18/02/2021

CELESTIAL
COORDINATE SYSTEM

RWP

GEOMETRI BOLA LANGIT

Lingkaran ABCDA adalah lingkaran besar.

Lingkaran EFGHE adalah lingkaran kecil
Tinjau lingkaran besar PFBQP dan segitiga siku-siku OFK,
maka :

Sudut antara lingkaran PFBQP dan PGCQP disebut sudut

bola di P, dan segitiga yang terbentuk PBC disebut segitiga
bola.
Syarat segitiga bola :
1. Jumlah 2 sisi lebih besar dari sisi ketiga
2. Jumlah ketiga sudut lebih besar dari 180º
3. Masing-masing sudut bola kurang dari 180º

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GEOMETRI BOLA LANGIT

Panjang BC atau s dapat dinyatakan dalam :

Ketika Radius (R) dinyatakan dalam kesatuan maka

“Busur lingkaran besar sama dengan sudut yang berada di pusat

lingkaran tersebut”
Tinjau lingkaran kecil EFGHE
∠
Dan juga
∠
Karena KF sejajar dengan OB dan KG sejajar dengan OC maka
∠ ∠

KOORDINAT GEOGRAFIS

Posisi di permukaan Bumi ditentukan oleh dua koordinat,

yaitu bujur (longitude) dan lintang (latitude).
Lintang didefisikan sebagai jarak sudut yang diukur dari
ekuator ke arah kutub utara (jika positif) atau ke kutub
selatan (jika negatif)
Bujur didefinisikan sebagai jarak sudut yang diukur dari
meridian greenwich ke arah timur atau barat. Bujur
biasanya dinyatakan dalam satuan jam dan konversinya
ada di tabel.

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KOORDINAT GEOGRAFIS

Misalkan ada dua tempat A dan B terletak di lintang yang

sama (parallel of latitude). Jarak AB ini disebut juga sebagai
departure. Jadi :
ϕ
∠
Maka dari persamaan sebelumnya
cos ϕ

1 mil laut = 1’ bujur lingkaran besar

1 mil laut = 6080 ft
1 mil laut = 1.852 km
1 mil laut per jam = 1 knot

TRIGONOMETRI BOLA

Formula Cosinus
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$% $% $% %&' %&' $% (
$% $% $% %&' %&' $% )
Formula Sinus
!" # !" ( !" )
!" !" !"
Formula Analogi Cosinus
sin , cos cos - sin . sin - cos . cos
Formula Empat Bagian
cos , cos sin , cot - sin cot

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ALT-AZIMUTH SYSTEM (CONT.)

• The altitude, a, of X is the angle measured along the vertical

circle through X from the horizon at A to X. It is measured in
degrees.

• The azimuth may be defined as the angle between the

vertical through the south point and the vertical through the
object X, measured westwards along the horizon from 0◦ to
360◦

Observer (pengamat) berada pada lintang φ

LU.
Maka ;

“Posisi kutub langit berada pada jarak φ dari

bidang horizon”

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EQUATORIAL SYSTEM

• PZTSQ is called a Observer meridian

• Circle UXV in the diagram is called a
parallel of declination
• The declination, δ, of the star is the
angular distance in degrees of the star from
the equator along the meridian through the
star.
• The angle ZPX is called the hour angle, H

How to draw equatorial coordinate system :

1. Draw a sphere. Insert the zenith, Z, and the horizon, NWSE
2. Draw celestial pole
3. Draw the celestial equator in the diagram
4. Draw parallel declination
5. Put an arrowhead on the equator with HA beside it to show that the
hour angle is measured westwards from the observer’s meridian.
6. Draw the vertical ZXA. Then,
the azimuth of X = arc SE A = A◦ E of S
the altitude of X = arc AX = a◦
the zenith distance of X = arc ZX = 90 − a
the declination of X = arc BX = δ◦ S
the hour angle of X = arc LB = Hh
the south polar distance of X = arc QX = 90 − δ.

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CIRCUMPOLAR STAR

CD is the parallel of declination of star X2. In order that the star is

circumpolar, then, we must have
PD < PN
90 − δ < φ.
In order that the upper transit should be south of the zenith we
must have
PC > PZ
90 −δ > 90 − φ
or
φ > δ.

CIRCUMPOLAR STAR (CONT.)

In the diagram, star X4, of declination δ S, is the limiting case. Now

J S = 90 − φ and SQ = 90 − δ.
Also
J Q = 90◦
Hence, we have
180 − φ − δ = 90
φ + δ = 90.
Hence, δ = 90 − φ is the limiting declination of a star if it is to
remain below the horizon.

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CIRCUMPOLAR STAR (CONT.)

The zenith distances ZC and ZD of the star at upper and lower culmination are measured.
Now
PC = PZ + ZC
90 − δ = 90 − φ + ZC.
φ − δ = ZC. (8.2)
Also,
PD = ZD − ZP
90 − δ = ZD − 90 + φ.
φ + δ = 180 − ZD

TRANSFORMATION

• Assume the observer has a latitude φ N. calculate the hour

angle of H and declination δ of a body when its azimuth
(east of north) and altitude are A and a are known.
• In spherical triangle PZX, we require to find arc PX and angle
ZPX. Hence
• cos PX = cos PZ cos ZX + sin PZ sin ZX cos PZX
• or
• sin δ = sin φ sin a + cos φ cos a cos A.
• This equation enables δ to be calculated.

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TRANSFORMATION (CONT.)

• A second application of the cosine formula gives

• cos ZX = cos PZ cos PX + sin PZ sin PX cos ZPX
• or
• sin a = sin φ sin δ + cos φ cos δ cos H.
• Re-arranging, we obtain
=>? @A=>? B =>? C
• cos < DE= B DE= C

SUN BEHAVIOR

• from the midday measurement of zenith distance,

the observer can keep track of the Sun’s
declination changes throughout the year.
• F 90° 90° J K L
• L J K
• where δ and z are the Sun’s declination and
zenith distance respectively.

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SUN BEHAVIOR

• From graph, we can predict declination of Sun

over time
TUVW
• LMNO 23,5 sin
TUX. X

• Where t is the amount of day from 21 march

• Then
• @YN@O Z [ 4]

Date 21 March 22 June 23 September 22 December

RA 0 6 12 18