HYDRO POWER PLANT

PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA AIR

Ari Darmawan Pasek

Ari D. Pasek 1
 SIKLUS AIR

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 SOLAR ENERGY flux on the Earth surface:

1.5 1018 kWh/year

About 25% consumed in evaporation of water

Almost all this energy is released Only 0.06% remains as potential

in water vapour condensation energy stored in water that falls on
(clouds, rain) & radiated back hills and mountains
into outer space

HYDRO ENERGY RESOURCE

• Total resource:  40 000 TWh/year (about 15 times total world
hydroelectric production
• Technical potential: about:  14 000 − 15 000TWh/year
• Total world electricity consumption: 16 400 TWh
Ari D. Pasek
 Large hydro
10 MW
Small hydro
1 MW

Mini-hydro
100 kW
Micro-hydro

1 kW
Pico-hydro

Ari D. Pasek
 TYPICAL MINI HYDRO POWER PLANT
(Mongango – Gorontalo)

h f

g i
k a. Weir & intake g. Cofferdam Upstream
b. Desand Basin h. River Diversion
a
b c. Canal i. Access Road
c
j d. Head Tank j. Cofferdam Downstream
e. Penstock k. Temporary Bridge
f. Power House dan Tail Race

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ASPEK PEKERJAAN Aspek pekerjaan mencakup
PADA PLTA
Aspek Topografi

Aspek Hidrologi

Aspek Geoteknik

Aspek Pekerjaan Sipil

Aspek Mekanikal & Elektrikal

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 ASPEK TOPOGRAFI

Aspek topografi mencakup:

• Memperkirakan data-data topografi pada lokasi PLTA yang meliputi
– Lokasi weir/bendung
– Lokasi Intake dan intake canal
– Lokasi desand
– Lokasi head tank dan head tank canal
– Lokasi penstock
– Lokasi power house
– Lokasi tailrace
– Lokasi access road
– Lokasi daerah genangan akibat adanya weir/bendung
• Mengestimasi gross head yang dihasilkan.

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 A
Canal
H b = gross head (tinggi
angkat kotor) in metres
H b = gross head
L = losses in hydraulic structure in Pennstoc
k
metres
H = H b − L = net head (tinggi angkat bersih) Turbin
e B

Q = flow rate or intake (debit), in

m3/s
Pb =  g Q H b = gross power (daya kotor), in Watts

Pav =  g Q H = power available to turbine

Pt = t  g Q H = turbine power output t = turbine efficiency

Pe = et  g Q H = electrical power output e = electrical efficiency

Ari D. Pasek
 ASPEK HIDROLOGI
Aspek hidrologi mencakup:
• Memprediksi debit sungai dan flow duration curve, debit perancangan, debit banjir sehingga dapat
ditentukan debit untuk daya maupun debit untuk merancangan bangunan hidrolika.
• Memprediksi sistem pembuatan cofferdam dan diversion river serta dimensinya.
• Memprediksi posisi bangunan intake yang paling sesuai untuk diterapkan, dengan mempertimbangkan :
• Elevasi muka air banjir (muka air maksimum), muka air rata-rata, muka air pada musin kemarau (muka air
minimum).
• Jumlah galian dan timbunan yang optimal
• Kemungkinan terjadi pendangkalan, pengikisan (erosi).
• Memprediksi design dan dimensi bangunan intake, termasuk sistem limpasan.
• Memprediksi sistem bangunan penyadapan secara keseluruhan yang paling sesuai untuk diterapkan,
dengan mempertimbangkan terhadap :
• Kandungan sedimen (karakteristik air sungai) terutama pada waktu musim hujan.
• Jarak antara lokasi bangunan intake dengan daerah erosi pada aliran sungai.
• Memprediksi design dan dimensi bangunan desand dan sistem pelimpasannya
• Memprediksi design dan dimensi canal/saluran pembawa
• Memprediksi design dan dimensi headtank/kolam penenang dan saluran limpasannya
• Memprediksi adanya natural drain dan dimensi side drain maupun cross drain yang diperlukan
• Memprediksi design dan dimensi tailrace
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 CATCHMENT AREA
Power plant

Gauging Station

Meteorology Station

funnel
•Mechanical/Battery
collector Clock
•Weekly recording
time
•One year chart paper
Common Precipitation Collector included

Automatic Precipitation Collector

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Example: Daily Flow of Onggak Mongondow River, year 2005

Daily Flow, Year 2005

Month
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1
100 80
70
Precipitation (mm)

80
60

Flow (m3/d)
60 50
40
40 30
20
20
10
0 -
1
17
33
49
65
81
97
113
129
145
161
177
193
209
225
241
257
273
289
305
321
337
353
Day
Precipitation Daily flow

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 HYDROLOGY ANALYSIS

Precipitation measurement result Rainfall

Rainfall Analyze
Gumbell Method (Hydrology Analyze )

Flood Flow Analyze

Nakayasu, Rational, or Haspers Flood Flow
(Nakayasu Method )
( 2,5,10,25,50
Method Year)

Design Discharge
( Q2Year)
Q2Year

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 Example: Flood Flow Nakayasu Hydrograph
Onggak Mongondow River Flood Flow Hydrograph

600.00
Design Flood Flow
Q100 years = 510.45 m3/s

500.00 Design Flood Flow

Q50 yearsn = 464.74 m3/s

Design Flood Flow

400.00 Q25 years = 418.69 m3/s

Design Flood Flow

Discharge (m /s)

Q10 years = 356.63 m3/s

3

300.00
Design Flood Flow
Q5 yeras= 307.51 m3/s

200.00 Design Flood Flow

Q2 years = 233.32 m3/s

100.00

0.00
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 11.2 13.0 15.0 16.9 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0
Time (Hour)

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Example: Flow duration curve generated by Thorn-White method

Flow Duration Curve

Lobong MHPP

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00
Discharge (m3/sec)

40.00

30.00

20.00
15,58 m3/det
13,21 m3/det

10.00

39,63 %
0.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 100.00
% of Occurence

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 ANNUAL ENERGY GENERATED
160

Design 140
Flow rate
120

100 Inflow Moderat

Debit

Outflow
80

60

40

20 Turbine 1 + Turbine 2
Turbine 2
0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Probability

Annual Energy generated = 9.8 x Hnet x Area x overall x 3600 x 365 x 24 Ari D. Pasek 15
 River Rating Curve
River Rating Curve: is a relation between river/stream level/stage and
river/stream flow

H1
H2

Calculation of River Rating Curve:

Manning Method
HEC-RAS Modeling

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 Example: Calculation Result of Manning Method
H Actual 3
h (m) n s A P v (m/s) Q (m /s)
(m)
37.83 0.50 0.045 0.030 3.27 11.18 1.70 5.57
38.33 1.00 0.045 0.030 10.18 16.75 2.78 28.28
38.83 1.50 0.045 0.030 19.83 22.32 3.58 70.95
39.33 2.00 0.045 0.030 32.11 26.92 4.36 139.87
39.83 2.50 0.045 0.030 45.91 29.30 5.22 239.83
40.33 3.00 0.045 0.030 60.76 31.65 5.98 363.54
40.83 3.50 0.045 0.030 76.67 33.95 6.67 511.26
41.33 4.00 0.045 0.030 93.70 36.60 7.25 679.17
41.83 4.50 0.045 0.030 111.96 39.29 7.79 871.74

River Rating Curve at Weir

5.00
4.50 41.83

Water Level Elevation (m)

4.00 41.33
Water Level (m)

3.50 40.83
3.00 0.4329
40.33
y = 0.2362x
2.50 39.83
2.00 39.33
1.50 38.83
1.00 38.33
0.50 37.83
0.00 37.33
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00 1000.0
3 0
Discharge (m /det)

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 ASPEK GEOTEKNIK
Aspek pekerjaan geoteknik meliputi:
• Memprediksi rencana jumlah titik, lokasi dan jenis pengeboran
• Memprediksi hasil laboratorium yang diperoleh
• Memprediksi peta geoteknik yang dihasilkan
• Memprediksi posisi dan lintasan bangunan hidrolika dan access road.
• Memprediksi volume galian dan timbunan
• Memprediksi perhitungan stabilitas lereng pada bangunan hidrolika yang
diperlukan
• Memprediksi perhitungan pondasi bangunan hidrolika termasuk pondasi penstock
dan powerhouse
• Memprediksi perhitungan rembesan di weir dan lokasi yang lain yang diperlukan.

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 ASPEK SIPIL

Aspek pekerjaan sipil meliputi:

• Memprediksi desain dan perhitungan struktur bangunan hidrolika (cofferdam, diversion
river, intake, canal, bangunan pelimpas, desand, head tank, power house, tailrace, side
and cross drain)
• Memprediksi desain dan perhitungan access road dan jembatan
• Memprediksi BoQ bidang Sipil

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 Weir

Location of weir site

• Perpendicular to river direction
• Topographical and geological condition
• Easy access
• Influence on upstream area during flooding
• Easy flushing sedimentation
• Existing landslide, debris, erosion, drift woods, etc
• Construction cost and usable head analysis

Structural stability
• Fall resistance, sliding resistance, soil bearing capacity against resultant external force (weir
own weight, water pressure, sedimentation weight, earth quake and up lift)

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Type of Weir

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Type of Weir

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Type of Weir

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Typical Weir

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Typical Weir Intake

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 Weir Intake
Types of intake structures are chiefly distinguished by the method used to
divert water from the
river:
• lateral intake
• bottom intake,
• overhead intake (intake of the water via inlets arranged in piers)

Elements of intake structure with damming

1. Retaining weir
2. Lateral intake
a. forebay,
b. side weir and flood relief canal,
c. intake sluice/weir
d. d sand trap or direct connection to diversion
canal

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 03- 102- 01

SIDE DRAINAGE
SUB SOIL DRAINAGE

ROAD 1000 2000 500

40000
HAND RAIL, H=1000
GALVANIS PIPE Ø2"
X = 638778.8463 +49.35

L
+49.20

NE
Y = 85658.8474

AN
+49.35

CH

4001950 400 1000

TO
X = 638781.8037
Y = 85660.1489

200
1250
+50.00
500 X = 638744.8661 X = 638741.7605
Y = 85657.6893 Y = 85660.7352
+42.12 +41.52

12000

5700
INTAKE CANAL 2% X = 638741.8269
03- 102- 01
+43.34 Y = 85658.7864 OPEN CANAL
500 03- 102- 01
X = 638741.5663
STEEL LADDER Y = 85666.4319

+49.35

1000 400 1950400

X = 638781.4767

+48.50
1000 950 500

1250
Y = 85669.7433 2000 29800 700 1800 1250 2000
X = 638777.1298

200
Y = 85670.9424
+4

1000
9.3 X = 638741.4999
5 +41.02 Y = 85668.3808

+48.50
X = 638744.4573
+48.50 Y = 85669.6823

+48.50
X = 638746.8559
Y = 85669.7641
HAND RAIL, H=1000
X = 638776.651
Y = 85676.1752
3 GALVANIS PIPE Ø2"
03- 103- 01
+45.00

+41.02 +41.02
500

+43.40
+43.40
02
2-
- 10
03

70
00

05
50

TO R
IVER
0
1.0
+4 RIPRAP
DESAND BASIN LAYOUT Ø30 Cm

70
00

25
SCALE 1 : 150

00
01
2-
- 10
03
02
- 10
2- 98
03 0.4

TO
+4

ER
RIV

RIV
ER
Setting Basin and Desand Ari D. Pasek 27
 HAND RAIL, H=1000
GALVANIS PIPE Ø2" VEL
12000 D LE
OUN TEMPORARY CUTTING LINE
INAL GR
1000 ORIG 2000 2000
500 4750

1000
250 COMPACTED BACK FILL
+49.35 +49.35

150
FWL +48.84
+48.50

CLASS A CONCRETE COLUMN

PLASTER t=25mm

5830
+46.16 400x400

25
CONCRETE LINING 250mm, Thk NWL +46.067

0
1000

7830
R=50 CONCRETE BEAM 200x400
9500

8830
CLASS B
2500 7000 PLASTER t=25mm

1
DRAINAGE

1:
"B"

4683
+43.40 +43.34
+42.898 +42.84 CONCRETE BEAM 250x450

3000
500 "C"
PLASTER t=25mm CONCRETE COLUMN

2400

500
1
STONE MASONRY (1:4)

1:
+41.00 +41.02 +41.02 STONE MASONRY (1:4) 400x400CLASS B

1000
500
50 250
+40.498

500

500
550
500
EXISTING SOIL 1000 1000
1500 EXISTING SOIL SUB DRAIN EXISTING SOIL
STONE MASONRY (1:4)
300 SAND BEDDING 100 mm, Thk DETAIL A SAND BEDDING 100 mm, Thk
SAND BEDDING 100 mm, Thk SAND BEDDING 100 mm, Thk EXISTING SOIL
RIPRAP Ø30 Cm 300 STONE MASONRY (1:4) SEE DRAWING NO.
MHPP- DWG- Lob- 03- 103- 01
500 4523 500 4977 500 12000 5250
RIVER

B SECTION B - B
03- 101-01
SCALE 1 : 150

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 Canal
Function
• Conveys water from intake to forebay

Specification to be decided
• Structure type
• Longitudinal slope
• Cross section (flow capacity)
• Material to be used

Flow capacity calculation:

Qd = A × R2/3 × SL1/2 / n (m3/s)
Where
Qd = Flow capacity (design discharge in m3/s)
A = Cross sectional area
R=A/P
P = Length of wet sides
SL = Longitudinal slope
n = Coefficient of roughness

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Canal

Ari D. Pasek 30
Canal

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 Forebay / Head Tank

The forebay tank forms the connection between the channel and the
penstock . The main purpose is to allow the last particles to settle down
before the water enters the penstock. Depending on its size it can also serve
as a reservoir to store water. A sluice will make it possible to close the
entrance to the penstock. In front of the penstock a trashrack is normally
installed to prevent large particles entering the penstock

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 38000
11000
8600 2400
26000

+47.00

+42.56
+42.57

+40.45
+43.31

+40.97
+41.82
+43.32

+41.84

+40.95
+44.10
+44.12
X = 638545.7463
Y = 85303.2822

0 X = 638544.1134
7.0 00

+47.00
+4 X = 638558.5334 Y = 85303.1278 30
X = 638559.3629 Y = 85326.7184
Y = 85339.0185
X = 638537.5884
Y = 85307.736 GATE SLOT REFER TO
MECHANICAL DRAWING
21000
+47.00

17100
+40.40
5700

X = 638535.7715
Y = 85308.8788 +39.90
STOP LOG SLOT
X = 638537.1343
Y = 85325.1715
17000

+47.00
X = 638545.1343 X = 638535.5968 X = 638529.7403
+47 Y = 85337.8082
X = 638554.538 .00 Y = 85322.7269 Y = 85313.4156
Y = 85342.0532 2600 2800 8200 2800 600 HAND RAIL, H=1000
Trash Rack
GALVANIS PIPE Ø2"

1500
+47.00

HAND RAIL, H=1000 X = 638531.2778

GALVANIS PIPE Ø2" Y = 85315.8601

BULKHEAD SLOT REFER TO BULKHEAD SLOT REFER TO

MECHANICAL DRAWING MECHANICAL DRAWING
GATE SLOT REFER TO GATE SLOT REFER TO
MECHANICAL DRAWING MECHANICAL DRAWING

L AYOUT 3700 3700

Ø2000 9000 Ø2000

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 D
LE

1
VE
L

1.5
1000

1:

1.5
1000

:1
HAND RAIL, H=1000 355
200 250
GALVANIS PIPE Ø2" REFER TO

1.5
1000 1683 1912 800 MECHANICAL DRAWING

:1
STEEL LADDER 1500
REFER TO MECHANICAL DRAWING FLUSH GATE 750 1304
2200 INCLINE WALL 696 STONE MASONRY (1:4)

1.5
1000 COMPACTED 500 1800
BACK FILL VENTILATION OF PENSTOCK Ø100

:
+47.00 +47.00

1
+45.98 POINTING FINISH
254

1.5
8

4400
PLASTER t =25mm (1:2) DYNA BOLT

1:
REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE

5600
PLASTER t =25mm (1:2) TRASHRACK
+42.561 2000
+41.90 200

75
WATER STOP 0

°
3000

2000
+40.90
+40.40

800
+39.90

500
EXISTING SOIL EXISTING SOIL EXISTING SOIL

28°
STONE MASONRY (1:4) 250 250 6540 4000 5110 1450 6700

00
4300 2200 1300 17100
17501000

Ø20
SAND BEDDING T=100mm STONE MASONRY (1:4)
SAND BEDDING T=100mm
MEN HOLE REFER TO
MECHANICAL DRAWING
SECTION E - E

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 Gate
Maintenance is necessary on all turbine setups, whether for repair or preventative.
Flow to the turbine must be first cutoff to the turbine to do this. This is typically done
through the use of gates and or valves located before the turbine. When determining
the gate or valve to be implemented, it is important to make sure that all of the
pressure created from the flow can be withstood
Sluice Gates

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Penstock Intake

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 Penstock Intake
Optimizing power intake

4 2
t V0
hscreen = Kt ( ) (
3
) sin 
b 2g

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 Penstock Intake
Filter Screen at Penstock Intake

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 Penstock
The penstock is the pipe which conveys water under pressure from the
head tank to the turbine. The penstock often constitutes a major expense
in the total micro-hydro budget, as much as 40% is not uncommon in high
head installations, and it is therefore worthwhile optimizing the design.
The trade-off is between head loss and capital cost. Head loss due to
friction in the pipe decrease dramatically with increasing pipe diameter.
Conversely, pipe costs increase steeply with diameter. Therefore a
compromise between cost and performance is required.

Ari D. Pasek 39
 Penstock

Function
• Convey water under pressure from forebay to turbine

Specification to be decided
• Route (Slope, geological conditions etc)
• Material to be used
• Diameter
• Construction cost
• Electricity generation decrease due to loss at penstock
• Durability (Life time, O&M cost)
• Thickness
• Water pressure, own weight, water weight, other external force

Ari D. Pasek 40
 Penstock
Effective Head (Net head) is the total head actually acting on the turbine

He = Gross head – Head loss = Hg – (HL1 + HL2 + HL3)

where, He: Effective head

Hg: Gross head
HL1: Loss from intake to forebay
HL2: Loss at penstock
HL3: Loss at tailrace and draft tube

Ari D. Pasek 41
 Penstock

The head loss at the penstock (HL2) can be calculated by the following
equations.

HL2 = hf + he + hv + ho
where,
hf: Frictional loss at penstock
he: Inlet loss
hv: Valve loss
ho: Other losses (bend losses, loss on changes in crosssectional area
and others)
Ari D. Pasek 42
 Penstock

Forces on an anchor block supporting a pipe bend

Where,
pin and pout = average pressures at the inlet and outlet
Q = VA = steady discharge A = pipe cross-sectional area
Wbend = weight of the bend Wf = weight of the fluid in the bend
Fx and Fy = entire load is assumed to be carried by the anchor block, force components on the pipe bend due to the
anchor block
Vin = (V,0), and Vout = (V cos q, V sin q) = velocity vectors
pinA, 0 = pressure force at the inlet (–pout A cos Ѳ, –pout A sin Ѳ) = pressure force at the outlet

Ari D. Pasek 43
Type of Anchor Block

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 Penstock

Hydraulic Transients and Water Hammer

A hydraulic transient is a situation where conditions, such as flow velocity and pressure, are
time varying. When the liquid is water this is known as water hammer because the transient
noise in small pipes sounds as if it is being hit by a hammer.
Large and rapid changes in velocity can create high transient pressures Some of the common
conditions creating a transient:
• change in a valve opening
• operation of check valves or pressure relief valves
• changes of power demand on hydraulic turbines
• pipe break
• trapped air in pipeline
• filling or flushing of pipes

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 Penstock
Water hammer cycle due to instantaneous valve closure

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 Penstock

The velocity or celerity, c, of the pressure wave is

c2 = (E/ρ) [1 + ED / (Ep tp)]-1
Where,
ρ = fluid density
tp = thickness of the pipe wall
D = pipe diameter
E = bulk modulus of the liquid = 2 GN/m2
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the pipe material = 200 GN/m2 for steel
The rise in pressure head due to the sudden valve closure is obtained from the momentum principle as
ΔH = Δp / γ = V c / g
Where
ΔH = pressure head obtained when the time of closure of the valve
V = initial flow velocity

Ari D. Pasek 47
 Penstock

Water elevation obtained neglecting friction at the time of closure the surge , is
ymax = Vo [(A/S)(L/g)]1/2
Where,
Vo = steady state flow velocity in the pipe L = length
A = horizontal pipe of cross-sectional area S = surge tank of cross section
Minimum cross-sectional area required for stability of the surge tank derived by Thoma and cited by
Rich (1963) and by Coleman et al. (1999) is
S = (A L ) / ( 2 g k Hs)
Where ,
k = Hi/V2 = is the ratio of the head loss between the reservoir and the surge tank to the square of
the flow velocity in the conduit
Hs = the steady state head in the surge tank

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Governor and Valve

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 Governor and Valve

Type of control valve

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 Power House

Function:
• Provides shelter for the electro-mechanical equipment (turbine,
• generator, control panels, etc.)

The size of the powerhouse and the layout:

• Determined taking into account convenience during installation, operation and
maintenance.

Foundation:
• For Impulse turbine
– Pelton turbine, Turgo turbine or cross-flow turbine
• For Reaction turbine
– Francis turbine or propeller turbine, etc.

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Powerhouse
Power-house should include:
• A door to handle largest single item
• Windows, louver, and roof vents to provide
good ventilation
• Conduits for electrical wire
• Floor drains
• Small pipe openings
• Lighting
• Have a strong roof structure
• Storage space for spare parts and repair
• Concrete pad to mount turbine generator

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Powerhouse Ari D. Pasek 53
Ari D. Pasek 54
Ari D. Pasek 55
 Powerhouse
Foundation for Impulse Turbine

space between center level of

the runner and the tail water
level at atmospheric pressure

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 Powerhouse
Foundation for Reaction Turbine

The outlet level of the

draft tube is under the
level of tail water, the
draft tube filled with
full water

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 V Head Loss
No. Location Formula Coefficient
(m/s) hL (m)
I INTAKE
1 Screen
( a ) . V2 .g . sin q k = 0.100
4 2
hs = k . t 3
1.56 0.0010
head loss t = 2.000 cm
a
q
=
=
15.000 cm
75.000 Head Loss in
  V
2

Open Channel
2 Entry 1 ke = 0.700
hi =  − 1 .
 Cd
2
 2 .g 1.56 0.0868
head loss Cd = 0.767
 1 
Cd =  0 .5 
 ( ke + 1 ) 

3 Gate H = H1 −H2 0.2800

head loss

2 DESAND
1 Entry  1  V
2
hi =  − 1 .
head loss  Cd  2 .g ke = 0.200
2

0.40 0.0016
 1  Cd = 0.913
Cd =  0 .5 
 ( ke + 1 ) 

2 Friction −4 n = 0.025
head loss hi = V 2.n2.R 3 .L R = 2.371 0.40 0.0008
L = 25.000

3 Control weir H = H1 −H2 0.1000

head loss

3 CANAL
1 Entry  1  V
2 ke = 0.200
hi =  − 1 . 0.40 0.0016
head loss  Cd  2 .g Cd = 0.913
2

 1 
Cd =  0 .5 
 ( ke + 1 ) 

2 Friction −4 n = 0.028
head loss hi = V 2.n2.R 3 .L R = 1.275 1.32 0.4234
L = 423.050

4 HEAD TANK
1 Entry  1  V
2
ke = 0.200
hi =  − 1 . 0.40 0.0016
head loss  Cd  2 .g Cd = 0.913
2

 1 
Cd =  0 .5 
 ( ke + 1 ) 

2 Friction −4 n = 0.025
head loss hi = V 2.n2.R 3 .L R = 2.289 0.40 0.0012 Ari D. Pasek 58
L = 36.000
 ASPEK MEKANIKAL ELEKTRIKAL

Aspek pekerjaan Mekanikal dan Elektrikal secara umum meliputi:

• Memprediksi daya air yang dapat dijadikan listrik
• Memprediksi spesifikasi turbin serta peralatan yang diperlukan
• Memprediksi peralatan aspek mekanikal lainnya seperti overhead crane, pompa
drainase rumah daya dsb.
• Memprediksi layout peralatan utama dalam rumah daya.
• Memprediksi daya listrik yang dapat dihasilkan
• Memprediksi spesifikasi generator
• Memprediksi peralatan listrik lainnya yang diperlukan setelah generator
• Memprediksi dan merencanakan sistem transmisi listrik yang diperlukan dari
rumah daya sampai dengan titik sambungan yang diperkenankan.
• Memprediksi desain dan perhitungan gate, bulkhead, stoplog yang diperlukan
• Memprediksi desain dan perhitungan penstock
• Memprediksi sistem penerangan, sistem penangkal petir, dan sistem grounding
• Memprediksi BoQ bidang Mekanikal dan Elektrikal

Ari D. Pasek 59
 HYDRAULIC TURBINE
H = (net) head t rated

Q = flow rate
N = rotational speed

N, H = constant
Dimensional analysis
Q
 N Q 
= 3 4
(Dimensionless) specific speed
 ( gH )  rated

H (m)
Q (m3/s ) Ω is directly related to
N (rad/s ) geometry (type) of turbine
g (m/s 2 )
Ari D. Pasek
 Francis

Pelton

Kaplan

Rotors of hydraulic turbines with different specific speeds Ω.

Ari D. Pasek
How to estimate the type and size of a turbine, given (rated values of):
• H = (net) head,
• Q = flow rate,
• N = rotational speed ?

 N Q  Type (geometry)
= 3 4
 ( gH )  rated

Ari D. Pasek
 Pelton turbines (low Ω)

 N Q 
= 3 4
 ( gH )  rated

Usually:
• High H
• Small Q

Ari D. Pasek
 Twin jet Pelton turbine

wheel or runner

nozzle

pennstock

Ari D. Pasek
Large Pelton turbine
• Vertical axis
• 6 jets (6 nozzles)

Ari D. Pasek
 Francis turbines (medium Ω)

 N Q 
= 3 4
 ( gH )  rated

Ari D. Pasek
 Francis turbine

Spiral
casing

runner Guide vanes

draft
tube
Ari D. Pasek
Reversible Francis pump-turbine

In times of reduced energy demand, excess

electrical capacity in the grid (e.g. from wind
turbines) may be used to pump water,
previously used to generate power, back into
an upper reservoir.
This water will then be used to generate
electricity when needed. This can be done by
a reversible pump-turbine and an electrical
generator-motor.

Ari D. Pasek
 Kaplan turbines (high Ω)

Usually:
 N Q  • Low H
= 3 4
 ( gH )  rated • Large Q

Ari D. Pasek
 Kaplan turbine
Electrical
generator

Blade angle can be

controlled

spiral
casing

Guide
vanes
runner
Ari D. Pasek
 Kaplan turbine

Double control

Guide-vane
control

Rotor-blade
control

Propeller turbine (small power plants)

Simple control: rotor blades are fixed

Ari D. Pasek
A variant of the Kaplan turbine: the horizontal axis
Bulb turbine
Used for very low heads, and in tidal
guide power plants
vanes

Tidal plant of La Rance,

France

Ari D. Pasek
 Cross-flow turbine (also known as Mitchel-Banki and
Ossberger turbine)

• Used in small hydropower plants.

• The water crosses twice (inwards
and outwards) the rotor blades.
• Cheap and versatile.
• Peak efficiency lower than for
conventional turbines.
• Favourable efficiency-flow curve.

Ari D. Pasek
Cross-flow turbine

Ari D. Pasek
Head-flow ranges of small hydro turbines

Ari D. Pasek
 H
(m)

Q (m3/s)

Ranges of application of Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines (adapted from

Bureau of Reclamation, USA, 1976). Recommended rotational speeds are
submultiples of 3000 rpm, for sinchronous generators. Ari D. Pasek
Pelton turbine D

gH
2 2
 0 . 59
N D

Diameter D

Ari D. Pasek
Francis and
Kaplan
turbines

 N Q 
= 3 4
 ( gH )  rated

D
 D ( gH )1 4  Specific diameter
= 
 Q 
rated
(dimensionless)
Ari D. Pasek
 1.0
Pelton

0.8
Cross-
flow
Efficiency
0.6
t Kaplan
Francis Propeller
0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Flow rate as proportion of design flow rate

Ari D. Pasek
 Tail Race

Tailrace intake structure

inside the power house and
tailwater level

Ari D. Pasek 80
 Tail Race Type

Stilling basin type III for F > 4,5 and V1 < 60 ft/s
Submerged bucket dissipators sloted bucket

Submerged bucket dissipators solid bucket Counterstill stilling basin

Ari D. Pasek 81
 Costs of installation of small
hydropower plants

Comparison: cost of installation of a large onshore wind turbine (>

1MW): about 1.0 - 1.1 M€/MW.

Note that lifespan of wind turbine (20-25 years?) is probably

shorter than lifespan of a hydro plant.

Ari D. Pasek
US$/kW

kW installed
Range of costs for small hydropower projects.
Ari D. Pasek
Small hydropower : specific costs of installed capacity

€/kW

Head (m)
Ari D. Pasek
Thank You

Ari D. Pasek 85