya digunakan untuk
komunikasi antara perangkat komputer yang berada pada jaringan LAN yang sama. Switch
dan bridge merupakan alat yang bekerja untuk tugas ini biasanya adalah switch dan bridge
9. Pengiriman melalui media transmisi kabel atau sinyal wireless

Agar bisa terkirim melalui media seperti kabel ataupun sinyal wireless, data yang berberntuk
frame tadi diubah lagi menjadibit atau byte. Bit atau byte dikirim melalui media fisik berupa kode
atau sinyal electric berupa dua buah keadaan yaitu 0 dan 1.0 Menandakan kondisi tidak ada
aliran atau sinyal listrik sedangkan satu menandakan adanya aliran atau sinyal listrik. Proses
perubahan data yang berbentuk frame menjadi bit masih terjadi pada layer 2 dari OSI
layer sedangkan tugas layer 1 adalah untuk mengirim dan menerima bit. Proses kirim dan
terima bit biasanya terjadi pada NIC atau network interface card dari perangkat komputer dan
perangkat jaringan.

Setelah proses pengiriman data pada komputer pengirim selesai, data tersebut masih
belum bisa dimanfaatkan. Karena pada komputer penerima juga masih ada proses
penerimaan. Inilah proses yang terjadi pada komputer penerima.

B. Decapsulation
1. Decapsulation terjadi hanya pada sisi komputer tujuan yang menerima data tersebut.

2. Kebalikan dari proses Encapsulation, proses Decapsulation dimulai dari layer 1 dari
OSI layer sampai ke layer terakhir, layer aplikasi yang merupakan interface dari aplikasi
yang digunakan oleh si USER.

3. Proses pada Physical Layer komputer penerima

Melalui NIC, komputer penerima menerima sebuah data dalam bentuk bit atau byte. Network
card yang termasuk bagian dari layer 1 kemudian memprosesnya.

4. Bit dan byte lalu diubah menjadi frame pada layer kedua

Berlanjut ke layer 2 Osi Layer. Kemudian data dalam bentuk bit atau byte tersebut diubah
menjadi frame, karena bekerja pada layer data link. Frame tersebut segera dicek apakah alamat
fisik atau mac address tujuan yang tertera di dalam frame tersebut sudah sesuai dengan alamat
mac address dari komputer tersebut.

Jika alamat tujuan pada frame tidak sesuai dengan mac address dari si penerima maka si
penerima bisa membuang frame tersebut tanpa harus meneruskan ke proses berikutnya. Dan
sebaliknya, jika Mac address sesuai atau memang ditujukan kepada si penerima maka proses
selanjutnya adalah melepas bagian-bagian dari frame dan tinggal menyisakan packet.

5. Pada Network Layer

Alamat yang tertera pada packet tersebut akan dicek oleh sistem yang mengurusi Layer ketiga
OSI Layer apakah sudah sesuai atau belum. Jika sudah sesuai, maka akan dilanjutkan ke proses
berikutnya yaitu melepaskan bagian-bagian yang berhubungan dengan layer 3 OSI Layer,
sehingga hanya menyisakan segment atau yang terkait dengan layer 4 saja.
 6. Proses Pada Transport Layer

Pada leyer 4 OSI Layer, segment akan dicek protocol-protocol apa saja yang dipakai. Setelah itu
segment diproses seseuai dengan protocol yang dipakai. Segment-segment yang diterima lalu
disatukan kembali sesuai dengan urutannya sehingga menjadi sebuah informasi data yang utuh
seperti pada awal proses encapsulation.

7. Layer 5 dari OSI layer

Session layer kemudian bertugas mengatur sesi selama proses transfer terjadi sehingga tidak
terjadi tumpah tindih dan kesalahan.

8. Pada Presentation Layer

Data yang ada kemudian dicek formatnya oleh bagian yang terkait dengan presentation layer
pada OSI layer. Tujuan penformatan ini adalah agar layer aplikasi dari komputer penerima dapat
memahami isi dari data tersebut.

8. Sampai pada Layer Aplikasi

Setelah itu proses yang terakhir adalah layer aplikasi lalu menyediakan data tersebut kepada
aplikasi yang pas dan tepat untuk memproses data tersebut agar bisa sampai atau diterima oleh
pengguna atau user.

Itulah proses yang terjadi pada saat kita mengirimkan sebuah data dari komputer satu ke
komputer lain. Semua proses ini terjadi sangat cepat.

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